1. No category

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
LONE AAGESEN (INSTITUTO
DE
BOTÁNICA DARWINION)
MARTÍN EZCURRA (MUSEO ARGENTINO
DE
JULIÁN FAIVOVICH (MUSEO ARGENTINO
CIENCIAS NATURALES)
DE
CIENCIAS NATURALES)
PABLO GOLOBOFF (UEL – FUNDACIÓN MIGUEL LILLO)
DIEGO POL (MUSEO EGIDIO FERUGLIO)
MARTÍN RAMÍREZ (MUSEO ARGENTINO
DE
CIENCIAS NATURALES)
MARÍA CELESTE LUNA (MUSEO ARGENTINO
DE
CIENCIAS NATURALES)
COLLABORATORS
KATYUSC IA
ARAUJO-VIEIRA
SEBASTIAN BARRIONUEVO
R IC AR DO B OTERO -TR UJ ILLO
NADIA CERVINO
AGUSTIN ELIAS-COSTA
IVAN MAGALHAES
MARIA EUGENIA GONZALEZ MARQUEZ
LAURA NICOLI
ABEL PEREZ-GONZALEZ
DAMIAN PEREZ
MARTIN PEREYRA
nstates = 32
nstates = cont
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2154 25
N D E X
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map of the event
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& [num]
schedule
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5
& [dna]
abstracts
____________________________________________
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(10 (((12 (0 (1 (14
)(24 (16 (7 (8 (6 9
(10 (((12 (0 (1 (14
)(24 (7 (16 (8 (6 9
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15 ))))((20 ((2 13 )(5 (11 23 ))))(((3 4
))))))(17 18 ))))(19 (21 22 ))))*
15 ))))((20 ((2 13 )(5 (11 23 ))))(((3 4
))))))(17 18 ))))(19 (21 22 ))));
MAP OF THE EVENT
28
9
23
19 20
4
29
16
15
21
3
21
24
Restaurantes/Restaurants
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Los Chanchitos (Parrilla)
Segundo (Parrilla)
"LA MORENA II"
El Trébol (Restaurant)
La Continental (Pizza)
El Trébol (Pizza)
Nápoles (Pizza)
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Salgado (Pasta)
Campo Dei Fiori (Pasta)
Café Crespín
Café Le Blé
Café La Crespo
Café Malvón
Café Don
22
618 17
5
25
12
13
11
27
7
10
14
26
8
28
9
Comidas rápidas/Quick Meals
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Despensa/Quick meals
Food by weight (vegetarian)
Food by weight (vegetarian)
Food by weight
El Sol (Food store)
Kiosco/Refreshment stand
Kiosco/Refreshment stand
Morita (Empanadas)
Bares/Pubs
23
24
25
26
27
Otros servicios/Other services
Supermarket
Cabo Polonio
Drugstore / Pharmacy
Cerveceria 11.25
Durand Hospital
878 Bar
Banco/Bank ATM
San Bernardo Bar
Hops Cerveza Artesanal
Subterráneo/Subway
B LINE - Ángel Gallardo
B LINE - Malabia
16
Pop Hotel
28
29
Gelée (Ice cream)
La Flor de Almagro (Ice cream)
MEETING SCHEDULE
Tuesday, 4 October – Afternoon
5:00 – 7:00 PM. REGISTRATION
6:00 – 8:00 PM. ICE BREAKER
DINOSAUR HALL at MACN.
Wednesday, 5 October
8:30 – 9:20 AM. REGISTRATION.
9:20 AM. OPENING AND WELCOME SPEECH.
9:30 – 12:30 PM. SYMPOSIUM: THE ORIGIN AND EARLY DIVERSIFICATION OF THE AMNIOTAN
CLADES.
Coordinators: Diego Pol and Martín Ezcurra.
9:30 AM. Nicolás Mongiardino Koch , William Gearty , Jacques Gauthier.
INCONGRUENCE IN PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG BASAL SQUAMATE CLADES.
10:00 AM. Martín D. Ezcurra.
