1. Art and Diseño

CSDILA
THE CENTRE FOR SPATIAL
DATA INFRASTRUCTURES
& LAND ADMINISTRATION
ARC-LINKAGE PROJECT (2012-2015) LP110200178
3D LAND AND PROPERTY INFORMATION
INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT
W
orld urban populations demand apartments and
high-rise structures. More than half of the world’s
population now live in cities and many complex apartments and structures are being renovated, extended or built to
accommodate people, services and businesses.
In the inter-censal period between 2006 and 2011, Australia observed a 15 percent increase in the national average of
residential multi-unit and high-rise developments which accommodate more than 3.5 million people. Renovation, extension or
construction of these complex structures demands a smarter
cross-disciplinary integration in the land development industry
including architecture, construction, engineering, surveying and
building management disciplines. ‘Land and Property Management in 3D’ at the Centre for SDIs and Land Administration at the
University of Melbourne aimed to investigated the use of 3D technologies for land development purposes, with a key aim of modelling legal and administrative cadastral information for complex
multi-storey buildings in an urban context, and linking this with
a building’s physical information.
Cadastres play an important role in the land development
process. Cadastres define the boundaries of entitlements in
land and space. 2D maps and plans are the dominant approaches in current cadastres, but they fall short in addressing
future land development needs as well as community expectations, which are being driven by the growing use of 3D technologies.
While there are initiatives around the world to enable cadastres with 3D technologies, these initiatives often address
specific aspects of cadastres such as 3D visualisation and 3D data
models. However, there is no comprehensive and holistic
approach in advancing knowledge to support a move to 3D.
This project addresses this gap by adopting two key themes of
inquiry: institutional challenges and technical issues.
PROJECT PARTNERS
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AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH COUNCIL
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT, LAND, WATER & PLANNING
LAND AND PROPERTY INFORMATION DIVISION, OFFICE OF FINANCE AND SERVICES
INTERGOVERNMENTAL COMMITTEE ON SURVEYING AND MAPPING
PSMA AUSTRALIA LIMITED
THE AAM GROUP
ALEXANDER SYMONDS
STRATA COMMUNITY AUSTRALIA
FENDER KATSALIDIS ARCHITECTS
FEB 2015
INDUSTRY
PARTNERS
RESULTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS
3D LAND AND PROPERTY INFORMATION FOR URBAN LAND ADMINISTRATION SYSTEMS AND SMART CITIES
WHAT DO WE NEED TO DO TO MOVE
FROM 2D TO 3D?
WHERE CAN 3D DATA COME FROM?
3D tech/info
SOCIETAL
DEMANDS AND
EXPECTATIONS
3D CADASTRAL DATA MODEL
Management of new types of 3D data with current 2D data requires a new data model. This research project investigated how
relevant 2D and 3D physical land and property information can
be managed with associated legal and administrative cadastral
information.
(Other drivers)
First principle:
CULTIVATE
LEGITIMACY
foster
legitimacy
Fourth principle:
PERIODIC
REVIEW
INSTITUTIONAL
PRESSURE
focus
legitimacy
Second principle:
STRATEGIC
LEADERSHIP
Major outcomes/tools
The research showed that 3D cadastres should include both legal
and physical objects represented by geometry and semantics.
The ability to navigate within two hierarchies facilitates selection
of appropriate information. Accordingly, a 3D cadastral data
model was developed which identifies and describes above and
underground legal and physical objects. The data model was
implemented in LandXML and produced 11 modules which were
made available for broader testing and use.
Third principle:
(CONFORMITY)
3D-ENABLED
URBAN LAND
ADMINISTRATION
WHAT ARE THE APPLICATIONS OF 3D
DATA?
3D CADASTRAL DATA MODEL
Digital economy
Urbanisation
HOW CAN WE MANAGE 3D DATA FOR
LAND ADMINISTRATION?
SUPPORT
CHANGE AND
ACTION
INSTITUTIONS
INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS AND STRATEGIC CHOICES
This macro-level study at the industry level investigated the range of
regulatory, normative and cultural elements driving current 2D-based
information practices across land development and management
and how this serves as institutional barriers to change. A further case
study on BIM adoption in Singapore provided insight on how these
elements can similarly be used to apply institutional pressure across
the industry to support change.
INTEGRATING BIM INTO
LAND ADMINISTRATION
TERMS
Major outcomes/tools
A concise, comprehensive and accurate glossary of the terms is
currently in progress.
3D VISUALISATION OF FLOOD
DAMAGE TO URBAN BUILDINGS
This project investigates a
micro-level analysis of flood
damage at individual
building level. In
current state-ofthe-art flood damage assessment approaches, a building
is not represented
according to its
distinct characteristics. Many of the current methods are developed
on the basis of shortcomings of data and are therefore simple
in nature. In this research, by a unified integration of Building
Information Model (BIM) with 3D GIS, a rich source of data about
building is proposed, implemented and tested. This novel approach
can facilitate decisions by councils, engineering designers as well
as water authorities in the development process for better understanding of the risks to new developments and addressing them
for creating a more resilient community in the future
MAJOR OUTCOMES/TOOLS
A framework that uses BIM and GIS information for detailed
assessment of flood damage to individual components of the
building was developed. This supports the assessment of the cost
of damage as well as a 3D visualisation of the location of the
damage.
Major outcomes/tools
The research identified clear constraints against a successful change
process and recommended potential strategies, as well as a roadmap, to support a move towards 3D.
TERMINOLOGY AND GLOSSARY
The introduction of 3D technologies and processes necessarily
involves new terminology. Differing jurisdictions require translation
and interpretation between the varying terms and language across
those jurisdictions to help establish a common frame of reference.
