Review Articles / 2553; 20(2): 37-40 J Thai Rehabil Med 2010; 20(2): 37-40 , .., .. !"# 84 ! " # !$%(1) &'( ) ) )# ( "& *"" "&$+$,$"' $ $ "' $'!$ % . " /'&*0'' '# 1 $ $ ' 0 % &'#*2 % / "( "55) %$ %' "5#&%'$/6$+* "" # 9( '" %5#!$% * " ,%$!&( % ,*""*%*2# 5#*1) %$& ," ( ( 5 ( " " (2) *" 1 9( (3) Henschke *;(4) "$;) % $ 9 ( & " 9( % $ < " = '" '""%& 23.7 ; %$ <" # "& = " ' ""%& 1.7 %$ <1 "%= " '" 3 %'@$ %$"!2* erytrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) * hematocrit 9( " ESR % *% 50 * 100 "$$"%/ ! "# "'""%& 18 * Correspondence to: Assist. Prof. Dr. Wipoo Kumnerddee, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand E-mail: [email protected] 55 %"1 ; hematocrit 30 gm% "'""%& 18.2 ,5 +"""%1 $$'0 " ( &'"*,5 '$#"&&(5(1* 6; & compression fracture & pedicle erosion ,5& *" (magnetic resonance imaging, MRI) %'""*"'1()#'" 9$%$% *%*(2) (5) !& * )# $ %$ !& ( (vertebral osteomyelitis & spondylitis) " !& Staphylococcus aureus & Escherichia coli )#"' %$!&$ 9$ -"& & $' &'9('""&"& ( $$'0 *'#1*" ! "9( 52 " %' "&* !& '*$ % " " "" ' ! , 9( 42 " "&( * 24-59 9'!&'* $% !&'!$&!$& !"' (needle biopsy) '9 70 * !$&'9% (open biopsy) '9 86 9%'@$ %$""(* Creactive protein $" ( %$!& 4-6 ! " ESR '$" ( 7-8 *,5 *+"'$" * "9$%$ 2 2-4 '!" (* (disc space narrowing) *('0 (local osteopenia) 2 3-6 '#$" 1& ()#" $"'( (vertebral body) %' technetium scan " " *"'1 90 * 78 %"1 ; MRI ""*"'1( 96 * 93 %"1 - 37 - 2553; 20(2) 9(%$!& ;( " " & " "& )#*'% & %' Tuberculin test '9 *%""5 %$!&%& '' !&' *$%9 50 "" $+ acid fast 9 50-80 *%' technetium bone scan 9 65 $+ ""%1 9%''#" "5$ $ ' 0 *, %' " " *"1$$'0 (* polymerase chain reaction (PCR) )#""*"'1 85 * 98 %"1 Radiculopathy Radiculopathy & , ( ) 1 1$!&"& * '"'"&"(6) ,'$ '5( , 5( # , & " (7) %'& $'$ 0 , 1%'1 "& , (, O)2 *%'0 * straight leg raising test % ;%'9 $+ %'""*"1$'$ 0 " ' meta-analysis )# /# 6"*" 1%' &$$'0 , lumbar radiculopathy &' "((8) %'*%$+"; $$'0 % 1 (%) (%) SLR SLR Crossed SLR Weakness Sensory deficits Imaging Surgery Surgery/Imaging Surgery/Imaging Surgery/Imaging 37-81 92 28 27-62 14-61 37-100 28 90 47-93 60-93 Impaired DTR Surgery/Imaging 14-61 60-93 1 ! lumbar radiculopathy(8) SLR = Straight Leg Raising, Imaging = abnormal disc in CT/MRI, Surgery = abnormal disc in operative findings Weakness = weakness of dorsiflexors (ankle/toe), DTR = Deep tendon reflex at the ankle Large heterogeneity, surgical cases only J Thai Rehabil Med 2010; 20(2) %' MRI ""5$$'0 radiculopathy &'"9" (false positive) (0"9(( ,5 MRI %$ ) # % 1 60 20 " " (& ; 57 %$)# $ 60 "9$%$"( " (&*! * 36 * 21 %" 1 (9) ,5 MRI '# " !2 $ $ ' 0 radiculopathy %"&*21" "( ') %$*%' ' MRI ! $$'0 *,%$!&&& %' nerve conduction study (NCS) " " "9$%$ ( (sensory nerve fiber) & '%1*, radiculopathy " ( & dorsal root ganglia %'& OO ' "& (electromyography, EMG) 5& " "" ( &(! 49-92(10) % EMG 9 " (false negative) (&'%' 0%2 (motor nerve fiber) *"" % "9$ %$ axon " " (myelin) ;" (5( & 0"'#" "&OO' "&9$%$ ' ;+$,$# ! . 'O& % * O& % " $# '"& % '#'""9$%$ "& 9(", radiculopathy '""9$%$&OO'"& 50 (11) *2'#""5*, *"""9$%$ EMG EMG "!2! & $'$ 0 * " %' EMG & , lumbar Radiculopathy "$" "# "& %'"& " 9(% '&"& "& 3 " '""9$%$&OO'"& 88-97 &"& "& 4 * 5 " '""9$%$& OO' "& 94-98 * 98-100 %"1 9(%'&"& " 6 " " 1 " "& *"9$%$"&" " # *11%'$"%$"&& $$'0 *%%' 6 " *""9$%$ . !& EMG 9 )# "$""9( "", - 38 - lumbar radiculopathy *%""5! EMG & & , $ 9( &OO ' "& 9 $ %$ ""5# positive waves, fibrillation potentials, polyphasic potentials "9$%$, recruitment , insertional activity $"#, complex repetitive discharge & giant motor unit potentials % &"& 6 " &! (% 2(10) !" spontaneous activity* () () VMED, ATIB, PTIB, SHBF, MGAS, PSM 100 92 ADD, ATIB, PTIB, SHBF, MGAS, PSM 100 93 2 ! " #$ %& " EMG ' !*% Radiculopathy (10) *spontaneous activity=fibrillations & positive sharp waves VMED=vastus medialis; ATIB=tibialis anterior; PTIB=tibialis posterior; SHBF=short head biceps femoris MGAS=medial gastrocnemius; PSM=paraspinal muscles; ADD=adductor longus facet arthropathy(12) ' ( (facet joint) $ $ ' 0 & '" " & * 6;0 *""# "& * "$!," 9(" " )# '" % &' 5#% 6;$$'## &"& (myofascial pain syndrome) 5, ""5!$$'0 , &' & "',5 '" " "' . $+%'!