THE PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF PERMO-TRIASSIC ARCHOSAUROMORPH
(SAUROPSIDA: DIAPSIDA) AND ITS MACROEVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS.
10.30 AM. Sara Bertelli, Ana Luz Porzecanski, Francisca Cunha Almeida, Joel L. Cracraft.
ADVANCES ON TINAMOU PHYLOGENY.
11.00 – 11.30 AM. COFFEE BREAK
11:30 PM. Norberto P. Giannini.
PHYLOGENY OF SYNAPSIDA: FROM THE PERMIAN TO RECENT ACROSS TWO MASS
EXTINCTIONS.
-5-
12:00 PM. PLENARY SPEAKER.
Tyler R. Lyson, G. S. Bever.
PHYLOGENETIC ORIGIN OF TURTLES AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE TURTLE BODY
PLAN.
12:45 – 2:00 PM. LUNCH
2:00 – 3:30 PM. ORAL PRESENTATIONS.
2:00 PM. Juan Marcos Mirande.
A PHYLOGENY OF 8104 ACTINOPTERYGIAN FISH SPECIES OR HOW TO SYNTHESIZE
CENTURIES OF DATA IN A SINGLE ANALYSIS.
2:15 PM. Santiago J. Sánchez-Pacheco, Omar Torres-Carvajal, Vanessa Aguirre-Peñafiel, Pedro M. Sales Nunes,
Laura Verrastro, Gilson A. Rivas, Miguel T. Rodrigues, Taran Grant, Robert W. Murphy.
PHYLOGENY OF THE LIZARD GENUS RIAMA (SQUAMATA: GYMNOPHTHALMIDAE)
BASED ON DIRECT OPTIMIZATION OF MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE:
NEW GENERIC ARRANGEMENT, AND ORIGIN OF THE SIERRA NEVADA DE SANTA
MARTA ENDEMIC FAUNA.
2:30 PM. Julian Faivovich.
TREEFROGS, TREEFROGS, AND MORE TREEFROGS: SOME RECENT ADVANCES IN HYLID
PHYLOGENETICS.
2:45 PM. Daniel A. Janies, Gregorio Linchangco, Robert Reid.
PHYLOGENY OF ECHINODERMS INCLUDING XYLOPLAX.
3:00 PM. Mirna Oviedo.
ANALISIS FILOGENÉTICO PELIMINAR DE NEMATODOS TRICOSTRONGILIDOS
(NEMATODA: STRONGYLIDA), PARÁSITOS DE MURCIÉLAGOS DE ARGENTINA.
3:15 PM. Rodrigo B. Gonçalves.
ADVANCES ON PHYLOGENY OF AUGOCHLORINI (HYMENOPTERA): TOTAL
MORPHOLOGY AT SPECIES LEVEL.
3:30 – 5:00 PM. COFFEE BREAK AND POSTER SESSION I.
1. Ana Laura Almeida, Fernando Portella de Luna Marques, Fernando Carbayo. PROVIDING TAXONOMIC
STABILITY
TO
DARWIN'S
BRAZILIAN
LAND
(PLATYHELMINTHES, TRICLADIDA).
-6-
PLANARIAN
AND
TO
GEOPLANIDAE
2. Maximiliano J. Alvarez, Claudia J. del Río. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF CENOZOIC PITARINAE
(BIVALVIA: VENERIDAE) FROM ARGENTINA.
3. Ana Andruchow Colombo, Ignacio Escapa, Lone Aagesen. PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE CONIFER
FAMILY PODOCARPACEAE BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR EVIDENCE.
4. Mônica Antunes Ulysséa. PRELIMINARY PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THREE HYLOMYRMA
SPECIES (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE: POGONOMYRMECINI): EVIDENCE OF CONNECTION
BETWEEN THE AMAZONIAN AND ATLANTIC FORESTS.
5. Diego N. Barbosa, R. Kawada, M. S. Ramos, C.O. Azevedo. RESCUING EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF
BETHYLIDAE SUBFAMILIES (HYMENOPTERA, CHRYSIDOIDEA) WITH IMPLICATIONS ON HOSTS
OF THE PARASITOID HABIT.
