1. No category

lev gumiliovi
andrei panCenko
kerpi maTi sicrue
(dialogi krebulidan <<raTa sanTeli ar Caqres>>)
l. gumiliovi. aris Tu ara cocxal bunebaSi sicrue? raRac doziT
aris.
cxovelTa
mimikria
es
mtaceblis, an
msxverplis
motyuebis
mcdelobaa. rogorc mtacebelT, aseve msxverplT aqvT ufleba daicvan
sakuTari sicocxle, romelsac xan SimSili emuqreba, xan ki gadasansvla,
ase rom mimikria gamarTlebulia biosferos kanonzomierebebiT, romelnic
sikeTisa da borotebis miRma imyofebian.
a. panCenko. raRac amdagvari adamianur urTierTobebSic arsebobs e.
w. <<sicrue dacvis mizniT>>, (ara sakuTari tyavisa), magaliTad, is
tyuili, romelsac yovelTvis eubnebian sasikvdilo sarecelze mwolares.
arsebobs agreTve uangaro sicruis sxva saxeobanic, Tundac laqlaqi
<<gamamarTlebeli>> andaziT damtkicebuli _ <<mindors Wvavi amSvenebs,
saubars ki – sicrue>>. es kargad esmoda qalaqisTavs <<revizoridan>> _
ufro zustad gogols, romelic yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi xlestakoviviT
moqmedebda. aseTi tyuili codva ki ara, sisustea.
l. gumiliovi. Zvelebs es problema ar abnevdaT. maT SemoiRes
cneba <<fici>>, ese igi, iuridiuli gamijnva, sasargeblo da xSirad
tyuilisagan (sakuTari Tavis) damcavi. sicruis ufleba, orazrovneba,
mikib-mokibva adamians SemorCa, magram mxolod yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.
fici gamoiyofoda rogorc eqstraordinaluri (sagangebo) aqti, rogorc
bunebis kanonis miyolaze, e. i. Tavdacvis instinqtze uaris Tqma. amitom
mowmeebad, ufro zustad ki ficis dacvis meTvalyureebad ixmobdnen
xolme RmerTebs, stqionTa sulebs, romelTac ficis gamtexi unda
daesajaT 1 . amiT ikveTeboda ficis supernaturaluri mniSvneloba.
saxarebaSi, sadac mocemulia TviTsrulyofis gza, rekomendebulia
ara fici, aramed mxolod simarTlis Tqma: <<aramed iyavn Tquenda hÀ, he
da araÁ, ara, xolo umetesi amaTsa ukeTurisagani ars>> (m. V, 37) magram
sxva yvela Cveulebrivi adamianisTvis yvela qristianul qveyanaSi fics
ewodeba
присяга
–
sityvis
micema
saficarze
xelisdadebiT 2 .
igi
SemorCenilia rogorc naxevrad-iuridiuli, naxevrad-religiuri aqti da
dRemde aqvs gadmoyolili mniSvneloba da azri. tyuili - es ubralod
saZraxisi qmedebaa, ficis gatexa, ese igi, mindobilis motyueba ki –
danaSauli _ bunebis sawinaaRmdego, RvTis sawinaaRmdego danaSauli, es
msoflio wesrigis Seuracxyofaa, Ralatia.
organizmul doneze calkeuli personebis sicru es aramxolod
qcevis
arasimpaTiuri stereoti pia, aramed garemomcvel eTnikur da
landSaftur garemoze zemoqmedebis
meTodic. populaciur doneze –
socialur da kulturul garemoze zemoqmedebis unaris mqone – masobrivi
dezinformacia
antisistemebSi.
biosferul
doneze
ki
-gamartivebis
procesebi,
rac
iwvevs
umaRlesi
cxoveluri
organizmebis
mikroorganizmebiT
Secvlas
(gvamebis
gaxrwna), moZravi
nivTierebis
uZraobaSi gadasvlas. kosmiuri nivTierebebis daSlas molekulebad.
molekulebisas
atomebad,
Sidaatomuri
realuri
nawilakebis
virtualurad gadaqcevas, fotonebis gadatanas ufskrulSi, e. i. vakuumSi.
arada TiTqos yvelaferi sul umniSvnelodan daiwyo.
magram ra aris WeSmariteba, romelic sicrues upirispirdeba? ar
1 . gavixsenoT <<vefxixtyaosnidan>>: “ficiT giTxrob, Sengan kide Tu SevirTo raca qmari, srulad
movswyde samoTxesa, qvesknels viyo dasanTqmari”(137); “gecruo, RmerTman miwa mqmnas, numca cxriTave
vzi ciTa(422) da a. S.
2 “zeda wignsa saficarsa Sevfice da Semomfica” (TargmanisTvis darTuli yvela SeniSvna da
komentari ekuTvnis qeTevan jervaliZes)
1
aris saWiro brZnoba da mkiTxvelis mistificireba, arc sakuTari Tavisa.
modiT, WeSmariteba davarqvaT msjelobas, dakvirvebaTa faqtebis jamis
adeqvaturs, romelSic cdomileba ar aRemateba kanoniT dasaSveb normas.
a. panCenko. sxvadasxva qveynebsa da xalxebs uwevdaT didi sicruis
epoqebis gaZleba. ruseTi ar aris gamonaklisi. a. s. xomiakovi (1804-1860),
romelsac namdvilad sjeroda, rom <<naTeli iyo misi [ruseTis] gza>>
tyuilad rodi mimarTavda mas ase:
magram gaxsovdes; mesiis maxvilad yofna
miwisagan Seqmnils kacebas uWirs.
monaTa TvisTa umkacresad is
ganikiTxavs, Sen ki codvaTa
saSinelTa simravle gawevs.
usamarTlo samsjavroni wyvdiadSi dganan.
uRvTo liqnas, gamxrwnel sicrues,
did, samarcxvino mconareobas
da saZaglobis mravalgvarobas
masze monobis dausvams daRi.
o, Sen, uRirso, rCeulobisTvis
gamorCeulxar, nu daaxaneb, monaniebis
wyliT ganibane, mexma orgzisma,
Senma damsjelma, dae Sens Tavzed
aRar dasWeqos.
glaxakma suliT, Tavs nacaryrilma
uzenaess aRuvline locva
morCilis da Wrilobani
sinidisis, sasikvdineni, zeTiT
cremlisa ganikurne, he, ganikurne!
(Targmani qeTevan jervaliZisa)
es <<sinanulis kanonia>> 1 (ase uwoda xomiakovma Tavis leqss),
ruseTisaTvis warumatebeli, gagania yirimis omis dros, zviadi da
pirmoTne nikolozis mefobis miwurulSi, 1854 wels Seqmnils. bunebrivia,
leqsi maSin ver daibeWdeboda. opoziciam ki SevCenkodan (1814-1861)
gercenamde (1812-1870) icoda kanoni xelnawerebiT da aRtacebulic iyo
misiT. rac Seexeba <<sazogadoebas>>, man avtori paskvilebiT aRavso,
<<rogorc sityvis winamZRvrebs Sehferiso>> ganacxada avtorma erT
Tavis werilSi. mesame ganyofilebis gankargulebiT xomiakovs xelwerili
CamoarTves, rom
Tavis
qmnilebebs
cenzuris
nebarTvamde
aravis
gaacnobda. sazogadod, es Cveulebrivi movlenaa. mxileba da masze reaqcia
totalitaruli reJimebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. rac ufro cudad midis
saqme, ufro
metad
ityuebian
da
metadve
arian
Seuracxyofilni
simarTliT.
magram
ai,
ra
aris
aRsaniSnavi.
Tanamokalmeebma
xomiakovs
qristianuli zneobis kuTxidan wamouyenes braldeba. mexuTe mcnebis
darRvevaSi daadanaSaules. roca kiTxulob n. v. arsenevas (<<grcxvenodes,
uZRebo Svilo, dedasamSoblos kilva>>) da grafinia e. p. rostopCinas
(<<TviT RmerTma brZana: pativi ec dedasa Sensa>>) pasuxebs leqsad,
geCveneba, TiTqos qalbatonebma piri Sekres. magram maT kvers ukravs
mxcovani liberali kniazi p. a. viazemskic: (<<mowiweba da pativi sakuTar
dedis Sehferis yvelas. Zem noesaman mosasxamiT sisuste da sircxvili
1 .avtorma Tavis leqss saTauri, rogorc vxedavT, 50-e da 90-e fsalmunis mixedviT uwoda.
2
dafara mamis>>). gamodis, rom xomiakovi cudi Svilia, bibliur qams hgavs,
romelmac mamis siSiSvles dascina.
saidan aseTi gansacvifrebeli erTsulovneba, ratom azrovneben
oponentebi religiurad? cxadia, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom
maT surT
mtkivneulad wahkbinon xomiakovs, magram (yvelam icoda, rom is iyo Rrma
da mxurvale rwmenis kaci. <<marTlmadidebluri eklesiis raindi>> n.a.
berdiaevis gviani apofTegmis Tanaxmad). Cemi azriT, saWiroa, gavixsenoT
rusuli
Cveuleba,
(Tu
gnebavT,
crurwmena),
istoria
ganmartos
providencialurad (e. i. daukavSiros gangebas, bedisweras q.j.), rogorc
ganmartavs mas umarTlmadidebulesi xomiakovi: istoria, misi azriT,
RvTis Cnafiqrisa da codviT damZimebuli adamianebis Tavisufali nebis
raRac
erTgvari
SeTanxmebaa.
imaTTvis, vinc
religiuri
Semecnebis
sferoSi cxovrobs, es mxolod normaa, magram providencialoba meoce
saukuneSic aqtualuria, miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni sazogadoeba garkveul
momentSi sakuTar Tavs maRali wrisad da aTeistadac ki miiCnevs.
<<naTeli momavali>> - es arc adamianurad gasagebi imedia, arc
gaangariSeba. aramed religiuri mrwamsi, erTgvari kerpi <<tmutarakanuli
kunZi>>. XX s-is sxvadasxva aTwleulSi sxvadasxvagvari adamianebi
yovelgvari eWvisa da Secbunebis gareSe tyuilad rodi aqveynebdnen am
<<naTeli momavlis>> dadgomis vadebs. apologetni unda Cahkvirvebodnen
imas, rom msgavsi winaswarmetyvelebani araerTgzis iyo gamoTqmuli,
aRsrulebuli ki – arasodes. udides ricxvTa kanonis Tanaxmad, arc
aRsruldeba. saerTod, ra samwuxaroc ar unda iyos es, pesimisturi
prognozebi ufro realuria, vidre optimisturi, ierusalimi daingra,
<<mzis qalaqi ki>> 1 dRemde ar aSenebula.
Tuki am mrwamsis Ziebas SevudgebiT da amave dros qristianuli
civilizaciis sazRvrebSi davrCebiT, maSin Cven zogierTi SualobiTi
rgolis
gamotovebiT
<<qristes
am
soflad
aTaswlovan
meufebas
mivadgebiT, romelzec apokalifsis me-20 Tavis me-3-6 muxlebSia saubari.
am teqstzea damyarebuli Zalian Zveli, xiliaistebis _ <<aTaswleulis
mimdevarTa>> - eresi. (aRvniSnavT, rom marTlmadideblur eklesias swams
apokalifsis
RvTivSTagonebuloba,
magram
miuxedavad
amisa,
RvTismsaxurebaSi ar sargeblobs misiT da arc amqveyniur samoTxes
iqadis; rac Seexeba caTa sasufevels, iqedan jer aravin dabrunebula da
arc aravis uaruyvia igi).
maS, sityva <<sinanuli>>, axla esoden xSirad xmarebuli? es sityva
yovelTvis ismoda ruseTSi kulturul-istoriuli ciklebis dasrulebis
Jams.
aseTivea
xomiakoviseuli
<<sinanulis
kanoni>>
batonymobis
gadavardnisa da aleqsandre II-is didi kulturuli reformebis wina
periodSi Seqmnili. kulturuli Cveuleba, anu axlandeli gamoTqmiT
tradicia, (mocemul SemTxvevaSi nacionaluri yofierebis providenciuli
gaazrebis tradicia) _ mZlavri muSaqalbatonia istoriul velze. Tumca,
is rogorc sikeTis, aseve borotebis saxeliT moqmedebs.
l. gumiliovi. istoria – es droSi mimdinare procesebis Seswavlaa,
xolo dro ra aris, aravin uwyis. arc araferia amaSi sakvirveli.
Tevzebma, cxadia, ar ician ra aris wyali, radgan mas verafers Seadareben.
maT, xmeleTze moxvedrilebs, haerisa da wylis Sesadareblad dro aRar
rCebaT. v .i. vernadskim (1863-1945) sikvdili gansazRvra rogorc sivrcisa
da drois gayofa. vinaidan, misi azriT, mkvdari nivTiereba ar aris droiT
SemosazRvruli. vernadski marTalia,
magram istorikosebs yovelTvis
mxolod kvdomis procesebTan aqvT saqme, romelTa drosac arsebuli
gadadis warsulSi.
warsuli mainc Tua realuri? Tanamedrove mecnierebSi am kiTxvaze
1 .<< mzis qalaqi>> – italieli poetis, filosofosisa da politikuri moRvawis Tomazo kampanelas
(1568 – 1639) mier 1602 w-s dawerili da 1623 w-s gamoqveynebuli utopiuri saxelmwifos modeli.
3
erTsulovneba ar arsebobs. arsebobs da Tan Zalian gavrcelebulicaa
Tvalsazrisi, rom warsuli srulebiT ar arsebobs. jovani jentile
(1875-1944) wers: <<uwin adamianebi ibadebodnen, fiqrobdnen, Sromobdnen....
magram yvela maTgani mkvdaria yvavilTa msgavsad, romelTa silamaziTac
isini tkbebodnen, an foTolTa
msgavsad, romelnic gazafxulobiT maT
Tvalwin mwvandebodnen, SemodgomobiT ki gayviTlebulni cviodnen. xsovna
maT Sesaxeb cocxlobs, magram mogonebaTa samyaro fantaziis samyaros
msgavsad aris arara; da arc gaxsenebaa ocnebaze ukeTesi... istorikosma
icis, rom cxovreba da warsuli faqtebis mniSvneloba ver aixsneba
qartiebiT, warwerebiTa Tu warsulis nebismieri namdvili naSTebiT. maTi
wyaroebi TviT istorikosis pirovnebaSia>>. aq daTanxmeba SeuZlebelia.
magram Tavi SevikavoT kamaTisagan, radgan arian sxva avtorebic, romelnic
am Temaze weren.
ufro kategoriulni arian p. gardineri (XIXs.) da b. raseli
(1872-1970). ar arsebobs absoluturi, realuri mizezebi, romelnic elian
aRmoCenas istorikosebis mier, istorikosebisa, romelnic sxvadasxva
doneze, sivrcis sxvadasxva monakveTSi, gansxvavebuli miznebiTa da
interesebiT, sxvadasxva konteqstsa da gansxvavebuli TvalsazrisiT
weren>> (p. gardineri). istoriis Rirebuleba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is
iZleva codnas <<im adamianebis Sesaxeb, romelnic Cvengan sagangebod
gansxvavebul viTarebaSi imyofebian>>, magram es ar aris mkacrad
analitikuri, mecnieruli codna>>, es raRac im codnis msgavsia, ZaRlis
patrons rom gaaCnia Tavisi ZaRlis Sesaxeb>> (b. raseli). vfiqrob, rom
aseTi pesimisturi daskvnisaTvis masala zemoxsenebul moazrovneT im
ti pis istorikosebma misces, romelnic kargad aRwera anatol fransma
(1844-1924) Tavis <<pingvinTa kunZulis>> SesavalSi. <<gana Cven istorias
vwerT? gana Cven vcdilobT romeliRac teqstsa Tu dokumentSi cxovrebis,
an WeSmaritebis Tundac umciresi marcvali vi povoT? Cven ubralod
gamovcemT teqstebs, asoebs mivdevT..... azri ar arsebobs>>. am poziciis
dacva ar msurs, arada kamaTi xom arsebiTad swored misi sababiT
mimdinareobs. maS, SevitanoT masSi aucilebeli sicxade.
kamaTi, dawyebuli
romc
yofiliyo, filologiur
gaugebrobaze
iqneboda
dafuZnebuli.
istoria
axla
mTel
rig
erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebul, magram amave dros erTmaneTisagan Zalian gansxvavebul
saqmianobas
hqvia:
1.
publikacia
da
Zveli
wyaroebis
Targmna
_
aucilebeli, magram mxolod masalis momcemi saqme. 2. istoriuli kritika,
Zvel avtorTa nebsiTi Tu uneblie sicruis gacxrilva – naxevar
fabrikatis miReba. 3. mopovebuli masalis Sejereba adre dagrovilTan _
es
ukve
produqtia, magram
ara
moxmarebis
sagani.
4.
monacemTa
interpretacia
dayenebuli
problemis
WrilSi.
5.
mecnierebebis
Sepirispirebidan
gamomdinare, axali
problemis
wamoyeneba.
zemoT
CamoTvlili filosofosebi da maTi msgavsni arsebiTaad imaze wuxdnen,
rom
winaswari
damuSavebis
gareSe
gadaumuSavebeli
masalidan
ver
Rebulobdnen SekveTil suvenirs. es namdvilad SeuZlebelia. sxva gza ar
aris da arc iqneba. filosofosebi sxva rameSi arian marTalni: am gziT
siaruls sulac ver SesZlebs yvela.
erTi
SexedviT
yvelaze
martivi
ganzogadebebi
iseT
sulier
aRmafrenasa da grZnobaTa daZabvas moiTxoven, romelTa drosac azri
dneba da axal formas iZens. igi jer ganacvifrebs, Semdeg ki arwmunebs
WeSmarit mkiTxvels. saqme is rodia, azris rogori msvlelobiT, an
argumentTa rogori SerCeviTaa damtkicebuli Tezisi: es samecniero
ostatobis samzareuloa, romlis codnac, cxadia, saWiroa, magram mxolod
codna sakmarisi ar aris. mainc rogor xdeba xandaxan axali Tezisis
povna da dasabuTeba? es Semoqmedebis fsiqologiis saidumloa, romelsac
Zveli berZnebi istoriis muzas – klios miawerdnen.
4
es
muza
gvkarnaxobs
Cven,
rom
filosofosTa
skefsisi
gaumarTlebelia, rom warsuli arc piradi gancdebia da arc piradi
ocnebebi. awmyo mxolod momentia, myisierad warsulad mqcevi. momavali ki
ar arsebobs, radgan ama Tu im Sedegebis ganmsazRvreli qmedebani jer ar
dasrulebulan da arc isaa cnobili, dasruldebian Tu ara. myofadi
SeiZleba
mxolod
statistikurad
gamoiTvalo, Tanac
im
pirobebis
daSvebiT, romelnic
praqtikuli
Rirebulebis
varaudebs
aRkveTen.
warsuli ki arsebobs da yvelaferi, rac arsebobs, warsulia, radgan
nebismieri Sesruleba maSinve warsulad gadaiqceva. ai ratom swavlobs
mecniereba istoria Cven gareT da Cven gareSe arsebul erTaderT
realobas.
a. panCenko. warsulis uaryofa, arsebiTad, warsulis gakilvaa, rac
cxovrebiseuli TvalsazrisiT sruliad gasagebia. iq sakmarsze metia
sisxli, vaeba, SimSili da cremli. yovelive amas Cven memkvidreobiT
vRebulobT da gveSinia misi. amitom mzera ukan da mzera garSemo
naRvelsa da uimedobis grZnobas badebs. <<da moviZule yoveldRiuri
cxovreba Cemi, _ ambobs eklesiaste – borot ars Cem zeda qmnili igi,
romeli iqmnebis mzisa queSe, rameTu yovelive amao da gamorCeva sulis!>>
( 2, 17). sevdiania, magaliTad, <<oqros saukunis>> miTologema, romelsac
Cven hesiodesa da ovidiusis mixedviT vecnobiT. oqros saukune namyo
winarewarsulia,
adamianuri
yofierebis
plusqvamperfeqtumi.
maSin
yvelaferi mSvenivrad iyo. adamianebi erTmaneTs ar mtrobdnen. TiTqos
ZilSi miicvlebodnen xolme... magram oqros saukune vercxlis saukunem
Secvala. mas mohyvnen spilenZis, Semdeg ki rkinis saukuneni. dro dgeba
cudi, cudi da cudze cudi.
mecxramete saukunev, rkinisa,
WeSmaritad gulqva saukuneo!
umTiebo da ukuneT RameSi
nebiT SeniT kaci Cagdebulia!
saukune meoce... ufro miusafresi,
burusi cxovrebisa uusaSinlesi,
(luciferis frTaT Crdili
udides-uSavesi).
(Targmani qeTevan jervaliZisa)
es <<SurisZiebidanaa>>. 1919 wels aleqsandre blokma ganmarta:
poemis
istoriosofiuli
koncefcia
CemSi
progresis
mravalgvari
Teoriebisadmi mzardi siZulvilis zemoqmedebiT Camoyalibdao. antikuri
miTologia, rogorc vxedavT, gamoadga uaxlesi epoqis rus poets (sxvaTa
Soris, mas kargi filologiur - istoriuli ganaTleba hqonda).
Znelia, uimedobas Seurigde. sevda unda daZlio. am keTili mizniT
mravali gonebaWvretiTi konstruqciaa Seqmnili. kerZod, mofiqrebulia
sapirispiro mimarTulebis miTologema, romelSic oqros saukunem namyo
winarewarsulidan momavalSi gadainacvla. progresis yvela Teoria am
miTologemazea dafuZnebuli.
ruseTSi
<<naTeli
momavlisadmi>>
rwmena
sxvadasxvanairad
gamoixateboda. misi zomieri varianti uyvarda Cexovs. misi gmirebi
ocneboben <<im droze, SesaZloa, ukve sul axloze, rodesac cxovreba
iqneba iseTive naTeli da sixarulis momgvreli, rogorc.... wynari kvira
dila>>. es mxolod ocneba rodia, aramed qmedebisaken mowodebac. mivceT
sityva moTxroba <<sacolis>> personaJs: <<Tqven rom saswavleblad
wasuliyaviT! _ ambobda igi _ mxolod ganaTlebuli da wminda adamianebi
arian saWiro. ramdenadac bevri iqneba aseTi adamiani, imdenad male
dadgeba meufeba RvTisa miwaze. maSin Tqveni qalaqidan TandaTanobiT qva
5
qvaze aRar darCeba _ yvelaferi Tavdayira dadgeba, yvelferi zustad
jadoqrobisamebr Seicvleba. da iqneba maSin aq veeberTela umSvenieresi
saxlebi, gasaocari
baRebi, araCveulebrivi
Sadrevnebi, SesaniSnavi
adamianebi... >>
cxadia, utopia uaRresad gulubryviloa. am uangaro, mSvenieri sulis,
magram
araSorsmWvreteli,
naklebniWieri
da
ramdenadme
komikuri
personaJisaTvis
niSandoblivi.
magram
am
personaJis
raciaSi
aris
zogierTi sityva – signali, saerTo Cexovis yvela meocnebe gmirisaTvis.
da maSasadame, SeiZleba <<Cexoviseburs>> miekuTvnos. Tuki saubari exeba
<<ganaTlebul da wminda adamianebs>>, maS cxadia, miTiTebaa swavlaze,
codnis
Sematebaze,
Tanac
koreqtirebulsa
da
zneobis
wesebiT
gajerebulze.
uintereso, <<wminda>>
codnis
hi pertrofia
rusuli
tradicia ar aris (XX s-m gviCvena rogori ubedurebebi mosdevs xolme
aseT teqnicistur hi pertrofias). ruseTi mecnierebas yovelTvis uyurebda,
rogorc gzasa da simarTles. rac Seexeba gamoTqmas <<TandaTanobiT>>, is
umecrebas
aCqarebisagan
icavs
da
moTminebisa
da
TavSekavebisaken
mouwodebs: <<asjer gazome da erTxel gaWeri>>.