This research aims at developing a glossary or dictionary directed
towards such translation and interpretation and developing a
standard common terminology in a common language.
FLOOD DAMAGE
DATA SOURCING
DATA SOURCING
This research investigated the potential of photogrammetry, laser
scanning, mobile mapping and Building Information Modelling as
sources of 3D data.
Major outcomes/tools
Demonstrating the viability of these sources and developing a
framework of requirements for sourcing 3D land and property
information.
BIM FOR LAND
ADMINISTRATION
This project investigates the potential of Building Information
Models (BIM) for managing 3D land
administration information.
Major outcomes/tools:
An extension to the BIM standard is proposed and a prototype BIM
model of a complex
building was implemented to showcase
the potential capability
of BIM for managing
ownership rights in
high-rise buildings.
HOW WE CAN VISUALISE 3D DATA?
3D VISUALISATION SYSTEM
3D CADASTRAL VISUALISATION
A key benefit of using 3D technologies is its visual appeal. This
research investigated what users would need, or want to see, in
3D land and property models.
MAJOR OUTCOMES/TOOLS
A set of features for interactive 3D cadastral visualisation was
developed. The requirements were classified into three categories.
The first category includes specific features such as underground,
cross section and isometric views. The second category was about
general visualisation requirement for 3D data and the last category
was about usability and interoperability of the 3D cadastral visualisation system. Building on the requirements, a prototype open-source 3D system for visualising cadastral information together
with physical structural information was developed.
3D PRINTING
3D PHYSICAL
MODELS (3D PRINTING)
In this project, 3D printing
technology was used to
demonstrate physical and
legal aspects of buildings
by producing tangible 3D
models.
MAJOR OUTCOMES/TOOLS
A 3D model of three neighbouring units in a high-rise building was
generated. Two 3D models, namely physical and legal models,
were printed. The physical model shows the apartment boundaries
and the legal objects represent the lots. These two models can
then be integrated to represent both physical and legal objects.
4 PROTOTYPES
3 DATA MODELS
SET OF RECOMMENDATIONS/ROADMAP
3 COMPLETED PHDS
(1 UNDER EXAMINATION)
38 PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS
FEB 2015
FUTURE RESEARCH
T
he integration and application of 3D urban data sources are required for the planning and management of
smart and sustainable cities for the future. This cannot
be achieved unless we can solve the problem of integrating
the wealth of emerging 3D information in the property registration, building development and urban design and planning sectors.
land administration systems can underpin integrated systems
that will provide 3D data and analytical tools for a diverse
range of users in government, the private sector especially the
development industry, and the broader public. Such a system
will provide the data, analytical tools and institutional integration necessary to support greater use of public information
and multi-faceted decision-making in the urban environment.
The premise of future research to be undertaken is that
statutory land administration systems are the key for a
broad, accurate and accessible integrated knowledge base.
The research therefore intends to investigate how statutory
This will result in a better-informed and more efficient
property market, better integration of development and
environmental issues in planning and smarter, more sustainable cities.
RESEARCH TEAM
Prof. Abbas Rajabifard
Dr Ian Bishop
Dr Mohsen Kalantari
Dr Ali Aien
Prof. Ian Williamson
Dr Ida Jazayeri
Mr Davood Shojaei
Dr Tuan Ngo
Mr Brian Marwick
Ms Serene Ho
Dr Daniel Steudler
Dr Zhixuan Yang
CHIEF INVESTIGATORS
Prof. Abbas Rajabifard (Project Leader)
Prof. Ian Williamson
Dr Tuan Ngo
Dr Malcolm Park
Mr Sam Amirebrahimi
Mr Alireza Jamshidi
Mr Behnam Atazadeh
RESEARCHERS
Dr Mohsen Kalantari (Research Coordinator)
Prof. Ian Bishop
Dr Ida Jazayeri
Mr. Brian Marwick
Dr. Malcom Park
Alireza Jamshidi
POSTGRADUATE SCHOLARS
Ali Aien
Davood Shojaei
Serene Ho
Sam Amirebrahimi
Behnam Atazadeh
INTERNATIONAL ADVISERS
Prof. Stig Enemark
Dr Daniel Steudler
Prof. Stig Enemark
ACADEMIC VISITORS
Dr Zhixuan Yang (School of Investment and Construction
Management, Dongbei University of Finance and
Economics, China)
Qiaowen Lin (China University of Geosciences)
Ms Qiaowen Lin
INDUSTRY ADVISERS
Mr Michael Burdett (Intergovernmental Committee on Survey and Mapping)
Mr Dan Paull (PSMA Australia Limited)
Mr Michael Dixon (PSMA Australia Limited)
Mr Gary Nairn (The AAM Group)
Mr Malcom McCoy (The AAM Group)
Mr Jose Alfano (Fender Katsalidis Architects)
Mr Chris McRae (Land Victoria)
Mr John E Tulloch (Department of Environment, Land, Water & Planning)
Mr David R Boyle (Department of Environment, Land, Water & Planning)
Mr Chris Lester (Department of Environment, Land, Water & Planning)
Mr Neil Coupar (Department of Environment, Land, Water & Planning)
Mr Jim Curnow (Alexander Symonds)
Mr Peter Goddard (NSW Land and Property Information)
Mr Paul Harcombe (NSW Department of Finance & Services)
Mr Rob Beck (StrataCommunity Australia)
www.csdila.unimelb.edu.au/projects/3dwebsite
©Feb 2015 CSDILA. All Rights Reserved.
CSDILA
Department of Infrastructure Engineering
The University of Melbourne
Victoria 3010 Australia
MELBOURNE
SCHOOL OF
ENGINEERING