& , * 0!& "(# facet )#1 2 $+ * 0! (intra-articular facet injection) * 0! "( # (medial branch block) $ + ' 9 5# 25-40 )# "%' 1) placebo effect 2) *2 ! " 3) 0! %&' "& 4) !)#" $; ! & "&! # 9 '10 0! 1 *0 1& 1 "50"& ! !5& %' 9 & $ + 2 0 ! lidocaine * 2 0 bupivacaine 0 2 2-3 ! "'#5&9 !" #$ (Inflammatory back pain) 9( " " $ $ ' 0 ! & '" *,5$#!$$" *9('#" & ,5 %$(13) ./.2004-2009 Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society (ASAS)(14) /# 6;W2 $$'0 &* inflammatory back pain (IBP) mechanical back pain (MBP) %$ 4 5 ((% 3) "" 77.0 *" '1 91.7 $$'0 *$"'* IBP ""1 9(" )#"" 6;$$ IBP "'" axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) "&%1 2 (13) 6; IBP '#%'* *& . % %'@$% $ " !2" " & HLA-B27 %$ IBP " HLA-B27 9 "'" SpA '" 59 "&%& (morning stiffness) # 1 !5#, IBP %"5( MBP ! "$ 10 '!5 # , MBP " ' 22.9 * 9.9 MBP * ankylosing spondylitis (AS) %"1 *% $ 30 " 9( AS "& 24.7 * 64.3 " 9( MBP * AS %"1 (15) $ $ ' 0 *& % *2""(&;) %$*%' )#"1 *%% 1 *"(" Criteria 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Age at onset < 40 years Insidious onset Improvement with exercise No improvement with rest Pain at night (with improvement upon getting up) 3 >? ! inflammatory back pain(14) - 39 - 2553; 20(2) ; " '1 * 2 "5 $ $ ' 0 *"1$ # )# '1 65(% *"" ) %$ %' **9 5(%"5"(!2"% $$'0 &%'$/6%1#5#$+ %'*"" ' $+ %' . 1& && $$'0 "& 1 "( ' % $ * %' " %'$/6""'1$$'0 *"1 1. Walker BF. The prevalence of low back pain: a systematic review of the literature from 1966 to 1998. J Spinal Disord 2000; 13(3): 205-17. 2. Barr KP, Harrast MA. Low Back Pain. In: Braddom RL, editor. Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 3 ed. China: Elsevier; 2007. p. 915. 3. Deyo RA, Rainville J, Kent DL. What can the history and physical examination tell us about low back pain? Jama. 1992; 268(6): 760-5. 4. Henschke N, Maher CG, Refshauge KM. Screening for malignancy in low back pain patients: a systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2007; 16(10): 1673-9. 5. Currier BL, Kim CW, Eismont FJ. Infection of the spine. In: Herkowitz HN, editor. The spine. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsvier; 2006. p.1265-340. 6. Bogduk N. On the definitions and physiology of back pain, referred pain, and radicular pain. Pain 2009; 147(1-3): 17-9. J Thai Rehabil Med 2010; 20(2) 7. Lipetz JS, editor. Pathophysiology of inflammatory, degenerative, and compressive radiculopathy. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2002. 8. Van der Windt DA, Simons E, Riphagen, II, Ammendolia C, Verhagen AP, Laslett M, et al. Physical examination for lumbar radiculopathy due to disc herniation in patients with low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 2. 9. Maus TP, editor. Imaging of the spine and nerve roots. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2002. 10. Dillingham TR, editor. Electrodiagnostic approach to patients with suspected radiculopathy. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2002. 11. Preston DC, Shapiro BE. Radiculopathy. Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders. 2 ed. Philadelphia: Elsvier Saunders; 2005. p. 466. 12. Cohen SP, Raja SN. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint pain. Anesthesiology 2007; 106(3): 591-614. 13. Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Khan MA, Braun J, Sieper J. How to diagnose axial spondyloarthritis early. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63(5): 535-43. 14. Sieper J, van der Heijde D, Landewe R, Brandt J, BurgosVagas R, Collantes-Estevez E, et al. New criteria for inflammatory back pain in patients with chronic back pain: a real patient exercise by experts from the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS). Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68(6): 7848. 15. Rudwaleit M, Metter A, Listing J, Sieper J, Braun J. Inflammatory back pain in ankylosing spondylitis: a reassessment of the clinical history for application as classification and diagnostic criteria. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54(2): 569-78. - 40 -
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