Tanamedroveobas
safrTxe
maSin
eqmneba,
rodesac
<<naTeli
1
momavalis>> mrwmenni daaskvnian – is axloa,
zRurbls gadaRma da
gadaabijeben mas. aseTi <<naTeli momavlisaTvis>> awmyo dasanani ar
aris. aseTi sanukvari samoTxisaTvis miwaze SeiZleba culsac mohkido
xeli, wiTeli mamalic auSva, <<sajegveliT daCeCqvo dRevandeloba>>, arc
axlobelia dasanan-dasandobi, arc Soreuli, arc buneba, arc
kultura,
arc Tavadi, arc glexi. <<naTeli momavlis>> rwmena Zalis religiad
gardaiqmneba, raRac axal warmarTobad. religiaSi warmarTni xom mxolod
Zalas afaseben. da vai, kerpebs, Tu maTSi daeWvdebian!
gavixsenoT, rogor amxobdnen maT kievSi. vladimirma brZana <<peruni
cxenis
kudze
gamoebaT, mTidan
CamoeTriaT, boriCevos
maRlobidan
mdinarisaken, Tan gasawkeplad Tormeti rkinisjoxiani kaci miuCina>>.
JamTaaRmwereli grZnobda am scenis orazrovnebas da aucileblobad
miaCnda misi ganmarteba: <<amas imitom ki ar sCadiodnen, TiTqos xes
grZnoba hqonodes, aramed eSmakebis gamosalanZRad, amdagvari saxiT rom
acdunebdnen adamianebs, dae, mizRvodaTo magieri kacTagan>>. mzakvrobda
JamTaaRmwereli, mzakvrobda... imas ubralod Zalian undoda kieveli
neofitebis
gamarTleba,
romelTagan
warmarToba
jer
kidev
ar
ganqarvebuliyo. sinamdvileSi ki isini ara <<xatebas>>, ara simbolos,
aramed qristes mier damarcxebul druJinis RmerTs amaTraxebdnen.
warmarToba, saerTod, Rrmad idgams fesvebs sulSi, da arc aris gasakviri,
qristianoba sul raRac ori aTas wels iTvlis, warmarToba ki bevrad,
bevrad mets. rodesac puSkinis evgeni emuqreboda spilenZis mxedars <<
damaca, me Sen!>>, roca revoluciis Semdeg moskovis kremlSi yulfi
wamoacves aleqsandre II-is (1818-1881) qandakebas da kvarcxlbekidan
moaZres _ yovelive es warmarTuli epoqis xarxari iyo, gamoZaxili im
kievuri periodisa. Cveni Tanamderoveni, romelnic sakuTar Tavs aTeistebs
uwodeben, Zalze xSirad imas gulsxmoben, rom ara swamT iaxvesi, ieso
qristesi da alahisa. magram am <<aTeistTagan>> nuTu bevria, visac Savi
katis ar eSinodes?!
Zalis
religia
Taviseburad
savsebiT
logikuria:
Tu
awmyo
dabrkoleba da winaaRmdegobaa, is dangrevas saWiroebs. amave logikas
emorCileba Zalis religia: igi awmyos ekuTvnis (<<oqros saukuneSi>> xom
yvelaferi sxvagvarad, saTnod da keTilad iqneba), maS, arc is yofila
dasandobi. da iwyebs igi Tavisi Tavis, misnebis, mgaloblebis, qurumebisa
da sakuTarive kultis msaxurTa ganadgurebas. am religias axal-axali
1 . avtors mxedvelobaSi unda hqondes citata pavles epistoledan “mciredRa wuT erT, momavali igi
movides da ara yovnos (ebr. XI, 37).
6
msxverpli esWiroeba. pirvelad sustni iCagrebian. Zala amtvrevs Calis
Rers. magram male, Zalian male ZlierebSic iwyeba angariSsworeba. maTi
urTierTbrZolis Jams ki sxvadasxva rwmenis adamianebisTvisac rCeba
raRac adgili miwaze da isini saukunidan saukuneSi gadadian.
Zalis religia, bunebrivia, ver ewyoba WeSmaritebas. Zala ver itans
winaaRmdegobebsa
da
damsazRvreblebs.
WeSmariteba
ki
yovelTvis
damsazRvrelia.
aqedan
gamomdinare, Zala
ver
itans
WeSmaritebas.
pirvelad ezizReba, xolo roca TviTon siberesa da marazms miaRwevs,
eSinia misi. Zalis religiis batonobis epoqebi aucileblad gadaiqcevian
xolme sicruis epoqebad. winaswarmetyvel ieremias aqvs naTqvami: <<kerpi
misi sicrue>>. sxvaTa Soris, sworia sapirspiroc: sicruis epoqebSi
yovelTvis eTayvanebian Zalas.
amis demonstrireba SeiZleba nikolozis mefobis magaliTze (miT
umetes, rom saubari mis Sesaxeb ukve iyo). magram aseTi istoriuli
eqsperimentis siswore saeWvoa. imperatori nikoloz pavles Ze Tavis
reskri ptebs yovelTvis zviadi sityvebiT - <<RmerTi ars CvenTan>> amTavrebda da amiT aramxolod saxelmwifo meTauris, aramed eklesiis
meTauris rolzec acxadebda pretenzias. es mkveTrad, SeiZleba iTqvas,
mWaxedac kia formulirebuli maSindel kanonmdeblobaSi: <<imperatori,
viTarca qristiani xelmwife aris umaRlesi damcveli da gamfrTxilebeli
gabatonebuli sarwmunoebis dogmebis, meTvalyure sjulisa da yovelive
keTilmoweseobisa eklesiaSi>>. garegnulad es formulireba Seesabameba
dadgenilebebs petre pirvelisas, romelmac patriarqoba gaauqma. rogorc
petres, aseve misi SviliSvilebis dros sinodis wevrebi monarqs, <<am
kolegiis
umaRles
sasuliero
msajuls>>), erTgulebas
saficarze
eficebodnen. magram es ukve mxolod asoebis Sesabamisoba iyo da ara
sulisa.
<<sjulSemwynarebloba, romelic petrem SemoiRo, imperiis erT-erT
saxelovan safuZvelTagans warmoadgenda. nikolozma ki maT mimarT, vinc
aRmsareblobas Seicvlida, mkacri kanoni gamosca>>. ase Tqva a. i.
gercenma da manve uwoda nikolozis marTlmadideblobas moCvenebiTi,
<<civi, peterburgis klimativiT susxiani. gerceni marTalia, magram Tan
arcaa marTali. petrem mefis asul sofiasagan miiRo ra qveyana, romelSic
Tavs iwvavdnen da romlidanac garbodnen, Tavisi mmarTvelobis pirvel
wlebSi
marTlac
tolerantobaze
gaakeTa
aqcenti.
holandiasa
da
inglisSi
is
mxolod
gemTsaSenSi
durglobisTvis
rodi
wavida,
ideebisTvis iyo iq wasuli. roterdamSi is aTvalierebda erazmis statuas
(maSin is mwerlisadmi miZRvnili erTaderTi qandakeba iyo), lamanSs
gadaRma ki piradad gaecno jon loks (is maSin mefis xelisuflebaSi
vaWrobas ganagebda). erazmi da loki im dros sjulSemwynareblobis
keTilSobiluri ideis istoriasa da Tanamedroveobas ganasaxierebdnen.
<<petres sabudris>> im bartyebisTvis ki, romelTac gansja SeeZloT da
msoflWvretiTi refleqsiisaken midrekileba aRmoaCndaT, modaSi Semovida
loki. amis Sesaxeb 1702 w-s Tavisi ordenis winamZRvars gagulisebuli
atyobinebda erTi faruli iezuiti. gulmosasvleli ki namdvilad iyo.
loki mouwodebda pativi ecaT nebismieri religiuri doqtrinisaTvis, Tu
is sazogadoebrivi organizmis funqciebis normalur muSaobas xels ar
SeuSlida, _ garda aTeisturisa (aTeizmi gaigivebuli iyo uzneobasTan,
yvelafris
Cadenis
uflebasTan, rogorc
es
dostoevskis
mogviano
periodis TezisSia: <<ar arsebobs RmerTi, yvelaferi nebadarTulia!>>) da
iezuiturisa (iezuitebi arafers Takilobdnen TavianTi globaluri
sulier-eqspansiuri miznebis misaRwevad). petres dros loks ara marto
kiTxulobdnen
da
Targmnidnen,
aramed
mis
rekondeciebsac
iTvaliswinebdnen.
yvelaze
ukeT
es
igrZnes
gaurkvevli
saxelis
da
sxvadasxva
7
mimarTulebis evangelistebma, _ aseve kaTolikeebma. isini Tavisuflad
cxovrobdnen, ris Sesaxebac kargad icodnen dasavleTSi. karlos XII
Seecada kidec esargebla am TavisuflebiT. igi ukrainelebs samefo
universaliebiT aSinebda. TiTqos mefe eklesiaTa gaerTianebis Taobaze
saidumlo molaparakebebs awarmoebda romis papTan. petre aRaSfoTa
<<briyvulma yefam>> da man 1709 wlis 3 Tebervalis manifestSi uaryo igi.
mefis asul sofias xelisuflebis damxobis Semdeg SvebiT amoisunTqes
staroobriadcebmac. maT praqtikulad uari Tqves TviTdawvaze. magram
petres tolerantobis sazRvrebi mkacrad iyo Semoxazuli, <<maTraxiT
Semowerili>>, Tuki puSkinis gamoTqmiT visargeblebT. Tanac es sazRvrebi,
upirveles yovlisa, Tavisebs, bunebiT rusebs zRudavdnen.
staroobriadcebs mainc ise eqceodnen, rogorc gandgomilebs 1 . maT
gansakuTrebuli samosis tareba dauweses. marTlmadideblebs ki ucxo
sarwmunoebaSi gadasvlis gamo mkacri sasjeli daudgines. yvelaze metad
rusul eklesias gauWirda. sinodis dawesebiT petrem mas yovelgvari
damoukidebloba mouspo, sasuliero pirebi ki Cinovnikebad aqcia. mefis
dauviwyarma
da
avadsaxsenebelma
brZanebam
aRsarebis
saidumlos
gatexvisam, (nabrZanebi iyo SeetyobinebinaT xelmwifis pirovnebis mimarT
borotganzraxvisa
da
saerTod
<<meryev
Wkua-gonebaTa>>
Sesaxeb),
sasuliero
pirebis
mimarT
undoblobis
Tesli
daTesa.
ai
scena
<<plodomasovoSi Zveli wlebidan>> dawerili leskovis mier, romelic
Zvel xucesTa STamomavali iyo da sasuliero fenasTan keTilmegobruli
damokidebuleba hqonda.
peterburgidan dedasTan SvebulebiT Cadis gvardieli. (scenis yvela
gmiri uaRresad <<dadebiTia>>). qalbatons, romelmac mzeTunaxaviviT
gazarda Tavisi vaJi, surs darwmundes, <<rom mis mier naloliavebi bavSvi
namdvilad ucodvelia Tavis siwmindeSi, da amitom mRvdeli mama aleqsi
miiRebs brZanebas, ufro gamowvlilviT Seityos amis Sesaxeb>>. is
axalgazrda gvardielisagan aRsarebas ibarebs _ da ai dasasruli:
mRvdeli
Sevida
masTan
(qalbatonTan)
da
mowiwebiT
CasCurCula:
<<qalwulia!>>. leskovi ver xedavs am scenis saSinelebas. Tumca, saRvTo
Tu adamianuri kanonebis Tanaxmad, unda aekrZalaT, aRekveTaT da a.S.
CvenTan ki, ruseTSi, es normalurad eCvenebodaT.
petredan daiwyo <<gonebis saukune>>, ganmanaTleblobis
epoqa.
rusuli religiurobis istoriaSi es Sors mimaval movlenaTa rigs
ganekuTvneba:
<<sazogadoeba>>,
(e.
i.
zeda
fena),
rogorRac
marTlmadidebluri eklesiis gareSe cxovrobs. cxadia, eklesiebSi dadian,
weliwadSi erTxel marxuloben, aRsarebas abareben da ziarebasac iReben,
magram ganaTlebuli adamianebi amas uxalisod akeTeben, TiTqos fexebi
ebmiT, rogorc es tolstois stiv obolenskis emarTeboda, male mainc
damTavrdebodes es <<yuryuti>>. midian masonebSi da sadac ginda, oRond
ara marTlmadideblur taZarSi.
puSkinis droidan <<sazogadoebis>> adamiani, gansakuTrebiT ki
peterburgis maRali wodebisa, religiuri da eklesiuri gulgrilobis
placentiT Semogarsuli aRmoCnda. es evgeni oneginiTac Cans, <<rusuli
axalgazrdobis jibis sarkiT>>, rogorc mis Sesaxeb brZana pletnevma. am
sarkeSi aisaxa TviT puSkini da zogadad misi Taobis, misi mdgomareobisa
da aRzrdis adamiani. onegini seirnobs sazafxulo baRSi, izrdeba, xdeba
Seyvarebuli, Teatris xSiri stumari, cekvavs balebze da sxvadasxva
nairnairobebs sCadis, magram TavSi erTxelac ar mouva, dasamSvideblad
moZRvarTan wavides. rac Seexeba sofels, sadac onegini ganmartovda, mis
poetur landSaftsa da poetur interierSi ver vi poviT Cven verc taZars
da verc xats. gmiri dasaxlda biZis binaSi:
1 . swored aseve eqcevian dRevandel saqarTveloSi saqarTvelos pirveli prezidentis zviad
gamsaxurdias momxreebs.
8
...savaneebi erTob maRlebi,
sastumro atlasSemovlebuli,
yvela kedelze mefe ufali,
Rumelni Wrelad naCuqurTmalni...
sadas da muxis iatakians
oTaxs, bumbula divans, magidas
da wyvil karadas, rac Tvals xvdeboda,
melnis winwkalic ar Sexeboda.
( Targmani oTar WilaZisa)
magram sad aris xatebi da kandelebi? cxadia, xatebic ekida da
kandelebic enTo (miT umetes rom dakrZalvis Semdgom
cota dro iyo
gasuli), magram oneginis (da puSkinis) mzera maT miRma misxltis. romanSi
ar aris arc guliTadi rwmena da arc yofiTi marTlmadidebloba.
davuSvaT onegini <<zedmeti kacia>>, magram meocnebe lenski? igi midis
sasaflaoze, cremls Rvris mSoblebis saflavze, magram
cal fexsac ar
Seadgams eklesiaSi. aseTivea <<suliT rusi>> tatianac: mSobliur
mxaresTan gamoTxovebisas igi ver iclis eklesias gamoemSvidobos, sadac
TviTon is monaTles, sadac mamamiss wesi auges. <<cxovrebaSi>> ki
sxvagvarad iyo.
ras niSnavs yovelive es? es imas niSnavs, rom aleqsandres epoqaSi
sazogadoeba ver xedavda da arc eZebda sayrdens eklesiaSi. es sayrdeni
mas ubralod ar sWirdeboda. rusuli poeziis <<oqros saukune>> naTeli
da harmoniulia. sazogadoebaSic harmoniuli ganwyobileba Warbobda. misi
Seryeva
ver
moaxerxa
verc
ori
aTeuli
eris
Tavdasxmam, verc
batonymobasa da samxedro dasaxlebebTan dakavSirebulma eqscesebma.
sevda
da
farisevloba
is-is
iyo
ibadeboda
da
mTeli
Tavisi
feradaovnebiT nikoloz I-is mefobis dros gaifurCqna.
mis dros Seicvala orientacia. Tuki wina imperatori Tavisi mefobis
ukanasknel
wlamde
yvelaze
metad
sjulTSemwynareblobas
afasebda
(cenzuris
wesdebaSi
kategoriulad
ikrZaleboda
qristianuli
mimarTulebis nebismieri eklesiis augad moxsenieba) da nacionalur,
Tugind konfesionalur TviTkmayofilebas ar gamoxatavda, misma umcrosma
Zmam, bedisweris nebiT, aRmoCnda ra taxtze, <<uaryo>> tolerantoba. es
cnobil
samebaSc
gamoxata:
TviTmpyrobeloba,
marTlmadidebloba,
xalxuroba. dadga apoTeozis xana marTlmadideblobisaTvis, magram amas
misTvis sargebloba ar moutania, radgan nikolozis RvTismosaoba iyo
moCvenebiTi
da
namdvilad
civi.
mRvdlebs
moeTxovebodaT
ara
RvTismsaxurebis aRsruleba, aramed ceremonia, risTvisac sakmarisi iyo
katexizmos, saeklesio gangebis, notebis mixedviT galobis mtkiced codna
_ da meti araferi. am sulier sicives, ra Tqma unda, win aRudga mxolod
optinis udabnos siTbo, rogorc es xomiakovsa aqvs. magram maSin
aRgznebuloba meti iyo, vidre rwmena. farisevlobisa da sicruis epoqebSi
asea xolme.
avadmyofurad exmaurebian utopias RvTis saxelmwifoze, romliTac
gatacebulni
iyvnen
aleqsandre
ivanovi
da
gogoli.
<<xelmwifis
xelisufleba – uazrobaa – Tuki is ver igrZnobs RvTis xatad yofnis
aucileblobas miwaze>>, _ vkiTxulobT Cven <<megobarTadmi mimoweris
rCeul adgilebSi>>. es keTilganzraxviTaa Tqmuli, magram
visTvis?
gogoli ratomRac imedovnebda, rom <<yvela, nebismieri fenisa da wodebis
warmomadgeneli, moyvaruli Tavisi saxelmwifosi, Tuki yovelives, rac am
saxelmwifoSi ar iyo, mimarTavda misken, rogorc sakuTari sxeulisaken:
iglovebda suliT, inaRvlebda, mosTqvamda, dRedaRam ilocebda Tavisi
vnebuli
xalxisaTvis, maSin
xelmwife
SeiZenda
im
yovlisSemZle
siyvarulis
xmas,
romelic
erTaderTi
miaRwevda
avadmyof
9
kacobriobamde>>.
gulubryvilo
ocnebebia, usafuZvlo
imedebi!
da
ramdenjer motyuvda misiT sacodavi, alal-marTali ruseTi!
Cveulebriv es naocnebari gogolis pirovnebaze gadaaqvT xolme,
masSi xedaven martoxelas, Tavdaxsnils im problemebisagan, romlebic mis
TanamedroveT awuxebda (ris gamoc, iSviaTi gamonaklisebis garda, wigni
erTxmad gakicxes). Cven ukeT gavugebT gogols, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom isini, visac ramdenime wlis Semdgom wilad xvda gamxdariyvnen
saZirkvlis damangrevelni da kerpTa damamxobelni, maSin msgavs religiur
Semogznebas
ganicdidnen.
CerniSevski
1848
wels
moeloda
mesiis
movlinebas. Wabuki pisarevi, arc Tu mTlad <<rCeuli adgilebis>>
gavlenis
gareSe,
Targmnida
klopStokis
<<mesiadas>>,
qadagebda
absolutur ubiwoebas im brma imediT, rom RmerTi am msxverplis fasad
daajildoebda kacobriobas, aCuqebda adamianebs ukvdavebas, an rogorRac
moawyobda ise, rom daibadebodnen isini <<saswaulebrivad, xorcieli
codvis gareSe>> (nuTu gayofiT?). dobroliubovi ki mxolod mSoblebis
uecarma sikvdilma miiyvana bedisweraSi eqstatiuri rwmenis uaryofamde.
am sulieri Semogznebisa da krizisis gareSe verc samocian wlebs
gavigebT da evrc samocianelebs gavugebT. uceb gacnobierebulma da
yovlismomwyvlelma sicruem (yirimis omis dros)
gamoiwvia uaryofis
gaCena. aseT situaciebSi sazogadoeba yovelTvis axdens RirebulebiTi
niSnebis gadanacvlebas. plusebis magivrad svams minusebs da piruku.
maSin bunebrivi saxiT wina planze wamoiwia aTeisturma nihilizmma.
ganvmartoT igi rogorc urwmunoeba, amisagan me Tavs Sevikavebdi.
nihilizmi bolos da bolos axali religiaa. postulats (dasabuTebis
gareSe aRebuli debuleba) <<mwams, rom RmerTi arsebobs>> _ is
upirispirebs sxva postulats <<mwams, mwams, mwams... rom RmerTi ar
arsebobs>>. ATeistma SeiZleba uaryos, rom sityva <<mwams>> _ ar aris
mis leqsikonSi, rom is <<darwmunebulia>>, magram es viTarebas sulac
ver cvlis. vera pavlovnas 1 meoTxe sizmari xilvaTa Zveli Janridan
momdinareobs:
Sua saukuneebis rusul teqstebSi (isini mRvdlis Svils
SerniSevskis
gadmocemiT
mainc
ecodineboda)
qriste, RvTismSobeli,
wmindanebi xSirad ecxadebian vizioners Tvis <<fxizel ZilSi>> da
atyobineben raRac WeSmaritebebs, ufro xSirad momavlis Sesaxeb. mermisi
ezmaneboda vera pavlovnasac. misi qaluri xilvani materializdeboda
swavelebasa da missave mravalricxovan mowafeebSi, Tumca gulze xelis
dadebiT unda gamovtydeT, rom qalis sizmrebis fasi, Tundac is Zlieri
sqesis warmomadgenlis mofiqrebuli iyos, arcTu didia,. saqme imaSi
rodia, rom nihilisturi aTeizmi _ es konfesiaa, aramed mis damangrevel
mimarTulebaSia saqme.
saerTod, aTeizmi rusuli istoriis peterburguli periodisaTvis
normaluri movlenaa, ukidures SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis nawilisaTvis
mainc. rusuli aTeizmi mravalgvaria. misi fsiqologiuri Sedegebi ki
samgvari: gulgrili adamianebi ver gamohyavs gulgrilobidan. RmerTi ar
arsebobs, mis Sesaxeb gansamartic araferia; sxvebs is gulwrfelad
sevdiT
avsebs
da
amdagvar
ti ps
miekuTvneba
puSkini, romelic
axalgazrdobaSi aTeizmiT scodavda. moviyvan cnobil nawyvets 1824 wlis
gazafxulze odesidan viazemskisadmi gagzavnil im perlustrirebuli
(saxelmwifo organoebis mier fostiT gagzavnili werilebis gaxsna)
werilidan, romlis
gamoc
avtori
fskovSi
gadaasaxles.
<<...wminda
aTeizmis gakveTilebs vewafebi. aq erTi ingliselia, Rrma filosofosi,
erTaderTi gonieri aTeisti, visac me Sevxvedrivar. man aTasi furceli
CaaTava imis dasamtkiceblad, rom qu’il ne peut exister d’etre inteligent c eateur et
regulateur (Semoqmedsa
da
mmarTvelze
gonieri
arseba
SeuZlebelia
1 . a. panCenkos mxedvelobaSi hyavs CerniSevskis romanis <<ra vakeToT>> gmiri.
10
arsebobdes), Tan
gzadagza
sulis
ukvdavebis
sust
mtkicebulebebs
anadgurebda. sistema arc Tu imdenad nugeSis momgvrelia, rogorc
Cveulebriv fiqroben, magram samwuxarod, simarTles ufro waagavs>>.
gutCinsonis
odesurma gakveTielbma ratom ver gamoiwvies puSkinSi
enTuziazmi? imitom rom saWiro iyo aRTqmul maradiul sicocxlesTan
ganSoreba. unda Serigeboda imas, rom sikvdili am soflad yofnis
dasasrulisa da sxva, Tundac ukeTes samyaroSi gadasvlisaTvis arc
mwvervalia, arc zRvari, aramed absoluturi da Seuqcevadi bolo. aseT
perspeqtivaSi namdvilad cotaa sasixarulo, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda
kacisTvis, romelic cxovrebisagan jer kidev ar daRlila da ar icis, rom
aris raRac, sikvdilze uaresi. odesurma gakveTilebma mciredac ver
Searyies mowafis zneobrivi wesebi.
rac Seexeba nihilistebs, uarmyofelebsa da damangrevlebs, aTeizmi
Zalas hmatebT maT, radgan sikvdilis Semdgom cxovrebaSi magieris
mizRvis SiSisagan anTavisuflebs. es aRwerilia dostoevskis romanSi
<<eSmakni>>.
ara, <<Zalis religias>> nikolozis mefobis magaliTze ver aRvwerT.
ra
Tqma
unda, imperatoris, <<evropis
yvelaze
lamazi
monarqis>>
eSinodaT ruseTSi, evropaSi, dasavleTsa
da TurqeTSic. mis winaSe
Zrwoda bevri, magram ara yvela. sakmaod
iyo xalxi, romlTac Rimils
hgvrida misi pretenzia, eTamaSna <<RvTivkurTxeuli xelmwifis>> roli. 1
dahbruneboda
moskoveli
mefeebis
patriarqalur-barbarosul
xelisuflebas ise, rom araferi daekarga peterburgeli imperatorebis
keisruli sidiadisagan, - aseTi iyo nikolozis amocana>>. << yvelaferi
saxelmwifos,
e.
i.
taxtisaTvis
da
araferi
xalxisaTvis>>.
<<TviTmpyrobeloba_rogorc
mizani.
ai,
rusi
TviTmpyrobelis
gulubryvilo filosofia>>. es isev gercenia. man aRwera kirTeba, magram
iyo amis sapirispiroc. saqme arc protestis gamomxatvel pirovnebebSia:
arc gercenSi ogariovTan erTad da arc petraSevskelebSi _ namdvilad
SeiZleba maTi TiTebze CamoTvla. tiranul epoqebSi protesti Znelia, amis
gakeTeba liberalizmis xanaSia ioli. nikolozis pirovnebaze xelis
aRmarTvas ver bedavdnen, Tumca igi dacvis gareSe dadioda da mgzavrobda
kidec. xolo misi Ze, glexebis ganmaTavisuflebeli da didi reformatori
kurdReliviT moinadires, bombiT dafliTes. saqme is iyo. rom nikolozis
dros gaCnda ukiduresi opoziciuri msoflSegrZneba, romelic ruseTs
borotebasTan aigivebda. uwin aseTi ram arasdros yofila. Cans mefem
amisTvis bevri iSroma.
dekabristebi mefis mkvlelobamde misuli radikalizmiT borotebas
ebrZodnen (an Tu gnebavT, imas, rasac TviTon uwodebdnen borotebas).
isini ara rusebs, aramed mis ubedurebebs, ukanonobasa da mouwyoblobas
ebrZodnen. rileevi, romelic kaxovskis imperatoris mosaklavad aqezebda,
amavdroulad (am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT) patriotul dumebs
(ukrainuli xalxuri poeziis saleqso forma) Txzavda. bevri maT axla
gacveTil-patriotulad
CaTvlis).
dekabristebs
jer
kidev
hqondaT
saerTod epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli organuli cnobiereba. rusuli
<<keTilganwyobis>> sidiade da silamaze
yvelaze
ukeT tolstoim
gadmosca
romanSi
<<omi
da
mSvidoba>>, gadmosca
dakargvisa
da
sinanulis
elferiT, vinaidan
nikolozis
dros
<<keTilganwyobas>>
nabrZanebi hqonda didxans ecocxla.
aleqsandres xanaSi SeuZlebeli iyo puSkinis inveqtivebi (uxeSi
gamosvla vinmes winaaRmdeg) <<eSmakma STamagona ruseTSi dabadeba WkuiT
da talantiT>>, lermontovis (pirdaubaneli ruseTi, monaTa qveyana, qveyana
batonaTa>>, garkevulwilad Caadaevis, Semdeg CerniSevskisa, romelmac Tqva
1 Zalian hgavs romis imperatoris, konstanciusis, daxasiaTebas.
11
da beWedic dausva: <<Tavidan bolomde yvela monaa>>. davuSvaT, rom
yovelive
es
iwereboda
da
iTqmoda
<<afeqtis
mdgomareobaSi>>,
gaRizianebisa
da
ganwirulebis
Jams, magram
Cven
ratom
ar
unda
davujeroT am inveqtivebs (Tundac pirobiTad) da ratom ar unda
gavakeToT logikuri daskvnebi? SemovisazRvroT CerniSevskiT. an isic
monaa, rogorc
ruseTis
moqalaqe, an
rusuli
wris
miRma
imyofa.
CerniSevski, cxadia, ukanasknels mianiWebda upiratesobas da Cvenc araferi
gviSls xels am tanjulis mxareze davdgeT. is Tu mona ar aris,
maSasadame, marginaluri kacia. Tu wris SigniT ar imyofeba, maSasadame,
upirispirdeba mas. es asecaa. nikolozis dros ruseTi daiSala da dRemde
daSlil mdgomareobaSia. koreqtuli istoriuli eqsperimentisTvis sxva
epoqaa saWiro, romlisTvisac Tundac SefardebiTi sulieri erToba iqneba
dmaxasiaTebeli.
yuri davugdoT gercens da moskovis ruseTSi davbrundeT, ivane
mrisxanes xanaSi (1533-84), roca aRmosavleT evropis dablobze mtermoyvrobiT cxovrobdnen warmarTebi, muslimanebi da marTlmadideblebi,
magram
ar
iyo
arc
erTi
aTeisti.
adamianebs
sxvadasxva
ramis
sxvadasxvagvarad
sjerodaT, magram uciloblad swamdaT RmrTisa, ( an
RmerTebisa).
aqedan
gamomdinare,
istoria
maT
mier
SeiZleboda
gancdiliyo da ganicdeboda kidec mxolod religiurad. es gamogvadgeba
rusuli providencializmis kvlevisas.
meTeqvsmete saukunes SeiZleba rusuli martoobis saukune vuwodoT.
aseTi
mdgomareoba
ruseTisaTvis
wesi
ki
ara, gamonaklisia.
Sua
saukuneebSi is marTlmadideblur erTobaSi Sedioda, romelsac bizantia
meTaurobda (mas ekuTvnodnen samxreT slavebi, moldaveTi da vlaxeTi.
kulturisa da sarwmunoebis ena iqac saeklesioslavuri iyo. XVI –s-Si
yvelaferi Seicvala. bizantia da balkaneTi arcTu didi xnis win
osmanuri imperiis provinciebi gaxdnen... marTlmadideblur saxelmwifoTa
Soris mxolod ruseTma da saqarTvelom SeinarCuna damoukidebloba
(regularuli kavSirebi masTan ar yofila). martooba Seicnoboda, rasac
mowmobs rusuli qronografis I redaqciis daskvna, oficiozuri Txzuleba
moskovis mier daqucmacebuli ruseTis <<Sekrebis>> Jams Seqmnili.
ufalma, naTqvamia
masSi, Cveni, marTlmadideblebis, codvebis
gamo
urwmunoT Caugdo xelSi RvTismsaxurebiTi mefoba, magram ar SeiZleba
ganwirulebis codvaSi CavcvivdeT Cven (SegaxsenebT, is Svid sasikvdine
codvaSi Sedioda), saWiroa monanieba, saWiroa imedovneba, rom <<urwmuno
xelisuflebaTa (e. i. muslimanebis) sibnelis ferflSi>>
mbJutavi
naperwklidan cecxli ainTeba. maSin gancocxldebian da guli moecemaT
marTlmadideblebs.
<<Cveni
rusuli
miwa
ki
RvTis
wyalobiT,
yovladwminda RvTismSoblisa da yvela saswaulTmoqmedi wmidanebis
locviT izrdeba, norCobs da maRldeba. mowyaleo qristev, miec mas Zala
gazrdis, axalgazrdobisa da gafarTovebisa ukunisamde>>.
maSasadame,
ruseTi
dandobilia,
ruseTi
gamorCeulia.
marTlmadidebeli Zmebi uRelqveS arian, rusuli samTavroebi ki, romlebic
cota xnis win bevri iyo, moskovis uzenaesi mkalvis qveS Semokrben. oqros
urdos uRlisgan ganTavisuflebuli moskovi male dai pyrobs yazans da
astraxans. rac Seexeba kulturul erTobas _ es problemaa. unda
ganisazRvros sakuTari gza. amasTan erTad is winaswar warmoCindeba
rogorc erTaderTi da swori. moskovi xom mesame (da ukanaskneli) romia,
meoTxe romi aRar iqneba, mxolod moskovSia WeSmariteba, RvTismosaoba da
sinaTle, mxolod aq SeiZleba marTlmadidebeli mefis movlineba.
ivane mrisxane gaxda pirveli kurTxeuli, e. i. kanonieri mefe (uwin
ruseTSi mefis tituli or xelmwifesTan _ bizanitiis imperatorsa da
oqros urdos xanTan mimarTebaSi _ ixmareboda. XVI s-Si mefeebad
iwodebian am ukanasknelis memkvidreni _ yazanis xani, astraxanis xani,
12
yirimis xani. TurqeTis sulTansac, basilevsis xelisuflebis uzurpators
da mis faqtiur memkvidres, aqvs ufleba am titulze da rusul
literaturul
cxovrebaSi Cndeba Txzuleba <<mefe mahmadze>>). axlad
movlenil moskovis mefes, bunebrivia, Tvali unda miepyro sameufo
qalaqisaTvis 1
da
mis
politikur
koncefciebTanac
mosuliyo
SesabamisobaSi.
moskovma
maTgan
samefo
prerogativebis
religiuri
ganmarteba
gadaiRo. sxvadasxva mimarTulebis rusi publicistebi Tanxmdebodnen
imaSi, rom RmerTi <<zeciuri meufea>>, mefe ki - <<miwieri RmerTi>>. am,
azrs rom farTo, sayovelTao gavrceleba hqonda, ucxoel mogazaurTa
mierac dasturdeba. germanuli p. oderborni pamfletSi mrisxanes Sesaxeb
(1585w.) SeniSnavda, rom mefe sicocxleSi miwieri RmerTia, imperatori da
papi Tavisi qveSevrdomebis; 1612 wels ki, areulobis Jams, holandieli
isaak masa werda: <<moskovelebi mefes TiTqmis miwiur RmerTad Tvlian>>.
raRac amgvarsaves werda ivane mrisxanes yirimelTa tyveobidan vasiuk
griaznoic: <<Sen, xelmwifev, viTarca RmerTi!>> amcrob da ganadideb kacs.
es, ra Tqma unda, carieli sityvebia baqiasi da sufris masxarisa,
<<istoriuli>> moRvawisa, agdebuli azris Tanaxmad. magram miT ufro
sagulisxmoa isini: e. i. gavrcelda azri miwiuri RmerTis Sesaxeb da
sayovelTao xmarebaSi gadavida.
mrisxanem amiT siamovnebiT isargebla. man kirilo – belozerskis
monastrisadmi
gagzavnil
werilSi
ganacxada, rom
<<naxevarberad>>
grZnobda Tavs da marTlac, aleqsandrovskis ubanSi igi monazvnuri
wesebis imitirebas axdens, TviTon iRumenis rols TamaSobs, opriCnikebi _
mwirebisas. ucxoelebi amtkiceben, rom mefes xandaxan mRvdeliviT uwevda
wirvis Sesruleba. Zneli gadasawyvetia, marTalia es Tu gamonagoni, magram
TviT xmebia uaRresad niSandoblivi. ai, rogor iqceoda ivane mrisxane 1583
w-s novgorodSi, Tavisi deidaSvilisSvilis, kniaJna maria vladimirovna
starickaiasa da hercog magnus livonielis qorwilSi: mefe axalgazrda
berebTan erTad wm. aTanases rwmenis simbolos hangze cekvavda da taqts
Tavisi cnobili kverTxis TanameinaxeTa Tavebze dartymiT amTavrebda. es
<<naxevarberi>> xandaxan Tavis nadimebze wm. aTanases rwmenis simbolosa
da sxva locviT sagaloblebs mReroda da siamovnebasac hpovebda masSi>>.
yovelive es Zalian hgavs mkrexelobas. marTlamdidebluri rwmenis
TvalsazrisiT, <<nadimze
mTvralis
mier
sagaloblis>>
damRereba
dauSvebelia. is, vinc ase iqceva, sakuTar suls maradiuli tanjvisTvis
imetebs. es qeba-didebaa ara RvTisadmi, aramed eSmakebisadmi. ivane
mrisxane arad dagidevdaT qristianuli qcevis normebis fexqveSgaTelvas.
piriqiT, imasac ki amtkicebda, rom ar scodavda <<gadaxriT>> e. i.
normaluri marTlmadidebeli iyo. rac Seexeba saqeifo sufras, SeiZleba
mefe Taviseburad marTalic iyo. rusul yofa-cxovrebaSi es SeiniSneboda
antioqos kantemiris (1708-44)
drosac: <<mTvralebisTvis Cveulebrivia
wminda werilis augad gamoyeneba. magaliTad, loTi mikitnisagan Wiqa
Rvinis miwodebisas ambobs: <<Cveni daxsnisas viReb fialas>> duqnidan
gamosvlisas ki - <<ganved, muSako Rvinisa>> da sxvani usasrulod. Cans,
mrisxane fexs uwyobda wvril ers. tiranebs uyvarT xolme alalmarTalTa da uwignurTa rolis TamaSi.
am garemoebaze miTiTebiT man aicila kniaz kurbskis sayveduri
<<satanuri trapezebisa>> da <<RvTismgmobi>> garTobebis Sesaxeb. igi
Tvlida, rom
eamfsoneboda
skoromoxebs
(msaxiobi
Sua
saukuneebis
ruseTSi). cnobilia, rom boiar kniaz m. p. repnin-obolenskis mefis
1 . konstantinepols, bizantiel avtorebze dayrdnobiT, sameufo qalaqs eZaxian Cveni
aToneli mamebic, Tumca, amis msgavsi gamoTqma “karad sameufod” qtesifonTan dakavSirebiT ukve
gvxvdeba <<SuSanikis wamebaSi>>. igive Sinaarsi devs bizantieli avtorebisa da iovane sabanisZis
sintagmaSi “baRdadsa mas babilovansa”. 13
nadimze masTan erTad niRbiT cekvaze uaris Tqma sicocxled daujda.
mrisxanem
ganacxada,
rom
moTamaSeTa
Tavyrilobebs
<<adamianuri
sisusteebis>>, saerTo-saxalxo <<siyrmisa gamo>> iwynarebs, xalxi bavSvs
hgavs. xalxs uyvars mxiaruloba da <<am siyrmisa gamo>>, Tavisi sulieri
umwifarobisa gamo imsaxurebs Sewyalebas. ase amarTlebda mrisxane Tavis
keTilganwyobas cudisadmi.
sxvaTa Soris, es yovelive wvrilmania ivane mrisxanes religiur
TviTgaRmerTebaSi. marTalia, man kavSiri gawyvita rCeulTa radasTan:
adaSevTan, silvestrTan, kurbskisTan, magram ar iRleboda elanZRa isini
<<maswavleblis rangiT maTi esodeni aRtacebisa gamo>>, imis gamo, rom
gakadnierdnen da mefis moZRvrebad da mrCevlebad yofna moisurves. igi,
ganuwyvetliv xazs usvams imas, rom aravin ar undoda da arc aravis
mousmenda.
iqneb, mas istoriis skolidan surda gakveTilebis miReba? sulac
ara. Tu mrisxane istorias mimarTavs xolme, mxolod imisTvis, raTa
sayrdeni
da
gamarTleba
mouZebnos
Tavis
pozicias,
avTarkias
(TviTkmayofilebas) mefisas. uwindel xelmwifeTa saqmeni Zveli aRTqmidan,
bizantiis istoriidan da Tu sxvani, mas mxolod erTi miznisTvis
sWirdeba: xazi gausvas, rom is monarqebi, romelnic saero, an sasuliero
mrCevlebs usmendnen <<daRupvis piras>> mividnen. samagierod, imaT, vinc
yursac ar ugdebda maT, mtrebi daamarcxes da saxel-didebac moixveWes.
yuradRebas da mibaZvas ki mxolod aseTi tradicia imsaxurebs - <<Cveva>>
aravis mousmino da arc aravisgan araferi iswavlo.
mefis xelisufleba RvTisganaa da mxolod RmerTs xelewifeba mas
qcevis ganawesi SesTavazos. RmerTi ki sampirovania da misi samebis
<<gakveTa>> ar SeiZleba. es saSineli codvaa, es warwymedis gzaa.
<<gakveTiT>> dairRveva monarqis yofaqcevis wonasworoba, wonasworoba
kanonsa da moyvasisadmi siyvaruls Soris 1 , Zalasa da Tvinierebas Soris.
rusul publicistikaSi es gacnobierebulic iyo da gamoxatulic. ioseb
volockim, mkacri xelis apologetma, romelic amtkicebda, rom monarqi
<<xelisuflebiT RmerTis msagavsia>> mainc gaakeTa damatebiTi SeniSvna:
Tuki,
mefe
uflebas
miscems
ukadris
vnebebs,
codvebs,
vercxlismoyvareobas,
risxvas,
mzakvrobas,
sicrues,
ampartavnebas,
mrisxanebas masze gabatondnen, maSin is RvTis msaxuri ki ara, eSmakis
msaxuria, mefe ki ara, mtanjvelia. ioseb volockis es Tezisi, tiranisa da
mefis ganmasxvavebeli, win uswrebs XVI s-is meore naxevris dasavleTeli
<<monarqomaxebis>> _ iunius brutusis, buxananas, marianas Teoriebs,
romelTac wamoayenes formula: <<Rex imago Dei, Tyrannus dialoli>> (mefe msgavsia
RvTisa, tirani satanisa>>.
rac Seexeba ivane mrisxanes, igi samebis <<gakveTis>> sakiTxs ar
daubrkolebia. man upiratesoba mianiWa mis pirvel pirs _ mama RmerT
sabaoTs, RmerTs mrisxanesa da damsjels. rusi monarqis meore saxed iqca
miqael mTavarangelozi. igi, rogorc mrisxane ganmartavda, Tavis pirvel
werilSi kurbskisadmi, <<Seeweva>> yvela <<mefes>>: moses, isu navins,
konstantine dids, pirvel qristian imperators. mrisxanes erudicia
mocemul SemTxvevaSi uzadoa. miqaeli (es saxeli miSnavs <<viTarca
RmerTi>>) _ erTgvari moadgilea RvTisa, misi oreuli, mxedari da
arqistrategosi, zeciur ZalTa didi mTavari, ZleviTSemosili samefo
angelozi, <<istoriis
angelozicaa>>.
es
funqciebi
mas
dasavlur
qristianobaSic miewereboda. karolingebis epoqaSi (751-987) miqaels
imperatorebis patronad
aRiqvamdnen _ karlos
didis (800-814) da
gansakuTrebiT oton III-sa (980-1002); evropeli raindis saxiT eCveneboda
xolme igi sizmrebSi Jana darks (1412-1431), ingliselebis winaaRmdeg
1 . gavigsenoT <<vefxistyaosnidan>> “mosamarTle da mowyale”... aseve mefe finezis daxasiaTeba
<<sibrZne sicruisadan>>.
14
brZolisasac misi saxeli sul pirze ekera Janas. roca safrangeTSi kvlav
aRdga samefo xelisufleba, ludoviko XI (1423-83) wm. miqaelis ordenic
ki daaarsa. mogvianebiT espaneTSic iyo <<miqaelis frTebis>> ordeni.
aqedan gamomdinare, gasagebia, Tu ratom SeTxza ivane mrisxanem (parTenos
sulelis fsevdonimiT) miqael mTavarangelozisadmi miZRvnli <<kanoni
angelozs,
mrisxane
mxedarTmTavars>>
(kanoni
gamoqveynebuli
da
Seswavlilia d. s. lixaCovis mier).
Tu gavecnobiT Cven am zeciur patrons, ivanes mefur qmedebaTa
logikasac gavigebT _ logikas saSinels, magram zusts. aRmosavlur
qristianul legendebSi (dasavleTSic rom gavrcelda) wm. miqaelis
moaxloebas
xSirad
ityobineba
mexis
gavardna.
o.
a.
dobiaS
_
roJdestvenskis wignSi misi kultis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT: <<naTeli da
bneli enacvleba masSi erTmaneTs, imedic masSia da risxvac. kacs
miqaelTanTan xumroba ar gauva, arc misi xilva Cauvlis dausjelad. sxva
wmindanebTan ufro iolia saqmis daWera. mas SeiZleba moelode: zecidan
xanZris saxiT, mTidan - qariSxlis, xolo zRvidan - wylis svetis saxiT...
boroteba_sikeTis zRvarze imyofeba igi. sikeTisaTvis mebrZoli xSirad
mrisxanebs, xan ki umiznod sastikicaa. igi sjis, klavs, wkeplavs,
qarborbalasaviT itacebs, mexs isvris, mrisxane RmerTi da wminda satanaa.
misi ufro eSiniaT da pativs scemen, vidre uyvarT.
riTi araris es portreti <<xateba>> ivanesi, zeciuri moZRvris
bejiTi mowafisa? mrisxaneni arian oriveni, kanonSic Tormetjer amaod
rodia es epiTeti moxseniebuli. dadgenilia, rom mefisadmi epiTet
<<mrisxanes>> darTvas ar hqonda uaryofiTi niuansi. <<mefes Sehferis
iyos mrisxane>> - naTqvamia XVI s-is Sua wlebis erT-erT rusul
TxzulebaSi
da
am
sityvebs
ver
ganvmartavT, rogorc
mkacri
da
daundobeli
marTvisaken
mowodebas.
es
konteqstidanac
naTelia:
gansazRvreba <<mrisxane - грозный>> da arsebiTi saxeli <<elWeqi – гроза>>
>> Cndeba iq, sadac saubari saxelmwifo wesrigs Seexeba. amitom
SesaZlebelia
oqsiumoroni
(sawinaaRmdego
mniSvnelobis
sityvaTa
Serwyma) <<mSvidi mefuri risxva>> (am sityvaTSeerTebaSi Cans sifrTxile,
raTa ar <<gaikveTos>> sameba). <<mrisxane mefe saxelad esa da es>> _
ubralod TviTmpyrobeli xelmwifis aRmniSvneli satitulo formulaa,
romlis xelisuflebac arafriT da aravisiT ar aris SezRuduli.
ivane mrisxane mxolod borotmoqmedT rodi sjida. igi ise Rvrida
sisxls, msxverplis braleulobas ar adgenda, arc aRelvebda es. ufro
metic, mas sjeroda, rom daRvril sisxls piruTvneli msajulni mas ar
daakisrebdnen codvad, amaSi kurbskisac ki arwmunebda: <<gaixsene, rom
didi mefe konstantine, romelmac Tavisi Svili mefobis ndomis gamo
sikvdiliT dasaja, wmindanad iTvleba!>> rogorc Cans, mrisxane iwonebda
imperator konstantine didis saqciels, romelmac 326 wels sikvdiliT
dasaja Tavisi Svili. konstantine xom wmindanad da mociqulTa sworad
Seracxes, es ki imas niSnavs, rom samoTxeSia, abraamis wiaRSi.
ukeTesi
iqneboda mrisxanes es ar daewera, radgan sityvas xorcSesxmis unari
Seswevs da es naTqvami mas mTlianad auxda. man Cvidmeti wliT adre,
erTgvarad daaprograma Svilis, ivane ivanoviCis, ZaladobiTi mkvleloba...
saidan aseTi Seuryeveli rwmena sakuTari simarTlisa? es swored
istoriaze religiuri TvalsazrisiTaa ganpirobebuli. mrisxane hbaZavs
sabaoTs, romelsac SeuZlia arcTu cxadi danaSaulisTvisac dasajos,
radgan isjeba sazogado boroteba msofliosi (yvela adamiani codvilia,
qristea mxolod ucodveli) da ara TiToeuli, konkretuli gamovlena
borotebisa. RmerTiviT iqceva ivane IV, roca mefur risxvas afrqvevs
mTel sazogadoebas. is angrevs novgorods, tvers, emzadeba fskovisa da
TviT moskovis dasangrevadac! 1570 wlis ivliss, roca mefem gadawyvita
CineT-qalaqis
myral
tborSi
<<moRalateTa>>
gadarCenili
nawili
15
novgorodis saqmeTa gamo
sikvdiliT sajarod daesaja, sataxto qalaqis
mosaxleoba namdvilma panikam moicva: quCebi dacarielda, duqnebi daixura,
yvela saxlSi SeiyuJa, ivane ki mxedr mimodioda da xalxs amSvidebda
<<marTalia, qalaqis yvela mosaxlis amowyveta mindoda, magram axla Cemi
risxvisagan dagixseniTo>> (es cnoba germanel a. Slixtings ekuTvnis).
mefe
mTavarangeloz
miqaels
hbaZavs.
arqistrategosi
mxolod
<<samefo angelozi>> rodia, <<sikvdilis angelozicaa>>. sanam igi suls
Tormet miwisqveSa sabaJos gadaatarebdes, jer cecxlovani samkapaTi
amoxdis xolme sxeulidan kacs. es xangrZlivi da autaneli satanjvelia.
amis gamoa, rom mefe Tavis kanonSi zeciur ZalTa mxedarTmTavars
SesTxovs <<daicev mona RvTisa (ivane, ra Tqma unda) gansacdelSi,
mwuxarebasa da sevdaSi, gzebze, mdinareebze, udabnoebSi, mefeebsa da
mTavrebSi, didebulebsa da xalxSi. daicev yovelgvari xelisuflebis,
yovelnairi Worebisa da eSmakisagan. daicev av kacTa mzerisagan (avi
Tvalisagan a. p.) amao sikvdilisa da yovelgvari borotebisagan.
sxvaTa Soris marTals ar unda eSinodes. misi aRsasruli ZilSi
wasvlis msgavsia, <<miZinebaa>>. maSin, XVI s.-Si, yovelma, sul mcired
ganaTlebulma
kacmac
ki
icoda
moTxroba
am
Temaze.
wmindanis
sasikvdilo sarecelTan imyofebian: marjvniv miqaeli, marcxniv gabrieli,
sulisa
da
sxeulis
gayras
elian.
uflis
brZanebaa
mZlavrebiT
<<iZulebiT>> ar amoarTvan suli. is ayovnebs, mTavarangelozebi ki
Cqaroben. miqaeli RmerTs uxmobs, is ki miwaze daviT mefsalmunis
meTaurobiT samoTxis mkvidrTa gunds agzavnis. daviTi qnarze ukravs,
gundi galobs. gamouTqmelad kargad galobs, ase rom suli gulisyurs
mas miapyrobs da <<sxeulidan sixaruliT amosuli, miqaelis xelSi
gadadis>>. Tuki miqaeli <<sulTa meufea>>, maSin misi <<msgavsi>>
mrisxanec imsaxurebs uflebas mTeli Tavisi qveSevrdomebis ara mxolod
sxeulze, aramed sulzec.
<<vaRiareb da vici _ ambobda mefe _ rom vinc borotebaSi cxovrobs,
vinc RvTis mcnebebs gadadis, mxolod iq ki ar unda ewamos Tavis
borotebaTa gamo, aqac unda Sesvas uflis mrisxanebis fiala da
mravalgvari sasjelic gadaitanos. am soflis datovebis Semdeg ki,
uflis samarTliani msjavris molodinSi maT kvlav mouwevT usastikesi
gankiTxvis daTmena, gankiTxvis Semdeg ki – dausrulebeli tanjva>>.
mrisxanes sZagda qristes mcneba: <<Cemzed iyos SurisZieba da me
mivuzRav>> da is Tavis mZlavrobasa da risxvas agdebiT uflis risxvis
fialasTan aigivebda.
es WeSmaritad Zalis religiaa. es amqveyniuri jojoxeTia. kurbski
da maliutas mier nawamebi mitropoliti fili pe koliCevi opriCnikebs
<<garewrelebsa>> da <<satanis polks>> eZaxdnen. komentarad amisa ki
gamogvadgeba akademikos s. g. veselovskis msjeloba: <<sityva опричь da
кроме sinonimuri
wyvilia.
miRma
samyaroze
maSindeli
Sexedulebis
Tanaxmad, <<RvTis sasufeveli>> iyo maradiuli naTlis samefo. mis
sazRvrebs
miRma
ki, (опричь­gare, кроме-gare), imyofeboda
maradiuli
wyvdiadis samefo, <<satanis samefo>>... gamoTqma кромешный-garewruli,
gareskneluri da кромешник - garewreli, gareskneleli, опричь­gareSe,
опричный da опричник­sityvebis analogiurad aris nawarmoebi. es mxolod
sityvaTa TamaSi rodi iyo, aramed maTi, rogorc jojoxeTis mociqulTa,
satanis msaxurTa aRmniSvneli.
ar
Rirs
vifiqroT,
TiTqos
mrisxanem
opriSninis
Seqmnisas
<<ganWvrita>> es enobrivi asociacia. albaT, ufro am brwyinvale
stilistma, enam gaiTvaliswina es. Tu mefe RvTis msgavsia, opriCnikebi
satanis
msgavsni
gamodian.
isini
jojoxeTis
laSqariviT
<<wyvdiadisebrni>> arian, TaviTfexamde SaviTmosilni yorana cxenebze
16
sxedan.
eSmakni
maTive
siSavis
gamo
Zvelad
<<eTiopelebad>> 1
da
<<lurjad
mosilebad>>
iwodebodnen).
ivane
mrisxanes
politikur
RvTismetyvelebaSi Camoyalibebuli dasjis doqtrina arsebiTad Zalian
martivia. is SeiZleba paralelizmis moSveliebiT gadmovceT: im soflad
sasjels gansazRvravs RmerTi, satana da eSmakebi ki aRasruleben. am
qveynad Serisxavs mefe, opriCnik -kromeSnikebi ki sadamsjelo praqtikas
axorcieleben.
isini eSmakTa msgavsad Seuracxyofen suls, kveTen sxeuls da es
sulac
ar
aris
umizno
daundobloba.
marTlmadideblobis
rusul
variantSi arsebobda (da arsebobs) xalxSi fesvgadgmuli cdomileba,
TiTqos saSineli samsjavros winaSe aucilebeli iyo <<sxeuliT>>
wardgoma, Tundac
is
gaxrwnili
da
carieli
ZvlebiRa
yofiliyo.
opriCnikebis Semdeg ki mxolod erTi bewo xorci rCeboda da radgan
dasjilTa damarxva akrZaluli iyo, imasac ZaRlebi Wamdnen. opriCnikebi
mTel <<sanaTesaos>>, mTel ojaxs amowyvetdnen xolme bavSvebisa da
moxucebis CaTvliT, raTa aravis aRevlina Sesandobari locvebi, xvedrs
rom umsubuqebdnen TiTqos gardacvlilT. opriCnikebi wamebisa da dasjis
yvelaze daxvewil meTodebs iyenebdnen, radgan orientacia jojoxeTis
apokriful aRweraze hqondaT aRebuli. marTlmadideblur jojoxeTSi
erTbaSad
Zalian
cxela
da
Zalianac
civa.
<<meSinis
yinulovani
qvesknelis, rameTu satfurebaÁ ar axlavs mas>> _ naTqvamia erT Zvel
ZeglSi. mas miesadageba yvelaferi: rogorc zamTari, yinva, gayinuli
mdinare, aseve uzarmazari tafa, specialurad adamianTa mosaxrakad
gamoWedili.
mainc risTvis keTdeba yovelive es? rogor xsnis amas mrisxane?
<<me
xom
gulmodgined
vcdilob
adamianebi
WeSmaritebisa
da
sinaTlisaken movaqcio, raTa maT erTaderTi WeSmmariti RmerTi didebul
samebaSi da RvTisagan maTTvis boZebuli xelmwife Seicnon, uari Tqvan
erTmaneTTan angariSsworebasa da danaSaulebriv cxovrebaze, rac samefos
Zirs uTxris... es xom sitkboeba da sinaTlea!>> nacnobi simReraa...
amqveyniur samoTxeze. sinaTle es samoTxea. (<<me var naTeli>> _ Tqva
qristem, i. VIII, 12). sitkboebac samoTxea, ris gamoc mimarTaven qristes
<<iesov, utkbeso!>> <<gvixsen, WeSmarito sitkboebav!>>.
marTalia, ivane mrisxane sakuTar Tavs WeSmaritebis mflobelad
SeigrZnobda, magram winaaRmdegi ar iyo amis dasturi zecidanac mieRo
(man xom icoda imave apokrifebidan, rom RvTisaTvis Tavisgamtolebeli
mefeebisTvisac iyo adgili jojoxeTis jurRmulebSi gamzadebuli). 1577
wels, roca mTeli livonia dapyrobil iqna, mefes moeCvena, rom man aseTi
dasturi miiRo. <<gamarjveba Cemi rodia, RvTisaa> - aRfrTovanebiT
miswera man volmaridan kurbskis. Semdeg misi damajerebloba Seirya.
livoniis omi rusebma waages. mefiswul ivane ivanes Zis sikvdilis Semdeg
ki safrTxe daemuqra mTel dinastias (da is namdvilad Sewyda feodor
ivanes Zeze). sibereSi mefes raRac refleqsiis msgavsi gauCnda. misi
brZanebiT SerisxulTa mosaxsenieblad aRapebi Seadgines, mefem dasjilTa
sulebisaTvis Sesawiric daawesa... magram gvian iyo.
tiraniam ara mxolod gaaCanaga qveyana, gaxrwna kidec. aqcentma
cudebisaken, rac
opriCninaSi
ganxorcielda, xelisuflebas
wesieri
adamianebi
Camoacila.
cudebi
ki
uaresebad
gadaaqcia.
<<satanur
polkSi>> Sesvlisas savaldebulo iyo ficiT ganmtkicebuli uaryofa
mSoblebisa, e. i. mexuTe mcnebis pirdapiri darRveva. sicrue imaTi qcevis
princi pi
gaxda, visac
<<sazogadoebaSi
gamosvla>>
surda
da
es
TviTmarqviaobaSic gamoixata.
niSandoblivia, rom dasavleT evropisagan gansxvavebiT, rusuli
wyaroebi XVII s-mde ar icnoben TviTmarqviebs. Tumca, istoriul yofa1 . esec bizantiuri tradicia gaxlavT.
17
cxovrebaSi TviTmarqviobisaTvis <<xelSemwyobi>> pirobebi mravaljer
warmoiqmneboda xolme: aseTia feodaluri omi XV s-Si, roca didi
mTavris taxtisaTvis dimitri donelis STamomavalTa ori Sto ibrZda;
xelisuflebisaTvis brZola ivane III-is Svilsa da SviliSvils Soris
ivane III-is sicocxleSive; gansakuTrebiT ki mrisxanes mefobis bolos,
roca mamis xeliT mokvda memkvidre. miuxedavad amisa, arc erT xsenebul
SemTxvevaSi TviTmarqvia ar gamoCenila.
rusuli
sazRvrebis
miRma
TviTmarqvioba
sakmaod
iSviaTi
da
sporaduli magram <<kanonzomieri>> movlenaa (gavixsenoT magi gaumata –
VI _ -522w., cru neroni (3) cru agri pa, cru Jana darki, cru ludoviko
XVII). ruseTSi ki es movlena mkveTr qronologiur CarCoSi Tavsdeba –
XVII
s-is pirveli wlebidan 1861 wlis saglexo reformamde, cru
dimitridan cru konstantinemde (<<mxsnelis>> funqcia Tavdapirvelad
miewereboda konstantine pavloviCs, Semdeg ki konstantine nikolaeviCs,
romelic
did
mTavarTa
Soris
yvelaze
liberalad
iTvleboda>>.
samagierod drois am monakveTSi Cven TvTmarqviaTa udidesi simravle
warmovSviT.
mivakuTvnoT isini rusuli sibriyvis istorias _ amas azri ara aqvs.
areulobaSi erTdroulad aTamde TviTmarqvia iRwvoda. yvela maTganis
mefiswuloba aravis sjeroda. ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi erTs Rebulobdnen,
danarCens ki uaryofdnen. TviTmarqvioba socialuri TvalsazrisiTac
sainteresoa
(dabal
fenebs
xelisuflebasTan
metoqeobis
survili
gauCndaT, Tumca imave monarqiul garsSi), magram ufro saintereso
nacionalur-fsiqologiuri mxarea. TviTmarqviaTa
ori ti pi arsebobda.
erT maTgans griSka otrepievi warmoadgenda. es aris kanondamrRvevi,
reformatori, samefo da marTlmdidebluri etiketis ugulebelmyofeli.
magram griSka dabadebiT da aRzrdiT rusi, sinamdvileSi evropeli
avantiurstia, radgan man Tavisi roli poloneTSi Seiswavla. poloneTi ki
maSin romelime qveynis gvirgvinsa Tu didi areulobis winamZRolobaze
meocnebe vigindarebisTvis samoTxes warmoadgenda. TviTmarqviis meore da
yvelaze gavrcelebuli ti pi _ es saxalxo ti pia, ufro zustad, glexuri
<<mefe-mamilo>>.
es
zRapruli
ti pi
sxeulze
<<samefo
niSnebiT>>
yvelaze metad emeliane pugaCovis saxeliTaa cnobili.
yvela TviTmarqvia rubrikaciis miuxedavad iTvisebs sxvis saxels,
kulturuli genezisis WrilSi es dakavSireblia e. w. <<miTologiur
gaigivebasTan>>, e. i. aRniSnulisa da aRsaniSnavis, sityvisa da saqmis
igiveobasTan. did rusul onomastikonSi bevr saxels axlavs mkvrivi
Saravandedi, rac dasturdeba kidec, magaliTad gamoTqmiT <<erTi Svili
da isic Toma>>. Zveli tradiciiT, mefe da boiarebi gansakuTrebul
modgmas ekuTvnian. <<gvariSviloba>> da <<Rirseba>> memkvidreobiTia.
misi mopoveba arc wyalobiT SeiZleba da arc namsaxurobiT. roca
pugaCovma orenburgis stepebSi Tavisi grafebi daniSna, maT titulebTan
erTad gvarebic misca. mag. Cika zarubini gaxda CerniSevi. <<grafi
zarubini>> <<graf CerniSevze>> cudad ar JRers, miT umetes, rom Cika am
ojaxidan gamosul didebulad ar Tvlida Tavs da arc grafis wodeba iyo
ruseTisaTvis ZirZveli, wyalobiTi iyo da isic arcTu didi xnis win
damkvidrebuli. Cika TviTmarqvia ki ara <<orsaxeliania>>. saxelebis
masobrivi
Secvla
XX
s-is
revolucionerTa
Soris
am
tradiciis
gamoZaxilia. (SevniSnavT, rom revolucionerebi xelisuflebis mitacebis
Semdegac sxvaTa saxelebiT darCnen. maT axla SeeZloT fsevdonimebis
gareSec ecxovraT, magram
ver moaxerxes: WeSmaritad, yurebi SublzeiT
ver gaizrdebian da <<gzac ver wava Tavis wina>>.
religiur sazogadoebaSi sakuTar saxelze uaris Tqma da sxvisi
saxelis miTviseba uaRresad avadmyofurad ganicdeba. am dros kaci
kargavs yvelafers, rac naTlobisa da mirqmisas mfarveli angelozis e. i.
18
zeciuri mfarvelis, naTlidedisa da naTlimamisagan miiRo. is kargavs
agreTve sisxlis naTesavTagan siyvarulisa da mxardaWeris uflebas, rac
TviT
dabadebis
aqtidan
gamomdinareobs.
TviTmarqvioba
opriCninis
ukanono Svilia, Tumca, Tu me ar vcdebi, erTmaneTisaTvis isini aravis arc
daupirispirebia da arc daukavSirebia. orive SemTxvevaSi eSmakisagan
gandgoma, rac naTlobisa da zeTiscxebis saidumloSi xorcieldeba,
kargavs Zalas. sxvisi saxelis mimTvisebeli ki piriqiT uaryofs RmerTs
da xdeba gankveTili. is adamianic aRar aris. is <<aravinaa da verc
verafers daarqmev>>. andazis Tanaxmad, is eSmakis badeSi, e. i. borotebis
sferoSi exveva.
yovelive es marTlmadideblobis anbania da verc erTi opriCniki Tu
TviTmarqvia ver daeWvdeboda imaSi, rom suli wariwymida, (maSin xom
swamdaT sulis ukvdaveba). mas ukve aRaraferi hqonda dasakargi. yvelam
icis puSkinis sityvebi <<uazro da daundobeli>> rusuli buntis
Sesaxeb. es dakvirvebaa da Tanac zusti. riTi SeiZleba is aixsnas? Cemi
azriT, imiT, rom rusuli amboxi imdenad socialuri ar aris, ramdenadac
religiuri. TviTmarqvioba – es Zvel amboxebaTa xalxuri garsia,
gamonaklisis gareSe.
bolotnikovis (1608 w.) droSas warwerili hqonda saxeli WeSmariti
mefisa, dimitri
ivanes
Zisa>>, laSqarSi
ki
imyofeboda
namdvili
TviTmarqvia mefiswuli petre xolopebidan; roca razinelebi md. volgiT
ruseTis centraluri nawilebisaken moiwevdnen, maT Soris iyo ori
oCxomeli: erTi Savi, erTic wiTeli. fers simboluri mniSvneloba hqonda.
razinma xmebi dayara, TiTqos
maTTan erTad
iyo Serisxuli patriarqi
nikoni (Sav, monazvnur oCxomelze) da gaZevebuli ufliswuli aleqsi
aleqsis Ze, sinamdvileSi ukve mkvdari (wiTeli, Zowisferi da mewamuli
mefuri xelisuflebis niSnebia). am ori oCxomelidan erTze, wiTelze
imyofeboda cru batoni. sityvas vaZlevT stefane razinis dasjis
TviTmxilvels: is kibeebiani urmiT tveris quCaze aRmarTul jvarze
mibmuli, xel-fexze borkilebSesxmuli mohyavdaT, misgan marjvena mxares
kvarcxlbekze mibmuli iyo misive Zma, frodko razini, mopirdapire mxares
ki cru mefiswuli, Tavis Tavs aleqsi aleqseeviCs rom eZaxda. urems
borkildadebulni qviTiniT misdevdnen>>. sxva magaliTebis motanac
SeiZleboda, magram, mgoni, sakmarisia. SegaxsenebT mxolod, rom puSkinis
dakvirveba_esaa dakvirveba pugaCovSCinaze, amboxebis ti piur TviTmarqvia
meTaurze.
amboxebaTa religiuri sarCuli (namdvili mizezebi) imaSi ki ar
mdgomareobs, rom romelime religiur konfesias upiratesoba eniWeba
meoris xarjze. ase dasavleTSi iyo, did ruseTSi ki aRmsareblobis gamo
brZolebi ar yofila. staroobriadcebi, TviT yvelaze mZime dReebSic ki
ar ibrZodnen, TviTdawvas mimarTavdnen (gamonaklisi sul ramdenime
epizodia, isic kazakur miwebze). Tu romelime amboxebas mainc atyvia
konfesiuri kvali, is Zalian sustia. 1682 wels moskovs flobdnen
amboxebuli strelcebi, maSin <<Zveli RvTismsaxurebis wesis moSurne
damcvelebi>> ukanasknelad Seecadnen aRedginaT ruseTSi Zveli wesi. xuT
ivliss
waxnagovan
palatSi
Sedga
cnobili
disputi,
romelzec
suzdaleli mRvdeli nikita dobrinini – cru wmindani - Seecada patriarq
ioakimis meSveobiT arqielebi <<gadaebirebina>>. strelcebis daxmarebis
gareSe (isini gareT iyvnen Segrovilni da SigniT mxolod arCeulebs
uSvebdnen) es disputi ver Sedgeboda da ra gamovida bolos? ramdenime
dRis Semdeg carevna sofiam brZana, nikita cruwmindanisTvis meamboxe
Tavi moekveTaT. strelcebma ki TiTic ar gaanZries.
sul sxvaa is, rom <<sazogadoebad>> da <<xalxad>> gayofil
peterburguli periodis ruseTSi zeda fenis mier sekularizebuli
(misakuTrebuli) kultura dabali fenebisTvis aRiqmeboda rogorc eresi,
19
rwmenisagan
gandgoma,
<<gagermaneleba>>.
samosi,
manerebi,
musika,
marTlmadidebluri yurisaTvis gaugebari saubari, franguli samzareulo
da a.S. yvelaferi dasavluri, rac batonkacur TeTr Zvals Seezarda,
xalxis tanjvas iwvevda. magaliTad, pugaCovma astronomi, astronomiis
gamo CamoaxrCo (varskvlavebTan axlos; 1905 wels da mogvianebiTac,
xelmoWerili da momWirne glexebi ki memamuleTa karmidamoebs wvavdnen.
wvavdnen ara Senobebs, an rac SenobebSi iyo, aramed uSesaniSnaves, magram
maTTvis ucxo sakarmidamo kulturas, XVIII s-is ruseTSi damkvidrebuls.
amboxebaTa religia es maTi TviTmarqvia winamZRolebis religiaa.
gandgomilebma icodnen sulis xsnis imedi rom ar unda hqonodaT da isRa
rCebodaT sanam cocxlebi iyvnen <<gaeseirnaT>> da seirnobdnen kidec.
isini zneobrivi wesebis marwuxebisagan inTavisuflebdnen Tavs da gzas
uxsndnen vnebebsa da mankierebebs, (<<Tavisufleba Tavnebas, samoTxe –
daxsnils>>).
adre
isinic
ebrZodnen
maT,
radgan
rogorc
marTlmadidebelni, eZiebdnen imqveyniur gamarTlebas, axla ki miatoves
amaze zrunva. es ganwiruli adamianebi arian, TavzexelaRebulni, uimedoni.
maTTvis
yvelaferi
amaoa.
borotebis
cieb-cxelebaSi
cxovroben.
yvelanairi ukiduresobisaTvis mzad arian, maTTvis puSkinis sityvebis
Tanaxmad <<kaci fasobs groSad, Tavi misi – bistad (sakuTari da miT
umetes sxvisic).
aseTia
TviTmarqviaTa
msoflSegrZneba.
sxvaTa
Soris
es
rekonstruqciaa. yvelanairi rekonstruqcia ki pirobiTia, magram maTi
sandooba
TviTmarqviaTa
yovlad
umsgavsi
piradi
da
ojaxuri
cxovrebiseuli wvrilmanebiTac dasturdeba. marina mniSekze Seyvarebulma
cru
dimitrim
mis
molodinSi
Seuracxyo
qsenia
godunova
da
gaukuRmarTebuli seqsualuri kavSiri hqonda axalgazrda kniaz ivan
xvorostininTan (magaliTis gadaReba imave mrisxanesganac SeiZleboda,
romelsac sayvarlad hyavda opriCninis ideis moTavis vaJi fedka
basmanovi).
podiakma timoSka akundinovma, romelic Tavis Tavs xan Suiskis
Svilad, xan ki SviliSvilad asaRebda, mTeli Tavisi saxl-kari Sig
Caketil colTan erTad gaqcevis wina RamiT gadawva. es 1643 wels moxda
da mas win xetialis aTi weli edo. is iyo stambolSi, romSi, stokholmSi,
<<gamuslimanda>>,
kaTolikebTan
erTad
Rebulobda
<<sakramentos
kurTxevas>>, gadavida luTeranobaSi. igi holStiniam (raRac savaWro
daTmobebis gamo) gasca. gzaSi tyvem ramdenjerme scada Tavismokvla.
awames jurRmulSi. moskovSi ki oTxad gaglijes. dasjamde cota xniT
adre is Tavis dedas, monazon stefanidas (eriskacobaSi solomonidas)
pirispir Seaxvedres, timoSkam isic ar indoma... cru dimitri ki piriqiT,
sxvis dedas <<Cemulobda>>, ivane mrisxanes ukanasknel cols.
TviTmarqviaTa umetesoba niWieri xalxi iyo. znebrivad jansaR
sazogadoebaSi maT SeeZloT raime keTili saqmeni aResrulebinaT, magram
ivane mrisxanes didma sicruem da tiraniam daarRvies rusuli suli. oci
welic ki ar gasula mas Semdeg rac mTavarangelozma miqaelma suli
amoarTva Tavis TviTmarqvia mowafes da ruseTSi areuloba daiwyo,
samoqalaqo omi, roca yvela yvelas winaaRmdeg ibrZoda, qveyana da eri
bewvze
ekida.
ase
gadagvexada
Cven
istoriis
gawkepvlis,
TviTkmayofilebisa da yalbi RvTivmimsgavsebulobis gamo. iZulebulni
gavxdiT kvlav mogvenaniebina, gagveTavisebina es codvebi da iyo es
xangrZlivi monanieba.
l. gumiliovi. mrisxanes politikuri RvTismetyveleba erTaderTi ar
aris istoriaSi. <<filosofiuri rwmena>>, ufro zustad negatiuri
ideologia STanTqavs eTnoss, romelSic man TavSesafari hpova, iseve
rogorc
fermkrTali spiroxeta xravs adamianis organizms da kvdeba
masTan erTad. negatiuri ideologiis gamarjveba ufkrulSi gadaCexvas
20
niSnavs, magram ra aris <<ufskruli>> mkiTxveli ar aris valdebuli es
icodes, vianidan amis codna sulac ar aris ioli.
XVIII
s-Si lavuaziem SeimuSava nivTierebis
Senaxvis kanoni,
romelic swori ar aRmoCnda, ufro swored ki – zusti. wvam hermetul
WurWelSi qimikoss igive wona mxolod imitom uCvena, rom mas zusti
saswori ar hqonda. sinamdvileSi daikarga fotoni, magram materiis
dakargva SeumCneveli darCa lavuaziesaTvis. axla fizikosebma ukve ician,
rom hermodinamikuri procesebis dros ikargeba sinaTlis energiad
gardasaxuli nivTiereba, romelic Tavisi sistemidan galaqtikaTa Soris
ufskrulSi gadadis. es annihilaciaa _ ara sikvdili, aramed sikvdilze
uaresi.
radgan eTnogenezisebis procesebs aqvT energetikuli buneba, maS,
cxadia, es fizikuri kanonzomiereba maTzec vrceldeba. Zvel brZenT
icodnen es. maT amis personificirebac ki moaxdines, rogorc es maSin iyo
miRebuli da mas luciferi - <<naTlis momtani>> uwodes. (arada, swori
iqneboda araswori
Targmani _ naTlis wamRebi; sad? ufskrulSi!).
ufskruli ki jojoxeTs Seusabames, saSinels, rac ki maT SeeZloT
warmoedginaT. isini <<ufskrulis suls >> ar urevdnen ubralo miwiur
demonebSi, Tavs bunebis movlenebSi rom avlendnen. maTTan urTierTobis
mogvarebas cdilobdnen, msxverpls swiravdnen. ufskrulis suli ki iyo
mteri, masTan kontaqti wuTisoflis lxinze uaris Tqmas niSnavda.
samyarosadmi siyvarulze uars niSnavda, srul martoobas, uaryofis
princi pidan gamomdinare. rogoria antisistemebisa da antiimpulsebis
warmoSobis mizezi? is _ adamianTa gacnobierebul qmedebebSia, vinaidan
dabneva da Secdoma mxolod cnobierebas axasiaTebs.
Mmiwas, sxva planetebisagan gansxvavebiT, aqvs biosfero, romelsac
kosmosur sxivTa STanTqmisa da dagrovebis unari Seswevs (es v. i.
vernadskis koncefciaa). Yyvela cocxali arseba mokvdavia, magram saWiroa
sikvdilis, anu daSlis procesis klasificireba. sikvdili organizmul
doneze, roca molekulebad daSla mimdinareobs, Cveulebrivi
movlenaa_biosferuli fenomenebis arsebobis forma. daSla atomebad, es
drois mier warmoqmnili entropiaa (n. a. kozirevisagan gansxvavebiT, me
vfiqrob, rom dro energias ki ar gamoyofs, aramed Tanabrad ganavrcobs
sivrceze, ese igi, kosmoss qaosad gadaaqcevs). Ees procesi Seqcevadia. Y
yvelaze tragikuli ki _ anihilaciaa, roca daSla subatomur doneze
mimdinareobs, amasTanave gamoiyofa sinaTlis nawilakebi da isini
galaktikaTa Soris ufskrulSi cviva. Ees “naTlis wartaceba” SeiZleba
ganvixiloT, rogorc udidesi ubedureba, dedamiwis gamaRatakebeli
ubedureba.
Yyvelaze arsebiTi ki isaa, rom planeta dedamiwaze mxolod mzis
sinaTlis dagroveba ki ar mimdinareobs fotosinTezis gziT, aramed misi
SemoqmedebiT formebad gardasaxva da iracionaluri cnebebisaken _
siyvarulisa da WeSmaritbisaken swrafvac. es procesebi Cven SeiZleba
ganvixiloT rogorc sikvdilis mesame formis “naTlis wartacebis “
daZleva da rogorc brZola anihilaciasTan, e. i. ufskrulTan.
iqneb, ufskruli ZvelTaZveli Taobebisa da idelisti filosofosebis
fuWi fantaziaa? aseT SemTxvevaSi gana Rirs mis Sesaxeb sauabri? Cans,
Rirs. Tanamedrove fizikac operirebs am cnebebiT, Tumca Taviseburad, igi
mas vakuums uwodebs.
Uufskruli _ es ufskero sivrceaa, usasrulo da aqedan gamomdinare,
usawyisoc. dasawyisi da dasasruli ki nivTirebis yvela nawilaks,
energiis yvela impulss gaaCnia. maSasadame, ufskruli es sicarielea.
Tanamedrove monacemebiT nivTierebebis 98% procenti varskvlavebsa
da planetebzea Tavmoyrili, xolo maT Soris sivrce amovsebulia
kosmosuri mtvriT da ganmsWvalulia elementaruli nawilakebis
21
nakadebiT. yvela isini sicarieleSi sicarielis, vakuumis wyalobiT.
moZraoben. sicarielis gareSe moZraobac ar iqneboda, radgan nebismieri
impulsi sivrcis imave wertilSi Caqreboda, sadac is daiwyo. ramdenadac,
moZraoba aris yvelgan, eleqtronebi, Tundac yvelaze mkvriv nivTierebaSi,
atomuri birTvis irgvliv moZraoben _ maSasadame, vakuumi msWvalavs
materias, iseve rogorc materia (nivTierebas+energia) msWvalavs vakuums,
CvenTvis dafarul da gaugebar fizikur samyaros, romelic Cveni realuri
samyaros nawili ar aris.
vakuumi es uistorio samyaroa. sivrcis yovel umcires moculobaSi
ganuwvetliv ibadebian wyvilebi: “nawilaki-antinawilaki”, magram iqve
erTerTiT nadgurdebian, anihilirdebian, gamoscemen sinaTlis kvantebs,
romelnic Tavis mxriv “cvivian arsad”. sabolood ki araferi gvaqvs,
Tumca, nebismier mikromoculobaSi yovelTvis arsebobs nawilakTa
mravalgvarobac da kvantebis gamosxivebac, is warmoqmnisTanave
nadgurdeba, Tan aris, Tan arc aris. Aam movlenas, “vakuumis nulovan
meryeobas uwodeben, xolo im ubedur nawilakebs, romelnic arseboben da
imavdroulad ar arseboben, virtualuri nwilakebi hqviaT.
Zvelebis gagebiT, romelTac ukvdavi suli sinaTlis nawilakad
miaCndaT, gana es jojoxeTi ar aris? es nawilaki, xdeba ra virtualuri,
sicocxlismimRebi religiebis TvalsazrisiT, itanjeba. kontaqti
materiasa da vakuums Soris xom mudmivia. vinaidan igi, vakuumi, TviT ato
mebSic arsebobs, sadac nawilakebi birTvis garSemo brunaven.
Tu sicarieleze Zlieri eleqtro veliT vimoqmedebT, maSin
virtualri nawilakebi realurad gadaiqcevian da jojoxeTidan
Tavdaxsnasac SeZleben. magram orerTiani samyaros safuZveli
“sicarielea”, nivTiereba, velebi da gamosxiveba ki - mxolod Wavli mis
zedapirze. vakuumi am Wavlis gareSe ver gamoavlenda TavisTavs, ver
miiRebda nivTierebebisa da sinaTlis im realur nawilakebs, romelTac is
virtualurad gardaqmnis. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, im arsebobasac ki
dakargavda, romlis wyalobiTac misi aRmoCena SeiZleba, xolo nivTiereba
da energia _ moZraobis unars. amgvarad, substanciisa da sicarielis
gayofa samyaros dasasrulia, yovel SemTvxvevaSi iseTi samyarosi,
romelSic Cven vcxovrobT da romelsac Cven vswavlobT.
magram, ai, ra aris saintereso: problemis aseTi dayeneba jer kidev ori aTasi
wlis winaT iyo cnobili, SeiZleba ufro adrec. magram maSin fizikis gareSec
iolad gadiodnen. mas filosofiiT cvlidnen. Cveni eris dasawyisSi ufro
gavrcelebeli filosofemebi samyaros bi polarobas amtkicebdnen da mxolod erTSi
ver Tanxmdebodnen, ra CaeTvalaT borotebad da ra sikeTed. bunebrivia moxda
sistemebad dayofa: sicocxlis motrfialeni, romelTa Tanaxmad, substancia sikeTea,
sicriele, ese igi, ufskruli ki _ boroteba da sistemebi, romelTac miaCniaT, rom
materia Tavis sibneleSi axvevs suls, faravs da tanjavs mas. suli Tu cnobierebis
nawili ki ganTavisuflebasa da realuri mdgomareobidan virtualur mdgomareobaSi
gadasvlas cdilobs. orive Tvalsazrisi erTnairad dausabuTebelia. gemovnebis
mixedviT SeiZleba nebismieris arCeva. magram aqve Tavs iCens yofaqcevis orive
dominantsa da Sesabamisad fsiqologiebs Soris gansxvaveba, rom populaciuri
yofaqceva da populaciuri fsiqologia bi polarulni arian. erT polusze dgas
dersu uzala, v. k. arsenievis mier Seqmnili saxe da meoreze _ ddt-s e. w. dustis
gamomgonebeli, romlis saxelis codnac ki ar minda. magram saqme mxolod qimiur
mecnierebaTa warmatebebSi rodia.
pasionaruli kaci, Tundac paleoliTuri teqnikiT SeiaraRebuli, SeZlebda
Tavis irgvliv yovelgvari sicocxle moespo, Tanac ise, azradac ar mosvloda, rom
amiT Tavis STamomavlobas Rupavs. magaliTad: bunebisadmi primitiuli, dualisturi
damokidebuleba, cxovelebis “sasargeblo” da “mavne” cxovelebad dayofa _ ukve
Teoriulad amkvidrebda biocenozis darRvevas, romelTa gareSe verc cxovelebi
iarsebeben da verc frinvelebi. magram Zvelad ubralo adamianisaTvis es cnobili
22
ar iyo da arc axlaa bevrisaTvis cnobili. biocenozis safuZvlebis ucodinari
Zveli drois adamianebi ki swored ase unda moqceuliyvnen, magram saSineli
ganadgurebis paroqsizmebi (raime grZnobis uecari mowola. q.j.) arc xSiri iyo da
arc sayovelTao. esec bunebrivia, radgan adamiani mxolod Tavisufali nebis
nebismier situaciaSi arCevanis uflebis mqone socialuri erTeuli ki ar aris,
aramed miwis zedapiris organuli elementi, biosferosTan instinqtebiT uwyvetad
dakavSirebuli, rac mas uflebas aZlevs ar daiRupos.
cnobierebis ganmsazRvreli socilauri yofiereba namdvilad gamodis homo
sapiensis biologiis sazRvrebdan. is da mxolod is aZlevs TiToeul adamians da
TiToeul socialur mTlianobas SesaZleblobas arCevani gaakeTos samyaros
tvirTisagan ganTavisuflebas, vakuumisaken swrafvasa da cocxali bunebis nebismieri
deformaciisagan dacvis survils Soris. aq xom siyvarulis obieqti realobaa,
Cven gareSe da Cvens daukiTxavad arsebuli, sxvanairad rom vTqvaT,
adamianebis gacnobierebuli moRvaweoba am oridan erTisken SeiZleba
iqnas mimarTuli. biologiur procesebTan dakavSirebul qmedebebs ki
arCevanis
ufleba ara aqvT.
anTropogenuri
landSaftebis
istoriis
detaluri
ganxilvisas
ibadeba azri, rom saqmeebis, e. i.adamianTa gacnobierebuli swrafvis
produqtebis paralelurad mimdinareobs stiqiuri procesebi, biosferoSi
adamianis
TanamonawileobasTan dakavSirebuli. ai es ki
ukve bunebis
movlenebia
(fenomenebi), romelnic mdgomareobas ayalibeben adamianis
irgvliv (geografiuli garemo) da adamianis sxeulis SigniT (umaRlesi
nervuli moqmedebebis fiziologia). erTnic da meorenic zemoqmedeben
rogorc kerZo adamianis, aseve koleqtivebisa da eTnosebis qcevebze. es
zemoqmedebani xorcieldeba xan wyaldidobebisa da gvalvebis, xan ki
kosmosur gamosxivebaTa meSveobiT, romelnic ionosferos gaarRveven
xolme da dedamiwis zedapirs aRweven. adamianebma, rogorc wesi, ar ician,
ra
iwvevs
maTSi
SemoqmedebiT
aRmavlobas, an
piriqiT, depresiebs.
mecnierebas SeuZlia am mizezebis povna.
adamianebi
uaRresad
araTanamimdevrulad
iqcevian.
sxva
ganviTarebuli cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT kaci ara mxolod icavs mis
damtev landSafts, aramed xandaxan gamousworebel ziansac ayenebs,
gamousadegar, mkvdar miwad aqcevs
mas. kaci, rogorc bunebis saxeoba
vnebs TavisTavs, vinaidan STamomavlobas arsebobis saSualebas uspobs.
pasuxi
Cveulebriv
kiTxvaze
ratom
akeTebs
amas?
–
Znelia.
eTnogenezebi,
rogorc
zebunebrivi
movlenebi,
biosferosaTvis
uvnebelia, magram ori pirobis damTxvevisas SeiZleba damRupvelnic
aRmoCndnen.
pirveli, roca icvleba fazebi, ris drosac eTnosi droebiT
kargavs
misTvis
damaxasiaTebel
elastiurobas
da
garegani
zemoqmedebisadmi
winaaRmdegobas, roca
eri
avadaa.
meore, aqtiuri
eTnosTaSorisi urTierTobebis (migraciebis Jams), romelnic TavisTavad
gabaTilebadia,
vinaidan
eTnosi
nebismier
fazaSi
praqtikulad
gaunadgurebelia.
es
ise
unda
gavigoT, rom
janmrTeli
eTnosis
gasanadgureblad imdenad didi Zalebis daxarjvaa saWiro, rom rogorc
wesi, is maT mezoblebs ara aqvT xolme da Tundac hqondeT, maTi xarjva
xdeba mizanSeuwonlad.
davuSvaT, rom axali saxlis asaSeneblad saWiroa imave adgilze
mdgari Zveli saxlis dangreva. Ees bunebasa da istoriaSi formaTa
Cveulebrivi cvalebadobaa. aseT dros kargi mudam ukeTesiT rodi
icvleba, magram realuriT, epoqis SesaferisiT yovelTvis. ase viTardeba
nebismieri sistema TviT dacemis epoqebSic ki, roca kulturisa da
bunebrivi garemos arasaWiro elementebi ver hpoveben sayrdens da
warsulad iqcevian.
Mmagram roca kulturis Zegli (sasaxle, baRi, suraTi), an bunebis
23
Zegli (tye, tba, bizonebis jogi) nadgurdeba da arafriT icvleba, es ukev
ganviTareba ki ara, misi dangrevaa, sistema ki ara – antisistemaa.
nangrevebi da gvamebi STamomavlobisaTvis verc ganviTardebian, verc
Seinaxebian. Ddinamikas cvlis statika, sicocxles - sikvdili, struqturis
cvalbadobas - anihilacia.
SeiZleboda gvefiqra, rom vandalizmic pasionarizmis funqcias
warmoadgens da maSasadame, rogorc kanonzomierebis varianti bunebis
mieraa gansazRvruli. ara! planetebis bunebaSi anihilaciis procesebi ar
SeiniSneba. iq gamudmebuli dagroveba mimdinareobs, risi wyalobiTac
arsebobs biosferos sxeuli – miliardi wlobiT materializebuli mzis
sinaTle da varskvlavebi.
Ppasionaruli
biZgebi,
(aseve
bunebis
movlenebi)
iZlevian
adaptaciuri
sindromis
warmomSob
SemoqmdebiT
impulsebs, romelTa
meSveobiTac eTnosi yovelTvis eTviseba misTvis niSandobliv landSafts.
magram Tuki eTnikuri jgufi misTvis araxelsayrel pirobebSi aRmoCndeba,
an Tavis naWuWSi iketeba, an angrevs misTvis arasasurvel garemos:
iRupebian daucveli cxovelebi, yvavilebi, lamazi mTebi da ankara
mdinareebi. ase ganadgureba ki mxolod ucxos SeuZlia, Tavisians
gauWirdeba es.
Mmigracia, TavisTavad jer kidev ar aris antisistema da arc
antisistemis warmoSobis mizezi. eTnikuri migraciebi adamianTa CamTrevi
stiqiuri procesebia, adamianebisa, romelTac hgoniaT rom ucxo qveyanaSi
TavianTi nebiT midian. amerikisaken adamianebs maTive pasionaruli Zala
ubiZgebda.
is
uSlida
xels
dakmayofilebuliyvnen
mokrZalebuli
cxovrebiT sadme kentsa da meklenburgSi. Sin xom hqondaT maT saWmeli,
safari, hyavdaT qali. misuris xeobaSi ki yovelive amis mopoveba didi
SromiTa da riskiT xdeboda. arc kanadis preriebsa da tyeebSi iyo
cxovreba evropis soflur idiliaze nakleb uSinaarso.
amgvarad, Cven aq vxvdebiT bunebis determinizebul movlenas, romlis
mimarT adamians moraluri pasuxismgebloba ar akisria, Tundac am dros
mSvenieri xeluxlebeli kultura kvdebodes. samwuxaroa, ra Tqma unda,
magram ra vqnaT?
magram Tu migranti indiel bavSvs moklavs, raTa skalpisaTvis premia
miiRos, Tu daasmens, rom mezobeli jadoqari da kudiania, ris Semdegac
Tanasoflelebi mas dawvaven, Tu gasaocar xis taZars gadabugavs tyeSi, an
gzaabneul mgzavrs gadaarCens stepSi – maSin es ukve misi saqmeebia,
romelTa gamoc Tavisi sindisis winaSea pasuxismgebeli. gansxvaveba
movlenebsa da saqmeebs Soris princi pulia, radgan saqmeni SeiZleba
Seasrulo, an ar Seasrulo. isini Tavisuflebis zolSi imyofebian.
adamianis yvela qmedebas xelmZRvanelobs angariSi, piradi sargeblis
SegrZneba, rasac is sxvaTa sicocxles msxverplad swiravso – ase
msjelobdnen XVIII s-is frangi materialistebi da TavianT Sexedulebebs
materializms uwodebdnen. istoriis Seswavla ki gviCvenebs, rom isini
cdebodnen. arsebobs Tavganwirva sxvaTaTvis, samSoblosaTvis-patriotizmi,
rasac veranairi sargebliTa da angariSiT ver axsni da xelovnebis
nimuSebisa da bunebis landSaftebis uazrod ganadgureba-vandalizmi. es
faqtebi istoriis mier aris dafiqsirebuli. maTi ganxorcieleba ki
mxolod pasionaruli energiis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba. Tumca, mis
mimarTulebas sxva ram ganapirobebs. gavixsenoT, rom guTebi, romelTac
romi
aiRes,
mxolod
kontribuciiT
dakmayofildnen.
amdenadve
pasionaruli, amave kulturul doneze myofi da aseve arianelobis
aRmsarebeli vandalebi ki imdenad ar Zarcvavdnen, ramdenadac angrevdnen
mSvenier Senobebs, amsxvrevdnen marmarilos qandakebebs, anadgurebdnen
mozaikas, fxekdnen freskebs. swored am uazrobam gaaoca Tanamedroveni.
es movelna bolo saukuneebSi aqa-iq kvlav SeiniSneba.
24
guTebisa da vandalebis bedi sxvadasxvanairi aRmoCnda. guTebma
espaneTSi mtkice samefo Seqmnes, erTian politikur sistemaSi SeuerTdnen
isini adgilobriv mosaxleobas da amis Sedegad monoliTur eTnosad –
espanelebad Camoyalibdnen. vandalebi ki afrikaSi manamde mZvinvarebdnen
– sanam veliazaris arcTu didma korpusma maTi cixeebi, romlebSic isini
aborigenebis risxvas emalebodnen, ar daangria. amis Semdeg vandalebma
Sewyvites arseboba. gamodis, rom or mezobel sistemas hqonda sxvadsxva
niSnebi da diametralurad sapirispiro mxareebisaken viTardeboda.
vandalizmi ar SemoisazRvreba xelovnebis ZeglebiT. igi maSin ufro
damRupvelia, roca misi obieqti daucveli buneba aRmoCndeba, roca
adamiani landSaftis Seuqcevad destruqcias axdens. vandalizmi ar
SeiZleba arsebobisaTvis brZolis formad miviCnioT. is unda ganvixiloT
rogorc danaSauli STamomavlobis winaSe, romelTac dasaWurisebul
planetaze mouwevT arseboba.
migraciisagan gansxvavebiT vandalizmi miekuTvneba ara movlenebs,
aramed saqmeebs. es udavoa, magram dakavSirebuli mainc Tua aseTi
umsgavsoba
pasionarobasTan?
ra
Tqma
unda! Tumca
misi
xasiaTic
gansakuTrebulia, genezisi ki – arabunebrivi, aramed situaciuri. orive
eTnosi Sejaxebamde pasionarobis sxvadsxva donis mqone normaluri
sistemebia. maTi SeTavsebisas ki pasionarobis nakadi maRlidan dablisken
miemarTeba, ase rom iwyeba saerTo donis gaTanabreba. swored es
energetikuli periodi warmoqmnis energiis im formas, romelic kvebavs
warmoSobil antisistemas, anu negatiuri msoflSegrZnebebis adamianTa
sistemur mTlianobas.
aseTi
balansis
gamo
orive
sistema
zaraldeba.
vandalizmi
erTnairad ucvlis formas imaTac, visac anadgureben da imaTac vinc
anadgurebs. damaqcevarni ver SeZleben nangrevebsa da gatialebul
miwebze cxovrebas. qcevis or urTierTgamomricxav mimarTulebas Cven
ubralo saubarSi borotebasa da sikeTes vuwodebT da Tan erTmaneTSic
ar
vurevT, vinaidan
sikeTe
da
boroteba
sulac
ar
warmoadgens
erTmaneTis sarkisebur asaxvas. isini sul sxva stiqionebia. da ai aq
droulia
is
aTvlis
sistema,
romliTac
vakuumi
upirispirdeba
substancias, xolo, Zvelebis gamoTqmiT, ufskruli -“Sqmnil sofels”.
gana SesaZlebelia <<keTili>> da <<boroti>> adamianebis garCeva, an
rogor
movaxerxoT
es?
adamianTagan
xom
aravin
ityvis
msoflio
borotebas vemsaxurebio. diax, personalur doneze cnoba SeuZlebelia,
magram
xom
arsebobs
populaciuri
kriteriumi
–
damokidebuleba
garemomcvel samyarosTan. yuri mivugdoT imas, rasac orive mimarTulebis
warmomadgenelni amboben, wrfelad darwmunebulni TavianT simarTleSi.
pirveli pozicia: materialuri samyaro saSinelebaa da ara aqvs
arsebobis ufleba, vinaidan yovelive cocxals sikvdili elis, rac ararad
qcevaa. meore pozicia: samyaro mSvenieria, sicocxlis marad Tanmdevi
sikvdili ki ubralod rTuli, gausaZlisi situaciebidan gamosavali.
sikvdili sikeTea, radgan is (sikvdilze uaresi) zemsofliuri borotebis,
usamarTlobis, wyenisa da tanjvisagan gvixsnis xolme. orive pozicia
Tanmidevrulia, survilisamebr SeiZleba nebismieris arCeva.
pirvel poziciaSi – mocemulia swrafva diskretuli (sxvadsxva
nawilebisagan Semdgari q.j.) sistemebi (biocenozi) xisti sistemebiT
Seicvalos, romelnic ganviTarebis logikis Tanaxmad, cocxal nivTierebas
mkvdrad aqceven, mkvdars, Termuli reaqciebis meSveobiT, molekulebad,
molekulebs – atomebad, atomebs – realur nawilakebad, es realuri
nawilakebi ki anihilirebisas virtualurni gaxdebian. aseTi ganviTarebis
limiti vakuumia da piriqiT, sistemis garTulebisas, roca sikvdilsococxle xelixel Cakidebuli dadis, Cndeba mrvalferovaneba, rac myisve
gadaecema fsiqologiur sferos da warmoSobs xelovnebas, poezias,
25
mecnierebas. xolo yofierebis am sevda-sixarulis sazRauris gadaxda
Cven, cxadia, kanonzomieri fizikuri sikvdiliT gviwevs. aq ar aris logika,
vinaidan
Tezisis
siswore
cdasa
da
intuitiur
ganzogadoebebSia
mocemuli. gzaTa arCevani Tavisufalia. aseTia kontroverza.
yvelaze saintereso ki is aris, rom es SeiniSneba Cveni droidan
(Tanamedroveobidan) axal eramde, egzistencializmidan gnostikosebamde,
budist-mahaianelebamde,
maniqevelebamde
_
pirveli
poziciis
am
apologetebamde.
eTnosi, rogorc sistema, ganuzomelad aRemateba adamians, ese igi,
persona-sistemebs. Tumca kanonzomiereba aqac da iqac erTia. eTnoss
SeuZlia homeostazamde (mdgrad wonasworobamde q. j.) miaRwios da
ganTavsebuli landSaftis umaRlesi wevri gaxdes, an sxva eTnosTan
Sejaxebisas
warmoqmnas
qimera
da
amiT
<<Tavisuflebis
zolSi>>
Seabijos. mxolod meore variantis dros warmoiSoba qcevis iseTi
sindromi, romelsac Tan kulturisa da bunebis ganadgurebis survili
axlavs. vakuumi arc substanciuri samyaros sarkiseburi asaxvaa, arc –
antisamyaro, aramed
gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis samyaro. amitomaa, rom
materialuri samyarosa da vakuumis Sewyvilebisas harmonia ki ar
warmoiSoba, dapirispirebulTa mudmivi brZola mimdinareobs.
es brZola energetikuli impulsebis doneze xorcieldeba, rasac
Zvelebi
<<Zalebs>>
uwodebdnen.
impulsTa
ricxvs
ganekuTvneba
pasionarobac.
supereTnikur
doneze
kontaqtebis
kritikuli
koaliziebisas (interesTa Sejaxebisas q.j.) is, rogorc upirovno Zala,
Tanabrad kvebavs admianTa moRvaweobis orive mimarTulebas, adamianebisas,
romelnic saubedurod qimerul sistemebSi aRmoCndnen.
aseTi dayofis meqanizmi imdenad rTulia, rom misi ganmartebis
SemoTavazeba mxolod hi poTezis saxiT SeiZleba. maS, sxvagvarad rogor
unda avxsnaT cnobierebidan momdinare impulsebi ise, rom idializmsa da
energiis Senaxvis kanonTan winaaRmdegobaSi ar movideT?
did vernadskis meore bioqimiuri procesisas _ atomTa biogenuri
migraciebis zrdis _ evoluciis mimarTulebisa da noosferod gadaqcevis
Sesaxeb Teoriis ganxilvisas, dascda mosazreba: <<adamianTa goneba
energiis formas ki ar warmoadgens, aramed warmoqmnis moqmedebebs,
erTgvarad rom pasuxoben mas (kursivi Cemia l. g.). aRvniSnav ra mas,
rogorc empiriul aqts, me vfiqrob, rom samecniero monacemebis Semdgomi
ganviTareba
saSualebas
mogvcems,
Tavi
davaRwioT
moCvenebiT
winaaRmdegobebs... energiis Senaxvis kanonTan>>. es erTgvari aramTavari
mosazreba ufro mTavari da perspeqtiulia, vidre swavleba noosferoze,
romelsac is kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegeba. pasuxi xatovani saxiT movida.
misiTve SeiZleba eqskursis dawyeba.
gogona burTs esvris kedels, burTi ukan xteba. kedelma ki ar
ukuagdo burTi, aramed aisxlita. es procesi martivia, mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSiri
ki
_
naTeli.
magram
Tuki
aseTive
procesi
saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba, moncemebi ki mis Sesaxeb arasruli, xan ki
bundovania, maSin
kavSiri
biosferul
impulss, gogonas
xelsa
da
sapirispiro moZraobas _ kedlidan asxletil burTs Soris SeiZleba
daikargos. mkvlevars moeCveneba, rom kedelma ukuagdo burTi da masSi
ukukavSiris magivrad pirdapir kavSirs dainaxavs.
Tuki davuSvebT, rom filosofiuri koncefciebis, romanebis, miTebis,
legendebisa da a. S. Semqmneli adamianuri goneba aris gza ara
noosferos, aramed ekranisaken, romelic bioqimiur impulsebs iseve
aireklavs, rogorc sarke mzis sxivebs da maT aTinaTad gardaqmnis, maSin
energiis
Senaxvis
kanonTan
winaaRmdegoba
qreba
da
adamianis
cnobierebaSi dafiqsirebuli bioqimiuri impulsis ukana gza iqneba is,
rasac miRebulia msoflSegrZneba ewodos da rac ar unda avurioT
26
cnobierebis iseT gamovlinebaSi, rogoricaa msoflmxedveloba.
es Tu marTlac asea, gamodis, rom Cven dagviWeria kavSiris meqanizmi
sulier kulturas, maT Soris spekulatur (goniTmisawvdomi) filosofiasa
da biosferos Soris, romelsac Cven TviTon mivekuTvnebiT. daskvna
marTlac moulodnelia. vakuumi cocxali nivTierebebis energetikuli
damsazRvrebili gamodis. srulyofilebisaTvis swored is warmodgens
winaaRmdegobas da sxva vinme ki ara,
swored is amaxinjebs dedamiwis
biosferos. vakuumi misganve gamosuli impulsebis mimarTulebis Secvlis
xarjze dartymebs ayenebs mas. vagrZelebT ra analogiebs, SeiZleba Tqma:
bunebis Tavdapirveli movlena, ekran-damsazRvreblis _ vakuumisagan
ukugdebuli, gadaiqceva
adamianis
Tavisufali
nebiT
ganpirobebul
qmedebad, risi
Sedegebis
winaswarmetyvelebac
SeuZlebelia.
isini
keTilismoqmednic SeiZleba aRmoCndnen da damRupvelnic, maSin roca
movlenaTa Sedegebi yovelTvis neitraluria: isini maTive warmomSobi
biosferosaTvis
sikeTisa
da
borotebis, progresisa
da
regresis,
sargeblisa da zianis miRma rCebian.
biosferosaTvis
nebismieri
procesi
sul
erTia, garda
gonebidan
momdinarisa.
SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom hi poTeza vakuumis rolis Sesaxeb
avtoris
eqstravaganturi
Tvalsazrisia,
magram
radgan
arseboben
sayovelTao filosofiuri sistemebi milioni TayvanismcemliT, romelnic
vakuums
TavianT
idealad
Tvlian, es
ganwyobilebani
bunebisa
da
kulturis dasacavad sul erTni sulac ar arian.
davsavaT sakiTxi ase: ra aris saerTo ismaelitelobas, karmatobas,
markionitobas,
pavlikianelobas,
maniqevelobas,
bogomilobas,
albigoelobasa da sxva analogiursistemebs Soris egzistencializmamde?
rwmenis,
dogmatikis,
esqatologiisa
da
egzegetikis
genezisis
TvalsazrisiT
_
araferi.
magram
aris
erTi
niuansi,
rac
am
msoflmxedvelobebs anaTesavebT _ es sicocxlis uaryofaa, rac imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom
WeSmaritebisa da sicruis dapirispirebis nacvlad
xdeba maTi gatoleba. aqedan ki warmoiSoba kacTmkvlelobis programa.
Tuki realuri cxovreba ar arsebobs, rasac isini ganixilaven rogorc
iluzias (tantrizmi), rogorc miraJs sarkis anasaxSi (ismaelitelebi),
rogorc satanis Semoqmedebas (maniqevelebi), maS aRaravinaa Sesabralisi,
sibralulis obieqti ar arsebobs. ar aris saWiro sibraluli _ RmerTs
ar cnoben, maSasadame, pasuxsac aravis winaSe ageben: arc Rirs sibraluli,
vinaidan es imas niSnavs, rom gagrZeldes uazro da avadmyofuri tanjva
arsebisa, romelic TavisTavad moCvenebiTia. da Tu es asea, obieqtis ar
arsebobisas
sicrue
utoldeba
WeSmaritebas
da
SeiZleba
piradi
miznebisaTvis, rogorc erTis, ise meoris gamoyeneba.
a, panCenko. WeSmaritad, mxolod yofiereba ki ar gansazRvravs
cnobierebas, cnobierebac gansazRvravs yofierebas. damaqcevaris ti pi _
es rogorc Cans, msoflio da maradiuli ti pia. rusulma folklorma vaska
buslaevis figuraSi Seasxa xorci mas. vaskas ara swams arc sizmris, arc
cxviris daceminebis, arc yvavis Cxavilis “is pirdapir Seuracyofs
sanukvar siwmindeebs” – sress qalas “cariel Tavs”, banaobs iordaneSi,
gadadis daurRvevel akrZalvas:
mdinare iordaneSi naTeliRo
TviT ufalma ieso qristem.
<<Zveli ambebi>> vaska buslaevze es aris gafrTxileba imis Sesaxeb,
rom simarjve unda gawonaswordes <<TavSekavebiT>>, magram marjve
adamianebi aseT gafrTxilebas yurad ar iReben xolme da istoriul
scenaze kvlav da kvlav Cndebian damaqcevarni.
l. gumiliovi. mivagoT Tavisi wili Sua saukuneTa adamianebs, isini
Tanamimdevrulni iyvnen da amitomac JRerda maTi sityvebi damajereblad.
27
sinamdvile zogjer iseTi saSineli iyo, rom adamianebi mzad iyvnen
nebismier iluziaSi gadaSvebuliyvnen: Sediodnen ra fantasmagoriebsa da
grZneulebis samyaroSi, isini am samyaros baton-patronni xdebodnen, ufro
zustad, wrfelad
sjerodaT, rom
es
ase
iyo.
xolo
is, rom
garSemomyofebze TavianTi Tavisuflebisa da Zalauflebis SesagrZnobad
saWiro
iyo
jvrisTvis
mifurTxeba, tamplierebis
msagavsad, qaabis
meteoritis damsxvreva, es maT sulac ar anaRvlebdaT. Tumca, am gzebze
damdgarni
ver
hpovebdnen
pirovnul
Tavisuflebas.
piriqiT, imasac
kargavdnen, rac maT ama Tu im pozitiur sistemaSi Tundac uaRresad
SezRudul sazRvrebSi gaaCndaT. iq kanoni da adaT-wesebi maTzeve
dakisrebuli movaleobebis Sesabamisi uflebis garantias aZlevdaT, aq ki
aranairi ufleba ar hqondaT. mkacri disci plina maT uxilav belads,
xucess,
maswavlebels
umorCilebda,
magram
samagierod
es
maT
SesaZleblobas aZlevda maqsimaluri ziani mieyenebinaT axloblisaTvis.
es ki iseTi sasiamovno, iseTi sasixarulo iyo, rom sicocxlis gawirvac
Rirda.
neofitebi mxolod ubedurebebsa da wyeninebebs rodi mihyavdaT
negatiur sistemebSi. adamianebi xSirad cxovrobdnen cudad, magram ara
yovelTvis da ara yvelgan. mRelvare periodebs mSvidi enacvleboda,
magram wynari sofluri cxovrebis obivateluri simyaye dialektikuri
gziT moqmedebda da wanamZRvrebis sapirispiro Sedegs iZleoda. roca
parionarul ymawvils simaZRremde kvebavdnen, magram raRac-raRaceebis
gakeTebas, an logikur azrovenebas uSlidnen, is Tavis dafarul ZalebTan
Sesabamisobas
eZebda
da
mas
uaryofis
qadagebaSi
hpovebda, Tan
yuradRebasac ar aqcevda imas, rom mis winaSe dasaxuli mizani iyo
fantazia. zRapari da miTi yoveldRe ibadeboda. maT winaSe uZluri iyo
mecnierebis mkacri daskvnebi da sinamdvilis praqtikuli prognozebi. I
aTaswleulSi isini yvela qveynis adamianebs iTrevdnen, garda ruseTisa
da cimbirisa, sadac antisisitmebi ar iqmneboda.
bolo faqti ioli asaxsnelia. mtkice antisitemebis warmosaSobad
ori parametria aucilebeli: adgilobrivi eTnogenezis daknineba, Tundac
fazidan fazaSi gadasvlis momenti da
ucxo eTonisis damkvidreba. dae,
Tundac orive sistema procesis dasawyisSi iyos dadebiTi, SemoqmedebiTi,
rogorc
ekologiis,
aseve
kulturis
aspeqtSi.
Serevisas
isini
antisistemas warmoqmnian, gverdiT movlenas, monawileTa nebis gareSe
warmoSobils. ramdenadac Zveli ruseTi da cimbiri XIII s-mde daculi
iyo
gareSe
arasasurveli
zemoqmedebebisagan, ideebi, maT
mkvidrTa
msoflmxedvelobebisaTvis ucxo, Tu mainc aRwevda, evraziis tyeebSi fexs
ver ikidebda.
Cem mier SemoTavazebul iqna eTnosis koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmad,
eTnosi sixSiriTa Tu ritmiT gansazRvruli biofizikuri meryeobis velia.
axla es mtkicdeba. roca ori gansxvavebuli ritmi erTmaneTs edeba,
warmoiqmneba erTgvari kakafonia, romelsac adamianebi ise aRiqvamen,
rogorc bunebis sawinaaRmdegos, rac zogadad marTalicaa. aseT dros
adamianebi maTi xelisSemSleli geografiuli garemosadmi siyvaruls
kargaven
da
mkacri
logikiT
iwyeben
gamosavlis
Ziebas, TavianTi
siZulvilis gamarTlebas ase mouxerxeblad mowyobili samyarosadmi.
swored aseTi situacia warmoiSva Zvelad Cvens eramde II-I ss-ebis
elinistur
saxelmwifoebSi.
aleqsandre
makedonelis
laSqrobebamde
elinebi ar icnobdnen iudevelT da arc iudevelni aqcevdnen yuradRebas
<<iakans>> - ionielebs. samagierod selevkidur siriasa da ptolemaiosTa
egvi pteSi isini mezoblebi aRmoCndnen. iudevelebma Seiswavles platoni
da aristotele, elinebma ki - berZnulad Targmnili biblia. orive eTnosi
iyo niWieri da pasionaruli, magram maTi msoflSegrZnebebis kontaqtma
warmoSva
gnosticizmi,
grandiozuli
momxibvleli
antisistema.
28
elinelobis iranelobasTan Sexvedram ki III s-Si maniqeveloba dabada,
mZlavri antisistema, romelsac sdevnidnen ara marto romSi, bizantiasa da
eraySi, aramed TviT sjulSemwynarebel CineTSi, ufro mogvianebiT ki
safrangeTSic. indoeTSi, sadac quSanebi da sakebi SeiWrnen, II s-is didima
filosofosma
naharjunam
sicarielis
Sesaxeb
soflis
uarmyofeli
moZRvreba (Suniaga) Seqmna da Tan uaryofis im donemde mivida, rom
sakuTari arsebobac ki iluziad gamoacxada.
maniqeveloba da qristianoba erTnairad aRiareben samyaroSi ori
stiqionis kavSirs. es sinaTle da wyvdiadia. maniqevelebi <<wyvdiads>>
uwodeben materias, gansakuTrebiT sxeuls. qristianebi ki materialur
samyaros RvTis qmnilebad miiCneven da wminda xorciel netarebebs:
qorwinebas, mxiarulebas, samSoblosadmi
siyvaruls
locaven.
orive
msoflmxedvelobis SeuTavsebloba TvalnaTlivia, brZola maT Soris
dRemde ar damTavrebula.
maniqevelebisaTvis
yvelze
martivi
gamosavali
TviTmkvleloba
iqneboda, magram maT Tavis doqtrinaSi sulTa gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb
moZRvreba Seitanes. es ki imas NniSnavs, rom TviTmkvlels sikvdili axal
dabadebas miusjis, aqedan gamomdinare yvela usiamovnebiT, amitom sulis
xsnisaTvis sxva ram iqna SemoTavazebuli: sxeulis mouZlureba askeziT,
an
TavaSvebuli
RreobiT, koleqtiuri
garyvnilebiT, ris
Semdegac
dasustebuli suli materiam Tavisi brWyalebidan unda ganaTavisuflos.
maniqevelebisaTvis mxolod es warmoadgenda Rirseul mizans, xolo rac
amqveyniur saqmeT Seexeba, Tundac morali, bunebrivia, uqmdeboda. Tu
materia borotebaa, maS, misi nebismieri formiT ganadgureba _ mkvleloba
iqneba es, sicrue Tu gamcemloba _sikeTea, mniSvneloba aRarafersa aqvs.
materialuri samyaros sagnebTan mimarTebaSi yvelaferi nebadarTuli iyo.
aseTma koncefciam SeaSina da gaaborota Suasaukuneebis frangebi,
maTi jansaRi intuicia aujanyda logikas. sistema aRmavlobis fazidan
akmatikurSi gadasvlisas Seejaxa antisistemas da miwaze dasjilTa
ferfli datova.
maniqevelebisadmi analogiuri mimarTeba SeiniSneba yvelgan da
yovelTvis, amitom pirvel aTaswleulSi sazogadoebebi iyo saidumlo, ris
gamoc maniqevelTa qcevis stereoti pi gaxda sicrue. italiasa da
safrangeTSi moxvedrili emisrebi TavianT Tavs <<feiqrebs>> uwodebdnen,
raTa sakuTari moZRvrebis gasavrceleblad qalaqidan qalaqSi iolad
gadasuliyvnen. sinamdvileSi isini iseTive <<feiqrebi>> iyvnen, rogorc
masonebi
_
<<qviTxuroni>>.
cru
saxelwodebas
umecari
adamianebi
SecdomaSi Sehyavda da Sehyavs dResac, romelnic yvelaferSi klasobriv
brZolas xedaven. swored ase aRiqva albigoelebi al. blokma piesaSi
<<vardi da jvari>>, magram ra unda gadaviRoT misgan?
glexebisa da qalaqis mcxovrebTa klasobrivi brZola gabatonebuli
feodalebis winaaRmdeg wuTiTac ar wydeboda, magram is erTmaneTTan
daukavSirebeli ori gziT miemarTeboda. baronebze gulmosuli yma
glexebis programa mkafiod iyo formulirebuli: <<roca
adami miwas xnavda, eva arTavda, maSin vin iyo jeltmeni?>> marTebuli kiTxvaa, magram mas xom araferi aqvs saerTo im swavlebasTan, rom
yvelaferi materialuri msoflio borotebis gamovlenaa da rogorc
aseTi, unda ganadgurdes. piriqiT, glexebs klasobrivi buneba iqiTken
ubiZgebda, rom Tavisuflebis mopovebis Semdeg daemuSavebinaTD miwebi,
aeSenebinaT saxlebi, aRezardaT Svilebi, daegrovebinaT qoneba da raRac
iluzis, Tundac srulid logikuris gamo, ar daekargaT yvelaferi.
meore xazi es qalaquri Temebisa (komunebis)
da mefis xelisuflebis
erToblivi brZolaa hercogebisa da grafebis winaaRmdeg. am SemTxvevaSic
axladfexadgmuli
burJuazia
simdidres,
fufunebas,
xelisuflebas
eswrafoda da ara asketizmsa da siRatakes. dasavleTSi qalaqebi xan paps
29
uWerdnen mxars, xanac imperators, aRmosavleTSi _ sunit xalifas,
bizantiaSi
ki
isini
marTlmadideblobis
sayrdens
warmoadgendnen,
vinaidan moqalaqeTa keTildReoba am qveynad wesrigis ganmtkicebaze iyo
damokidebuli da ara ucxo da bundovani, miRmuri idealebis gamo mis
ganadgurebaze.
Znelia mxsneli siRatakis qadageba socialur programad CaiTvalos.
sasuliero wodebis siRaribisaTvis xom qristiani berebi, marabatebi da
sufiebic ibrZodnen. episkoposebis fufunebas, nepotizmsa da simonias
gmobdnen rogorc saeklesio krebebze, aseve papis ambionidanac, magram am
mgmobelebs eresSi aravin sdebda brals. zogjer isic xdeboda, rom
mouTvinierebel mamxileblebs veragulad klavdndn. im sastik droSi
jalaTis kunZze moxvedra amis gareSec ioli iyo, miT umetes, Tu ideebiT
gatacebuli adamiani ver xvdeboda, girgvinis mopovebis gzaze rom iyo
Semdgari. dasja xan ideologiuri iarliyis gareSec xdeboda. da
marTlac, rogor SeiZleba mistikurma brZolam klasobrivi interesebi
asaxos? amisTvis xom is jer yvelasTis misawvdomi unda gaxdes?
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi daikargeba saxelmZRvanelo princi pi _ saidumlod
gandoba da brma morCileba.
garda politikuri pirvelobisaTvis brZolebisa, rac erT did
eTnosocialur garemosa da sxvadasxva kulturo _ sistemur mTlianobaSi
warmoebda, gamanadgurebel omebsac hqonda adgili. frangi maniqevelebi
imdenad hgavdnen frang kaTolikebs, rom Zneli iyo, isini erT arealSi
erTmaneTs SesTvisebodnen. erTnic da meorenic sapirispiro
mimarTulebiT viTardebodnen da Setakebis dros im materiis anihilacias
iwvevdnen, romelsac
ara RvTis qmnilebad, aramed msoflio borotebad
saxavdnen.
ase
iqceodnen
maniqevelebi
yvelgan:
bizantiaSi, iranSi,
centralur aziasa da sjulSemwynarebel CineTSic, amitom maTi devna iyo
sayovelTao, xolo imaTma protestma, xSirad Zalian aqtiurma, Sua
saukuneebs misca is iersaxe, romelic saxelmwifoebis urTierTbrZolisa
da eTnosad Camoyalibebis istoriidan imzireba. ori SeuTavsebeli
fsiqologiuri struqturis arseboba im dros globaluri movlena iyo da
amitomac SemogvrCa im epoqidan ase mcire raodenobis kulturis Zeglebi.
is, rom X1V saukunis bolos maniqevelebi aRigavnen pirisagan miwisa,
kacma rom Tqvas, ar aris gasakviri, isini xom amisken iswrafodnen.
materialuri samyarosa da soflis siameTa moZuleebs TviT sicocxlec
unda sZulebodaT. aqedan gamomdinare, isini amkvidrebdnen ara sikvdils,
vinaidan sikvdili ara mxolod mdgomareobis Secvlis momentia, aramed
antisicocxles da antisamyaros, da iq gadabargdnen kidec, riTac
dedamiwa aRorZinebis epoqas daucales. maTi warumatebloba mxolod is
iyo, rom ver SeZles yvela adamianis Semokreba da maTi mowameobis gzaze,
xSirad arcTu nebayoflobiTze, wayvana. marTalia, maniqevelebi amas
cdilobdnen, magram maTi brali sulac ar aris, rom adamianis fsiqikis
sicocxlismotrfiale sawyisma gauZlo maT ieriSebs, risi wyalobiTac,
xalxTa istorias ar Seuwyvetia Tavisi mdinareba.
a. panCenko. magram lev nikolaeviC, boroteba xom ar qreba, ase rom
vTqvaT, imaleba, raTa sxva formiT gamovlindes. aRorZinebis epoqaSi
mxatvruli da filosofiuri Sedevrebis gverdiT sakmarisze meti iyo
boroteba. amis Sesaxeb, <<titanizmis>> meore mxareze, a. f. losevmac
dawera Tavis bolo wignSi.
l. gumiliovi. swored am fonze warmoiSva pirveli inkvizicia,
espaneli beris, dominikos, daarsebuli da eretikos kaTarebis, anu
albigoelebis winaaRmdeg mimrTuli. ra Tqma unda, aravin moindomebs
inkviziciis princi pebis mowonebas, miT umetes, dacvas: gasamarTlebas
braldebis wayenebis gareSe, mxolod piradi aRiarebis safuZvelze,
vinaidan wamebis gziT mopovebuli aRiarebac arsebobs, bezRi ki SeiZleba
30
tyuili aRmoCndes, msajulni mikerZoebulni da ukontroloni. aseTi
samarTalwarmoebis motivi naTelia. amiT inkvizitorebi X111 saukuneSi
TavianT agentebs safrangeTisa da italiis sazogadoebebSi damkvidre
buli kaTarebis SurisZiebisagan icavdnen. omi mimdinareobda yvela
samefo karze, yvela saamqroSi, yvela saeklesio Temsa da saporto
bazrebSi. es iyo daundobeli brZola frontis xazis gareSe. misi
msxverplni kaTarebisa da inkviziciisagan eWvmitanilni xdebodnen, uda
naSaulo adamianebi. kaTarebi farTod sargeblobdnen sjuliTboZebuli
sicruis uflebiT. materiasTan sabrZolvelad isini rekomendacias
uwevdnen gamcemlobas.
momakvdavma dualizmma sxva, am SemTxvevaSi monistur koncefciaSi
ganxorcielebis xerxi monaxa. antisistemebisTvis xom iseTi wrvilmanebi,
rogoric princi pebis erTgulebaa, arsebiTi ar aris. mTavari mizani _
xorcisagan, materiisagan ganTavisuflebaa. iaraRad am SemTxvevaSi
gamoyenebul iqna netari avgustines swavleba, V saukunis niWieri
moazrovnisa, romelic axalgazrdobaSi maniqivelTa saidumlo
sazogadoebis wevri iyo, xolo sicocxle qalaq hi ponis (afrikaSi)
episkoposad daasrula da sikvdilis Semdeg eklesiis mamad iwoda. is
sqolastikis sami mimarTulebidan erT-erTis avtoria _ swavlebisa,
romlis Tanaxmadac, winasaukuno xvedriTaa gansazRvruli adamianTagan
vin jojoxeTSi moxvdeba da vin _ samoTxeSi. netari avgustines moZRvreba
imisken midioda, rom adamma Sescoda da es Secodeba viTarca
<<pirvelqmnili>> genetikurad gadasca Tavis STamomavlebs. amitom
yvela adamiani iseTi aramzadaa, rom swored jojoxeTSia maTi adgili.
RmerTma winasaukunod daadgina: zogTa xsna, zogTa daRupva. mniSvneloba
ara aqvs codvilTa nebismier damsaxurebasa da gmirobas, iseve, rogorc
mniSvneloba ara aqvs winasaukunod rCeulTa borotebas. aseT sistemaSi
eSmakisaTvis adgili aRar rCeba, vinaidan mis magivrad yvelafers RmerTi
aRasrulebs.
unda davufasoT simarTle maSindel Teologebs: maT avgustines
moZRvreba ar gaiziares, misi momxreebi ki gakicxes. magram Cavlo Sua
saukuneebma, dadga reformacia da Jan kalvinma aRadgina es ideebi,swored
masze daSenda meore inkviziciis Teoria. RmrTisa da eSmakis SeTanxmeba
evropis yvela borotmoqmeds awyobda.
XV1 _ XV111 saukuneebis inkvizicia iyo pirvelze uaresi.
inkvizitorebma sakuTari Tavis gasamarTeblad da im danaSaulTa
reglamentaciisaTvis, romelTac isini sCadiodnen, Seqmnes Teoria, romlis
Tanaxmadac, <<RmerTi imdenad gulmowyalea>>, rom ar dauSvebda
borotebas Tavis qmnilebebSi, Tu ar iqneboda esoden yovlisSemZle da
keTili, raTa boroteba sikeTed gardaeqmna. aqedan ki is gamomdimareobda,
rom <<tiranTa mier ganxorcielebuli devniT iwrToboda moTmineba,
xolo kudianTa jadoqrobiT sruliyofoda rwmena>>. SeiZleba
SevdavebodiT, rom RmerTi usamarTlod Seubralebelia tiranTa da
kudinTa mimarT, vinaidan aiZulebs
marTalTa wamebas da amiT swiravs
maT jojoxeTuri tanjvisaTvis, Tumca pasuxi amazec arsebobs:
codvili eSmakze uaresia, vinaidan <<satana ganudga RmerTs, romelmac
dauSva misi Secodeba da siyvaruliT ar zrunavda masze>>. ase rom,
eSmaki ar aris damnaSave, radgan mas arafris gakeTeba ar SeuZlia
uflismieri <<miSvebis>> gareSe. RmerTs ki SeuZlebelia surdes
boroteba, Tumca SeiZleba dauSvas igi.
inkvizitorebis yvela Teoria warmoadgens ara mxolod maTi
sakuTari Tavis apologias, aramed eSmakisasac, romlis winaaRmdegac
viTom ibrZodnen. maTi azriT, istoriis yvela borotebaSi damnaSavea
mxolod RmerTi, da kidev uaresi, borotebas unda mivesalmoT, vinaidan
borotebisagan miiReba sikeTe. es satanuri dialeqtika arsebiTad meta31
fizikur rangSi ayvanili obivateluri mliqvnelobaa. warmogidgeniaT,
ramdeni sisxli daiRvara am Sizofreniuli bodvis gamo?!
aba sxvagvarad rogor iqneboda? swavlebam winasaukuno gansazRvris
Sesaxeb Tavis adeptebs mxolod Tavisufleba waarTva, sikeTesa da
borotebas Soris arCevanis Tavisufleba, samagierod ki sakuTari sindisis
winaSe
upasuxisgebloba
aCuqa.
rakiRa
saboloo
Sedegebi
winaswar
gansazRvrulia, maS ise moqcevac SeiZleboda, rogorc kacs moeprianeboda
da ai aq ZalaSi ukukavSiri Sevida.
individis sruli upasuximgebloba sazogadoebasTan ukuCvenebaSi
aRmoCnda, sazogadoebasTan, romelsac ZalaSi Sehyavs ara sindisze, aramed
zemdgomTa
brZanebaze
damyarebuli
kanoni.
aseTi
kanonebisaTvis
angariSisgaweva momgebiania, Tumca, misTvis gverdis avla aramcdaaramc ar
aris amoraluri qmedeba. SeZlo da gaimarjva! aqedan gamomdinare,
sruliad logikuri da sindisieric ki iyo Crdilo amerikaSi indielTa
ganadgureba, monaTvaWroba, indoeTis gaZarcva, CineTSi opiumis gayidva. am
qmedebaTa akrZalva xom gaTvaliswinebuli ar iyo da arc SeiZleba
yofiliyo, vinaidan RmerTi borotebas sikeTed gardaqmnis, xolo eSmaki
misi taxtis msaxuria 1 .
Tu es asea, maS ratom ar unda gavabaT kavSiri eSmakTan, miT umetes,
Tu is mzadaa, misdami msaxureba realuri sikeTeebiT gadaixados? is xom
sul cota rames iTxovs: ukvdavi sulis gayidvas, romlis arsebobac unda
gwamdes
da
<<Sav
mesaSi
monawileobas>>.
Savi
mesis
msaxurebani
yovelTvis eklesiisagan gandgomili mRvdlebis mier aResruleboda da
satanis gandidebiT bolovdeboda, sauflo ZRveni, anu nawilni ziarebisani
ewyoboda da ikurTxeboda SiSveli qalis sxeulze, Semdeg xdeboda maTi
wabilwva. am misteriaTa monawileT xandaxan isic eCvenebodaT, rom TviT
satana cxaddeboda maTTan da Tavis ukanalze kocnis uflebasac ki
aZlevda maT. xdeboda isic, rom satanas dedebisagan motacebul Cvilebs
swiravdnen. misteriebi aResruleboda SuaRamisas, Tumca maT Sesaxeb
bevrma icoda.
Savi mesebi parizSi X1X saukuneSic tardeboda, masSi monawileobis
misaRebad seqtis wevrebis garda mxolod mowveulni daiSvebodnen, Tumca
mosawvevebis Sovna ioli iyo. detalebis wakiTxva SeiZleba giusmansis
wignSi <<ufskruli>>, romelSic avtori or mdgomareobas Soris meryeobs:
1. aRiaros Tavis mier nanaxi orgiebis seriozuloba, Tu 2. motyuebuli
aRmoCndes.
skeptikos
pozitivistisaTvis
nebismieri
princi pis
personofikacia miuRebelia. is ubralod zizRs iwvevs masSi. Tu uars
vityviT personifikaciaze, romelic jer kidev XV111 saukuneSi iyo
gamousadegari, maSin mxolod absolutis TeoriaRa darCeba, zneobrivi
kanonisa pirovnebis SigniT. aseT kanonze ver iloceb, iseve rogorc ver
iloceb boil-mariotis kanonze.
dabolos, mkacri monizmis saboloo mniSvnelovani Sedegi _
mTlianobaSi mimarTeba biosferosTan, rogorc individualur arsebebTan,
aseve maT qmnilebebTan _ xdeba negatiuri. daucveli buneba usindiso
adamianebisagan rom davicvaT, maT biocenozis sargeblianoba unda
avuxsnaT, es ki Zalze Znelia. sasargeblo da mavne cxovelebisa da
mcenareebis Sesaxeb swavleba ufro axloa obivatelis gansjasTan, vidre
planeta dedamiwaze sicocxlis harmoniulobis cneba. obivatels urCevnia
Tavi bunebis mefed igrZnos da ara mis Semadgenel nawilad. amitom
mkacri monizmi praqtikaSi aRmosavlur dualizms _ maniqevelobas ekvris,
im gansxvavebiT, rom borotebad iTvleba ara wyvdiadis obieqturi stiqia,
aramed yovelive arasasiamovno, rac adamians xels uSlis. es ki imas
niSnavs, rom sikeTisa da borotebis, sinaTlisa da wyvdiadis, progresisa
1 gavixsenoT, RmerTisa da eSmakis urTierTobis Sesaxeb m. bulgakovis romani “ostati da
margarita”.
32
da regresis garCevis saxelmZRvanelo princi pad cxaddeba DTviTneboba.
monisturma da dualisturma swavlebam ratom
ver Seaviwrova
qristianoba gasakuTrebiT Sua saukuneebSi? roca papebi imperatorebs
ebrZodnen, xolo sqolastikosebi Zalebs erTmaneTTan fuW paeqrobaSi
kargavdnen? albaT, imitom, rom monizmsa da maniqvelobas win aRudga
gaucnobierebeli msoflmxedveloba, romlis formulirebasac Cven aq
SevecdebiT. RmerTma Seqmna dedamiwa, magram eSmaki ama soflis Tavadia.
miwaze eSmaki aRemateba RmerTs da swored amitom keTilSobili raindi
da ber-moRvawe sustis dasacavad unda aRdgnen da Zlieri mtris
winaaRmdeg
sisxlis ukanaskenl wveTamde ibrZolon. RmerTi xom ara
ZalaSi, aramed simarTleSia, da misi qmnileba dedamiwac mSvenieria;
boroteba ki garedan modis, jojoxeTis karibWidan modis da misi ukan
Segdeba yvelaze ubralo da sapatio saqmea. xolo eSmaki rom RmerTs ar
Seuqmnia, es damamtkicebeli sabuTebis gareSec cxadia, aseTi ram ivaraudo,
esec ki mkrexelobaa ubralod.
Cven, XIXs-is adamianebma viciT rom eSmaki ar arsebobs da mainc,
Tvals gadavavlebT Tu ara antisistemebis istorias, Zrwola gvi pyrobs.
es koncefcia – vampirebia, sapirspiro Tvisebebisa da WeSmaritad
satanuri mizanmimarTulebis momcveli. am fantoms ver daupirispirdeba
verc Zlieri inteleqti, verc rkinisebri neba da verc adamianis sufTa
sindisi. antisistemebi Cndeba iq, sadac warmoiqmneba eTnikuri qimera, anu
gansxvavbuli ritmiTi velebis Sexvedra. magram mas Semdeg, rac adamiani
dedamiwaze arsebobs, yvela eTnosma ukve uxsovari droidan daamyara
erTmaneTTan
kontaqtebi
da
gamodis,
rom
antisistemebs
unda
Seeviwrovebina eTnosebi, TavisiT unda Seecvala isini. moespo uvelaferi
cocxali Tavis arealSi da sakuTari impulsebi virtualurad eqcia, raTa
maT erTmaneTis anihilireba SesZlebodaT. amdagvari ki ratomRac araferi
momxdara. ese igi samayaroSi aris raRac mZlavri impulsi, antisistemebis
gavrcelebisaTvis
xelis
SemSleli
da
SesaZloa, maTgan
dedamiwis
zedapiris gamwmendic ki. es impulsi ar unda imyofebodes adamianis
Semecnebis sferoSi, radgan es sfero cTomisa da sicruisTvisaa Ria. da
arc zemodan aris is CvenTvis aRTqmuli, vinaidan antisistemebi Teisturia,
eTnikuri kulturis stereoti pebi ki aTeisturi. arc evoluciis
procesSi Camoyalibebula is, radgan CamoyalibebisaTvis saWiro drois
ganmavlobaSi daiRupeboda. viciT gana Cven aseTi Tvisebebis impulsi?
diax, viciT! es pasionaruli biZgia
ara,
araTu
gmiroba
calkeuli
pasionaruli
individebisa,
Tavganwiruli
pirovnebebisa,
aramed
swored
biZgi,
mutacia,
pasionarulobis niSnis dambadi da kvlav warmoSobili eTnosebisaTvis
biovelis originaluri ritmis macne, _ai ra Rupavs qimerebs da maTSi
Cabudebul antisistemebs. kacobriobis evoluciaSi pasionaruli biZgebi
aris ara mxolod damabrkolebeli, aramed ganmwmendi Zalac, romlis
gareSe evolucia saerTod ver SesZlebda gagrZelebas. buneba am ZaliT
abalansirebs biosferos da TviT im adamianebsac, romelnic miiCneven, rom
maTi azrebi, ramdenad fantastiurnic ar unda iyon isini, planeta
dedamiwisaTvis udides faseulobas warmoadgens. axla ki Cven viciT, rom
yvela
filosofiuri
swavleba
da
winaswarmetyveluri
gamonaTqvami
mxolod biosferuli impulsebia, udidesi vakuumis romeliRaca zRvris
anarekli, yovel nabijze sicocxlis aRmZvreli. da amis gamo ufkrulidan
samayaroSi Savi xvrelebia gaWrili, romelTagan TiToeuli <<pirad
Semecnebad>> iwodeba. kargi iqneboda maTze <<sindisad>> wodebuli
saburveli gadagvefarebina.
TviT pasionaruli biZgi, aSkarad ar aris miwiuri warmoSobis. ukve
is, rom
biZgebis RerZebi planetis
zedapirze lagdebian pirdapir
xazebad, xolo maTi boloebi SemosazRvrulia mrudiT, perpendikularebi
33
ki gadian dedamiwis centrze, gviCvenebs biZgebis RerZTa planetis
magnitur
velze
damokidebulebas.
varaudma, rom
es
energetikuli
dartymebi mzidan ki ar xorcieldeba dedamiwaze, aramed gafantuli
galaqsiidan, ufro dazustda. amerikelma astronomma jon edim aRmoaCina,
rom mzis moqmedeba imdenad icvlis saxes, rom xandaxan TerTmetwliani
cikli ikargeba. am daskvnebis safuZvelze jon edim Seadgina mzis
aqtivobis 5000 wliani grafiki da aRmoCnda, rom yvela daTariRebuli
pasionaruli biZgebi mzis aqtivobis dabal wertielbSi mdebareobs, an am
aqtivobis klebas emTxveva. es ukve kanonzomierebaa, rac movlenis
interpretaciis
SesaZleblobas
iZleva.
mzis
aqtivobis
klebisas
ionosferos dacviTi Tvisebebi klebulobs da calkeul kvantebsa Tu
energiis sxivTa konebs SeuZliaT dedamiwis zedapirs arcTu maRla
gadaufrinon. amasTanave isini TavianT gzaze saSinel gamosxivebas
mogvcemen, is ki, rogorc cnobilia, mutaciebs iwvevs.
Cven martoni rodi varT samyaroSi! maxlobeli kosmosi monawileobs
bunebis dacvaSi. Cveni saqme ki isaa, mas xeli ar SevuSaloT. is mxolod
Cveni saxli rodia, Cven TviTon varT is.
a. panCenko. lev nikolaeviC, qveynebisa da xalxebis istoriaSi iseTi
periodebic aris xolme, roca qveynebi da xalxebi Tavs aiSveben. iwyeba
Sina omebisa da teroris bakxanalia. Sua saukuneebSi amas RvTis
CanafiqriT xsnidnen – sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ganmartebas gaurbodnen.
Sua saukuneebSi avadmyofobas mxolod aRwerdnen da eSinodaT misi. rac
Seexeba axal da uaxles istorikosebs, isini avadmyofobis socialur,
fsiqologiur, religiur, rasobriv da erovnul mizezebs eZeben. nayofieri
mainc Tua aseTi Ziebani? iqneb adamians ara aqvs unari gaigos ras mohyavs
cieb-cxelebis msgavs moZraobaSi masebi da adamianTa jgufebi, ratom
sCadian
isini
iseT
rames, rac
jansaRi
Tvalsazrisis
poziciidan
bunebiswinaaRmdego da SemaZrwunebelia.
l.
gumiliovi.
yovelnairi
eTnosis
istoriul
bedisweraSi
aucilebelad dgeba xolme sulieri dacemis faza. rogorc qronologia
gviCvenebs, mis dacxromas 150-160 weli sWirdeba. es yvelaze mZime
periodia eTnosis cxovrebaSi. esaa sisxlisRvra da ngreva, omi yvelas
winaaRmdeg. daviwyoT romidan.
Cv.w.aR-mde 133 w-dan, tiberius grakxusis mkvlelobidan, Zv.w. aR-is 30
wlebamde –antoniusis sikvdilamde, romma ar icoda mosveneba. samoqalaqo
omma sisxlisagan dacala senati da xalxi. grakxusebis revoluciam
mariusisa da sulas
omma, pirveli triumviratis genocidma da meoris
proskri pciam
romis
saxelmwifo
krizisul
mdgomareobaSi
Caagdo.
simSvide (ra Tqma unda, SedarebiTi) avgustusisa da misi momxreebis
gamarjvebam moitana.
bizantiuri eTnosi dacemis sastik fazaSi VIII s-Si
aRmoCnda. es
isavriuli dinastiis imperatorebis xatmbrZolobaSi gamoixata, roca
yvelaferi bunebis sawinaaRmdegod da amitom cudad warimarTa. marTlac:
marTlmadidebeli
mefe, muslimanebisa
da
warmarTi
bulgarelebis
dammarcxebeli, uceb spekulatiuri filosofiisa da xelovnebis emociuri
stiqiis gamijvnis sababiT religiur xelovnebas krZalavs, da Tanac,
sargeblobs ra Tavisi samsaxureobrivi mdgomareobiT, surs berebs,
sakuTari saqmis specialistebs, aswavlos. mainc vin uWers mas mxars?
saldafonebi da aseve saero da sasuliero wridan gamosuli laqia
didebulebi.
xatmbrZoloba es mcireaziuli movlenaa, xatTayvaniscema – elinuri.
aziatisTvis xatebi taZris Tvalsaseiro morTuloba iyo, taZrisa, sadac
saWiro iyo sakuTari sulis amaRleba WeSmaritebis, rogorc abstraqciis
winaSe, romelsac xilvadi xateba ar gaaCnia. berZnisaTvis xatebi es
sarkmelia miRmuri samyarosken. maTze gamosaxulia xateba da ara niRabi,
34
an
Tundac
pirisaxe;
amitom
sulieri
srulyofileba SeuRlebulia
esTetikur aRqmasTan, romlis meSveobiTac WeSmaritebis kari ixsneba.
magram verc msoflSegrZnebaTa es gansxvavebani, verc
xatmbrZolobis politikuri da ekonomikuri aspeqtiT gaanalizeba, verc
imperatorebisa da patriarqebis deklaraciebi ver axnis imas, Tu ase
mcire araprinci puli uTanxmoeba sisxlis Rvris sababad ratom iqca.
isavrieli jariskaci xmliT kveTda RvTismSoblis gamosaxulebas, xolo
berZeni qalebi sakuTari sicocxlis fasad am jariskacs qvebiTa da
joxebiT qolavdnen. erTnic da meorenic xom gaunaTlebelni iyvnen da
verc Teologiasa daPpolitikaSic erkveodnen da Tanac aseT momentebSi
amdenad rTul sakiTxebze arc ki fiqrobdnen. yovelive es bizantias, ra
Tqma unda, sasikeTod ar waadga. mas Camoscilda italia, iq 751w-s
langobardebma dai pyres ravena, 756w-s ki Camoyalibda papis saero
saxelmwifo. imperatori konstantine kopronimi ki, imis magivrad rom
Camocilebul mxareSi wesrigi aRedgina, saxviTi xelovnebis daucvel
moyvarulebs TavianTsave saxlebSi uswordeboda. erT-naxevari saukune
gaxda saWiro, raTa makedonelTa dinastiis Jams mSvidoba damdgariyo.
yvelgan ase iyo. safrangeTSi dacemis xanas gvirgvinad adgas
Jana darkisa da henrix IX saxelebi, inglisSi - mefe henrix VIII
tiudorisa
da
generali
monkisa, romelmac
karlos
II
stiuartis
restavracia ganaxorciela. sazRvrebs SigniT _ igive sisxli da igive
tanjva. barTlomes Rame da kromvelis <<mrgvalTaviani jariskacebis>>
mZvinvareba. Tanac uazroba iqneboda marTalTa da damnaSaveTa Zieba,
yvela kargi iyo Tavis mxriv. hercogma gizma gadawva farduli, romelSic
hugenotebi fsalmunebs galobdnen. ana navareli miwisqveSa jurRmulebSi
yrida kaTolikebs, romlebic wirvebs eswrebodnen, henrix VIII tiudorma
ki brZana, erT saxrCobelaze CamoexrCoT kaTolike, radgan is paps
miagebda pativs da kalvinisti, radgan igi mesis siwmindes uaryofda! am
fazaSi
kacTmkvleloba
dasavleT
evropis
mkvidrTa
yoveldRiuri
saqmianoba iyo da Tanac amas masobrivi masStabebi hqonda.
dacemis fazaSi mkveTrad mcirdeba xvedriTi wona
pasionarebisa, adamianebisa, romelTac
ver akavebs
TviTgadarCenis
instiqti da mzad arian Tavi Seswiron did (xSirad iluzorul) mizans.
samagierod mkveTrad izrdeba subpasionarTa mniSvneloba, saxeldobr:
maTgan yalibdeba samoqalaqo omebis Jams aRmasrulebeli kadrebi. eseni
urwmuno, uRirsebo da usindiso adamianebi arian, angarebismoyvareni da
TavmoTneni, jalaTebi da damsmenni, romelTaTvisac mTavri Zalaufleba da
pirvelobaa, winamZRolis msaxurebad marad mzadmyofni. bunebrivia isic,
rom dacemis fazaSi mimdinareobs winaparTa mier dagrovili qonebisa da
saxel-didebis gaflangva - ganiaveba.
urTierTganadgureba ki ver iqneba samudamo. iseTi momenti dadgeba
xolme, roca Zalisa da saSualebebis ukmarisobis gamo samoqalaqo omi
mTavrdeba. dacema Zlierdeba, monotonuri xdeba. xolo es monotonuroba
eTnogenezisis axal fazas inerciul anu <<civilizacionur>> fazas
uRebs kars. gadatanili Tavzaris Semdeg adamianebs surT ukve ara
warmateba, aramed
simSvide.
maT
ukev
daiwyes
imis
gageba, rom
individualobani, romelTac surT mTeli originalobiT gamovlindnen,
mezoblebisTvis udides safrTxes warmoadgenen. magaram amis Tavidan
acileba SeiZleba, Tuki sazogadoebriv imperativs da Sesabamisad qcevis
streoti ps SevcvliT.
romSi es iyo oqtaviane avgustusis mier wamoyenebuli <<oqros
Sualedi>>, romelic politikuri stabilizaciis, samxedro Zlierebis
ganmtkicebisa da warsulidan Wkuis saswavli magaliTebis gamoxmobis
lozungad
iqca.
msoflmxedvelobis
am
sistemam
mark
avreliusis
sikvdilamde, daaxloebiT 200 w-mde iarseba. analogiurma princi pma axal
35
droSi, XVII-XVIII
ss-Si, ganxorcieleba patiosani, aRzrdili kacis,
<<jentlmenis>>
saxeSi
hpova.
misTvis
SesaZleblobisamebr
mibaZva
mizanSewonilad CaiTvala.
<<civilizacia>>,
(rogorc
ganviTarebis
inerciuli
faza),
xelsayrelia materialuri kulturis dasagroveblad, yofa-cxovrebis
mosawesrigeblad,
Zveli
saukuneebidan
SemorCenili
lokaluri
eTnografiuli gansakuTrebulobebis warsaxocad.
mokled rom vTqvaT,
TviTmyofadoba adgils uTmobs uferulobas. magram procesi nela midis.
adamianebs, romelTac ar surT TavianT originalurobaze uaris Tqma.
mxolod xelovnebisa da mecnierebis sferoRa rCebaT, esoden uwyinrad
rom gamoiyureba. amitom, isini, vinc XVII s-Si daSnas mohkida xeli, XVIII
s-Si saxlSi ijda da traqtatebs werda, faseuls (Tuki avtori niWieri
iyo) da uazros (Tuki igi grafomani iyo), xolo radgan ukanasknelni
yovelTvis bevrni arian xolme, iqmneboda biblioTekebi savse wignebiT,
romelTa wakiTxva aravis arafrad sWirdeba. cxadia, am fonze geniebic
Cndebodnen: moazrovneni, swavlulni, poetebi. isini imaze metni rodi
iyvnen, vidre uwin, sastik droSi, magram samagierod kargi mowafeebi
hyavdaT, xolo maT koncefciebs hqonda rezonansi.
<<civilizaciis>> gansakuTrebul Tvisebas emociurad pasiuri da
Sromismoyvare mosaxleobis sruli kmayofileba warmoadgens. magram
inerciis fazaSi dgeba sakuTari qveynis landSaftze zemoqmedebis dro:
izrdeba teqnosfero e. i. saWiro da arasaWiro Senobebis, nakeTobebis,
Zeglebis, yofiTi nivTebis raodenoba _ cxadia, bunebrivi resursebis
xarjze. iq, sadac bunebrivi masalebi mkacri formebis borkilebSi
aRmoCndeba, TviTganviTareba wydeba. igi neli, magram ganuxreli, xSirad
Seuqcevadi ngreviT icvleba. aseTi nangrevebi mxolod arqeologebs
sWirdebaT. isini ikvleven ara mzard, aramed Camqral eTnosebs, romelTac
saukuneebs
gamomwvari
Tixis
WurWlis
namsxvrevebi,
lursmul
warwerebiani babilonuri dafebi, baalbekis flatforma, Sua saukuneebis
cixe simagreTa nangrevebi da iukatanas junglebSi Zveli maias taZrebi
dautoves. biosferos SeuZlia adamianebis gamokveba, magram ar SeuZlia
gaZRoba maTi swrafvisa, planatis zedapiri nayar-nuyariT dafaron. am
fazaSi eTnosi anTeosiviT kargavs kavSirs niadagTan, cxovrebasTan da
dgeba gardauvali dacema.
am dacemis iersaxe macdunebelia. mas morgebuli aqvs keTildReobisa
da ayvavebis niRabi, rac TanamedroveT maradiulad eCvenebaT. isini
sakuTar Tavs bunebis simdidris amouwuraobis iluziiT ifofineben.
magram es mxolod da mxolod damamSvidebeli Tavismotyuebaa.
a. panCenko. Tqveni gaangariSebiT, lev nikolaeviC, eTnosi dacemis
fazas pirveli biZgidan Svid-naxevari saukunis Semdeg aRwevs Tavs. Tuki
velikorusebis <<dasabams>> ara ivane kalitas, aramed aleqsandre
nevelis epoqaSi gadavitanT, gamova, rom Cven axla davadgiT fexi, an
gadavabijeT
<<civilizaciis>>
zRurbls.
aseve
gamova,
rom
Cven
nikolozis mefobis Jams kvlav daviSaleT.
cxovreba erTferovania: yvela ibadeba, warmoSobs STamomavlobas,
berdeba da kvdeba. magram cxovreba mravalferovanic aris, adamianis
Semecnebis sazRvrebi ki SezRuduli. me ara var msoflio pretenziebis
mqone filosofosTa mimdevari, vinaidan yovelgvari safuZvliani Teoria
xsnis
mxolod faqtebis nawils. magram me mzad var amosaval punqtad
miviRo is, rom sistemis marazmi, misi rRveva, misi xrwna, agznebuleba da
a.S. swored nikoloz I dros gamovlinda. Zveleburad Tu gamovTqvamT,
maSin rusul sazogadoebaSi aRniSna <<Rirsebis dakargva>>.
petres reformebis Semdgom is cxovrobda ara rwmeniT, aramed
kulturiT. Seirya aT mcnebasa da sauflo locvaze damyarebuli Zveli
morali. SemTxveviTi rodia, rom <<petres sabudris bartyebi>> da TviT
36
imperatoric mTeli maTi brwyinvalebiT, talantiT, energiiT sulac ar
arian umwikvloni, martivad rom vTqvaT, qurdebi da yaCaRebi arian.
zneobrivi wonasworobis aRsadgenad ori-sami Taoba gaxda saWiro.
<<Rirsebis
kacis\>>
gamoCena
puSkinis
mier
aRwerilia
<<kapitnis
qaliSvilSi>> da gansxeulebulia petruSa grinevSi: <<gaufrTxildi
Rirsebas yrmobidan>>. es personaJi mwvervalia rusuli sulis istoriaSi.
Semdeg amas mohyva met-naklebad organuli epoqa. mas Zegli l.
tolstoim daudga <<omsa da mSvidobaSi>>. am wignis kiTxva sixarulia,
radgan guli gekumSeba daubrunebeli danakargiT. Semdeg ki daiwyo
adamianis dawvrilmaneba.
diado saukunev, saomar davaTa,
didebis mowamev rusTa!
xedavdi odes orlovi, rumiancevi da suvorovi
STamomavalni mrisxane slavTa,
viT i povebdnen gamarjvebebs zevsebri mexiT;
gaocebuli iyo msoflio, mfrTxali maTi gmirobiT;
petrovi da derJavini Txzavdnen maTze simRerebs
maRalxmierad mJReri qnaris simebiT 1 .
(Targmani qeTevan jervaliZisa)
marTlac, XVIII saukune aris aramxolod <<gonebis>> saukune, aramed
gmirebis
saukunec. orlovs eboZa Cesmenis grafis tituli, rumiancevs _
dunaispireTis grafis, potiomkins _ tavridis uganaTebulesi kniazisa,
suvorovs _ riminsikis grafis da italiis kniazisa... es titulebi Cven ar
gvaRizianeben
da
arc
Rimils
gvgvrian
_
e.
i.
maT
Cven
iseve
damsaxurebulad
vTvliT, rogorc
feldmarSal
kutuzovis
kniazur
(Tavadur) Rirsebas. magram aseTive wyalobani nikolozisa (mxedvelobaSi
maqvs dibiC-balkanskis da paskeviC erevanskisa ) ironias iwveven da
mexsirebaSi Servudis pirovnebas wamoativtiveben. mas dasmenis gamo
Servud-erTguli (Шервуд – Верный) uwodes, (borotma enebma ki mas myisve sxva
Sesatyvisi _ uwminduri mouZebnes _ Шервуд – Скверный). bezRSi fuls uxdian:
<<me mivec mas oqro da davwyevle igi>>. roca bezRi Rirsebis saqmed
cxaddeba, sazogadoeba cudadaa.
Semdeg ufro metia, Semdeg eSmakni arian <<saxeli maTi legionia>>.
rogorc Cans, ruseTis istoriaSi revoluciis wina periodi erTaderTia,
roca simbolur saxelebSi provokatorebi gamoCndnen. isini uwinac
sakmaod
iyvnen, magram
es
Servudebi
da
antonelebi
aba
rogor
Seedrebodnen azefs, gapons, malinovskis? provokacia TiTqmis yofiT
movlenad iqca, raSic yvelas gorkis moTxroba <<karamora>> daarwmunebs.
satanurma senma daria xeli rusul sazogadoebas - amaze saubrobs Tavis
sikvdiliswina statiebSi l. tolstoic, sando da sapatio mowme.
is ixsenebs, Tu rogor amayobda odesRac evropelebis winaSe imiT,
rom ruseTSi kanoniT ar iyo miRebuli sikvdiliT dasja 2 ; rom cota xnis
ukan mTel rus xalxSi ver
axerxebdnen oriode jalaTis povnasac ki,
rom jer kidev 80-ian wlebSi mTel ruseTSi mxolod erTi jalaTi iyo.
maxsovs, maSin vladimer soloviovi sixaruliT miambobda, Tu rogor ver
SeZles mTel ruseTSi meore jalaTis povna da is adgilidan adgilze
gadahyavdaT. axla ase aRaraa>>.
axla rogoraa, 1905 wlis 9 ianvris
Semdeg? axla sisxli da
sikvdilia, <<ara mkvleloba, ara erTi mkvleloba, aramed mkvlelobebi,
usasrulo mkvlelobebi>>. klavs xelisufleba, klaven revolucionerebi,
satanurdeba rusuli suli. arc erTma da arc meorem ar mousmina
tolstois, yurad ar iRes misi wuxili imaze, Tu ra Sedegebs moitanda
1 nawyveti amoRebulia a. s. puSkinis leqsidan “carskoe selo”.
2 elisabed petres asulma gaauqma.
37
<<uzneo saSualebebis gamoyeneba, - rogoricaa Spionoba, motyueba, sicrue
_ nacionaluri moralisaTvis. axla adamianebi TviTon midian jalaTebad.
TiTo
kacis
mkvelolabaze
fass
aweseben, vaWroben.
vTqvaT
eseni
naZiralebi
arian,
magram
<<saSualo
adamianTa>>
sulebic
rom
gaognebulni arian. <<bavSvebi TamaSoben CamoxrCobanas>>, <<TiTqmis
bavSvebi, gimnazielebi mzadmyofni midian eqspopriaciaze mosaklavad, ise
rogorc adre sanadirod midiodnen>>.
es adamianebi, mozrdilni Tu daberebulni qmnidnen aminds 1917w-s da
cota mogvianebiTac. moraluri TvalsazrisiT, teroric, gankulakebac,
eklesiis
devnac
_
yovelive
es
winaswar
iyo
momzadebuli
da
gadawyvetili
da
WeSmaritad
mxolod
naTeli
momavlis
sasoebaRa
rCeboda. magram naciis jansaRi Zalebi mainc sad iyvnen? maswavleblebi,
<<geniebi>>, romelTa Sesaxebac mwared werda i. a. bunini <<SeCvenebul
dReebSi>>: <<rusul literaturaSi axla mxolod
geniebi arian>>.
gansacvifrebeli mosvalia! geniaa briusovi, geniaa gorki, igor severianini,
bloki, beli... rogor SeiZleba aq mSvidad iyo, roca ase swrafad SeiZleba
genia gaxde?>>
gaxsovT, lev nikolaeviC, Tqven miyvebodiT dedaTqvenTan erTi
saubris Sesaxeb? Tqven SeaxseneT mas, rom adre, rusuli literaturis
<<oqros saukuneSi>> werdnen raRac sagnebze: kavkasiel tyveze, brinjaos
mxedarze, boiarina
orSaze, mkvdar
sulebze, mamebsa
da
Svilebze,
oblomovze, omsa da mSvidobaze,
mewvrilmaneebze, damcirebulebsa da
Seuracyofilebze, <<vercxlis saukuneSi>> ki literaturis Semoqmedni
mxolod sakuTar Tavze weren. es sarwmuno azria, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin,
Tuki gavixsenebT briusovis gamomwvev striqonebs:
verc sinamdviles vxedav Cvensas,
arc saukune vici Cveni,
samSoblo mZuls
da ideals kacobis Sevtrfi.
(Targmani qeTevan jervaliZisa)
es
ra
Tqma
unda, briyvuli
striqonebia, magram
amave
dros
yovlismSTanTqmeli egoizmisa, Tu cxovrebisa da sakuTari qveynis winaSe
SiSis
simptomic aris. buninma <<sakuTar meze aqcenti>>
<<bolo
aTwleulSi rusuli literaturis uaRresi gadagvarebiT>> axna>> _
magarm gana es axsnaa? es mxolod konstantaciaa da Tanac saeWvo
sandoobis. bunins aRizianebda mwerlebis laquci xalxis winaSe. amaSi
aris WeSmaritebis nawili. magram aranaklebi safuZvlianobiT SeiZleba
xalxisagan
mowyvetaze,
rCeulobaze,
hermetizmSi
gadasvlaze
(xlebnikovTan) da TviT dumlSi gadasvlaze saubaric ki (aleqsandre
dobroliubovTan da leonid simonovTan).
nebismier SemTxvevaSi rusuli literaturisaTvis araTvisobrivi,
araorganuli raRac gamovlinda. dairRva urTierToba <<ufros Zmasa>> da
<<umcros, vnebul Zmas>> Soris. ufross sulac ar Seuqcevia zurgi
umcrosisaTvis, sulac ar ugulebeluyvia xalxisa da qveynis msaxurebis
mcnebani. sikvdiliwina puSkinis msgavs sityvaSi <<poetis daniSnulebis
Sesaxeb>> bloki mtkiced da Rirseulad ekamaTeboda maT, vinc gavlenis
qveS eqceoda da xalxs brbosTan aigivebda. <<... poetisagan arasodes
daimsaxureben cud saxels isini, visac Tavi stiqiis ubralo namsxvrevad
warmoudgenia, isini visTvisac ar SeiZleba da visac ar SeuZlia mixvedra.
brbod ar iwodebian adamianebi, romelnic TavianT mier moxnul miwas
hgvanan, nislis nafleTs rom hgvanan, romlisganac gamovidnen, mxecs rom
hgvanan, romelzec nadiroben. isini ki, visac ar surT amis gageba, - arada
maT bevris gageba evalebaT, vinaidan kulturas emsaxurebian, rom es
xalxi dadaRulia metsaxeliT: brbo; am metsaxelisagan sikvdilic ver
ixsnis maT, sikvdilis Semdegac SerCeba igi, rogorc SerCa graf
38
bekendorfs, timkovskis, bulgarins _ yvelas, vinc poets Tavisi misiis
SesrulebaSi
uSlida xels.>>. es 1921 wels aris naTqvami _ sisxlis
<<SimSilisa da Jamianobis>> sami wlis Semdeg.
rusul
literaturaSi
pirovnebisaTvis
<<vercxlis
saukuneze>>
ukeTesi dro ar yofila. peterburguli periodis dasasruli namdvilad
aRiniSna xelovnebaSi da mecnierebaSic geniaTa masobrivi warmoebiT
(buninis brWyalebis gareSe), magram pirovneba ver grZnobda Tavs myudrod.
<<yvelgan arasasikeTo mdgomareobaa... axloa katastrofa... saSineleba
WiSkarTan>>. istoria im wlebisa, romlebic rusma xelovanebma or
revolucias Soris ganvles, aris, arsebiTad, istoria eulTa atacebuli
mdgomareobisa; es aris marTlac is saukeTeso, arc iyo da ramac namdvili
nayofi gamoiRo>> (bloki). martosuloba _ ai amosavali sityva.
martooba ganicdeboda mZimed. aqedan daiwyo navTsayudris Zieba _ 1.
nicSeanur
TviTdamkvidrebaSi
(misi
ukiduresi
gamoxatulebaa
briusovisagan moxmobili oTxstriqonedi), 2.<<gandobilTa>> ezoTerul
wreSi (gavixsenoT uricxvi megobrobebi da salonebi) 3. sxva kulturebSi,
sakuTari teritoriidan qronologiurad da esTetikurad daSorebulSi.
(<<vercxlis saukune>> stilizaciis saukunea). 4. RvTismaZieblobasa da
RvTis mSeneblobaSi (esaa reaqcia msoflmxedvelobriv relativizmze,
<<yovelives SefardebiTobaze>>) 5. TamaSSi, bolos, saTamaSo stiqiam
waleka xelovneba. maskaradi epoqis simbolod iqca, xolo moTamaSe
adamiani
_
yvelaze
elvare
ti pad.
es
aucileblad
unda
iqnes
gaTvaliswinebuli saukunis dasawyisis <<artefaqtebis>> Sefasebisas,
sxvagvari midgomisas SesaZloa, mag. satanizmSi daadanaSaulo Jurnal
<<oqros sawmisis>> mier 1906 wlis SuaxanebSi Catarebuli konkursis <<satana>> - momwyobni da monawileni. TamaSi es paliativia, es cxovrebis
winaSe SiSia. istoriam gviCvena, rom es SiSi savsebiT safuZvliani iyo.
XIX s-Si rusulma literaturam saxalxo damcvelis funqcia ikisra
da brwyinvaled Seasrula igi, risi SemweobiTac ruseTi <<saukuneobrivi
simSvidiT>> iyo mosili. sakmarisi aRmoCnda xalxi, ase rom vTqvaT, 1905w-s
ganZreuliyo, rom
es
funqcia
problemad
iqca.
bunini
tolstois
dakrZalvis aRwerisas, gadmogvcems glexTa saubrebs, romelTac mohqondaT
tilo warweriT: <<lev nikolaeviC, im sikeTis aRsaniSnavad, rasac Sen
gvikeTebdi, igi arasodes mokvdeba CvenSi, iasna polianas daoblebul
glexebSi>>. ai, axla maTi saubrebi: <<ai, Cven mogvqonda es firniSi.
dagvajildoebs gana amis gamo xelisufleba, an grafinia? Cven xom ase
vcdilobdiT! mTel dRes fexze! Tanac gvirgvinzec xom davxarjeT fuli!
>>. rusulma literaturam
(da saerTod kulturam
mTlianobaSi) uceb
igrZno, rom xalxs is jer ar sWirdeboda.
a. i. kuprini moTxrobaSi <<xtunia WriWina>> ixsenebs naZvis xis
zeims
riazanis
guberniis
miyruebul
mazraSi
nikiforovskis
saswavlebelSi
Sobisas, 1907 w-s. bavSvebi warmoadgenen krilovis igavaraks. WriWina pasuxobs WianWvelas: << me sul vmRerodi>> <<da maSin
maswavlebelma kapitonoviCma erTdoulad daiqnia violino da xemi... da
mTelma gundma idumali naxevarCurCuliT daiwyo simRera:
Sen sul mRerodi, esaa saqme?
maS, modi erTi, ixtune,
maS, modi erTi, maS modi erTi,
maS modi erTi, ixtune!
me sulac ar miWiris gamovtyde, rom am dros Tma SuSis RerebiviT yalyze
damidga da momeCvena, rom am bavSvebisa da skolaSi blomad myofi
qalebisa da kacebis mzera Cemsken iyo mopyrobili, metic, milion-naxevari
kaci mimzerda da imeorebda am wyeul frazas: <<Sen mxolod mRerodi, es
saqmea, maS, wadi, erTi icekve, maS wadi, erTi icekve...>>. im wuTebSi mZime,
naRvlianma da saSinelma azrma gamielva gonebaSi. <<ai –vfiqrobdi me –
39
vdgavarT Cven pirispir amqveynad uricxvi, yvelaze gamoucnobi, didi,
dabeCavebuli xalxis winaSe. ra gvakavSirebs maTTan? araferi. arc ena,
arc rwmena, arc Sroma, arc xelovneba. Cveni poezia sasacilod eCveneba
mas, gaugebaria da abdaubda; Cveni daxvewili ferwera usargeblo da
gaurkveveli naTiTxni; Cveni RvTismaZiebloba da RvTismSenebloba sruli
axirebulobaa misTvis, erTairad rom swams paraskev-xuTSabaTis siwmindis,
oCopintresa da abazanaSi myofi wylis sulis; Cveni musika mosawyeni
xmauria; mecniereba ki _ ukmarisi.. Cveni mZime Sroma sasacilooba da
sacodaobaa
misTvis, ase
brZnulad, moTminebiT
da
ubralod
rom
anayofierebs bunebis mkacr wiaRs. diax, mkacri samsjavros dRes ras
vetyviT Cven am bavSvsa da mxecs, brZensa da pirutyvs. am mravalmilionian
bumberazs? verafers. 1 mxolod sevdiT mivugebT <<me sul vmRerodi>>, is
ki veraguli da glexuri RimiliT gvi pasuxebs: <<maS, aba erTi, ixtune...>>
mere ra, Tu saWiro gaxda vixtunebT!>>
mivagoT sakadrisi kuprinis dinj simamaces. es dawerilia 1910 w-s,
roca jer kidev aravis SeeZlo scodnoda msoflio omisa da revoluciis
Sesaxeb.
lev nikolaeviC, Tqven mier gamoTvlil <<gardatexis fazebs>> aqvT
saerTo maxasiaTebeli _ isini savsea religiuri omebiT. peterburguli
periodic TeTrebis da wiTlebis omiT damTavrda (SeiZleba sargebloba
sxva feriTac (Tundac imitom, rom Tavi avaridoT _ TeTri da alisferi
vardebis – terminologiur msgavsebas), es urTierT brZola SeiZleba
aRvniSnoT rogorc <<TeTri Zvlisa>> da <<Savi Zvlis>> Setakeba. imaze,
rom qveyana gayofilia <<sazogadoebad>> da <<xalxad>> da es gayofa
kargad ar damTavrdeboda, bevrni da bevrni gveubnebodnen, aki damTavrda
kidec borotebiT.
Cvens droSi mxolod <<sazogadoebis>> kulturaa da mis gareSe,
kargia is Tu cudi, fons ver gavalT. misken mibruneba iyo aucilebeli.
sakiTxi mxolod dros Seexeboda da es droc dadga. viqonioT imedi imisa,
rom es dabruneba aRniSnavs dakninebisa da agznebulobis dasasruls.
rusulidan Targmnes qeTevan jervaliZem da maia abSilavam
Ketevan Jervalidze
Кетеван Джервалидзе
1 .es
sakiTxi iliamac ganixila
moTxrobaSi <<oTaaraanT qvrivi>>.
40