6. F. H. Carnimeo, F. B. Noll. A CLADISTIC ANALYSIS AND DISTRIBUTION OF SCOTAENA KLUG, 1810
SPECIES (HYMENOPTERA, VESPOIDEA, TIPHIIDAE, THYNNINAE).
7. Paola Carrasco, Felipe Grazziotin, Camilo Mattoni. USING INDIVIDUALS AS TERMINAL TAXA IN
MORPHOLOGICAL PHYLOGENIES TO INFER SPECIES BOUNDARIES.
8. M.
Amalia
Chemisquy.
GENETIC
VARIABILITY
AND
PHYLOGEOGRAPHY
OF
DIDELPHIS
ALBIVENTRIS (DIDELPHIDAE) IN ARGENTINA.
9. Carolina M. Correa. DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS: A MICROSCALE ANALYSIS.
10. Paulo Durães Pereira Pinheiro. A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF HYPSIBOAS WAGLER, 1830
(AMPHIBIA, ANURA, HYLIDAE).
11. Alejandro A. Edera, M. Virginia Sanchez-Puerta. REVEALING RNA EDITING SITES BY USING
PROBABILISTIC GRAPHICAL MODELS.
12. Tania Escalante. WORLD AREAS OF ENDEMISM: A STEP TOWARD THE NATURAL BIOGEOGRAPHIC
REGIONALIZATION BASED ON TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS.
13. David Flores, Valentina Segura, Norberto Giannini, Fernando Abdala. EVOLUTION OF THE CRANIAL
ONTOGENY IN MARSUPIALS (MAMMALIA).
14. Eileen E. Ronayne, Martín D. Ezcurra. TESTING THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TERMINAL SAMPLING
STRATEGIES IN PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES USING MORPHOLOGICAL DATA MATRIXES.
5:00 – 6.30 PM. ORAL PRESENTATIONS (cont.)
5:00 PM. Rogério Botion Lopes, Fernando Barbosa Noll.
CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE POTTER WASP GENUS DEUTERODISCOELIUS DALLA
TORRE, 1904 (HYMENOPTERA, VESPIDAE, EUMENINAE).
5:15 PM. Raquel Gandolfo.
ON THE ROAD OF CHRYSOPINI’S PHYLOGENY.
-7-
5.30 PM. Jorge R. Flores, Santiago A. Catalano, Guillermo M. Suárez.
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF MARCHANTIIDAE (MARCHANTIOPHYTA): TOWARDS A
ROBUSTLY DIAGNOSED CLASSIFICATION.
5:45 PM. Jose Martín Ramirez-Ortega, Efrain De Luna, Arturo Estrada-Torres.
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTER VARIATION IN SPECIES
OF THE GENUS CRIBRARIA (MYXOMYCETES: LICELAES: CRIBRARIACEAE).
6:00 PM. Elizabeth J. Hermsen, Maria A. Gandolfo, Peter Wilf, Mónica J. Carvalho.
THE UTILITY OF PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES FOR INTERPRETING FOSSIL FLORAS: A
CASE STUDY FROM EOCENE SOUTH AMERICA.
6:15 PM. Martha S. Calderon; Sung Min Boo.
PHYLOGEOGRAPHY AND GENETIC STRUCTURE OF THE RED ALGA AHNFELTIOPSIS
FLABELLIFORMIS IN KOREA.
6:30 PM. PLENARY SPEAKER.
Paula Mabee.
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BRING COMPUTABLE PHENOTYPES LINKED TO GENES, TO
PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS?
Thursday, 6 October
9:00 – 3:00 PM. SYMPOSIUM: METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS.
Coordinator: Pablo Goloboff.
9:00 AM. Kevin C. Nixon.
SBLA: LBA IN ML AND MP.
9:30 AM. Mark P. Simmons, John Gatesy.
BIASES OF TREE-INDEPENDENT-CHARACTER-SUBSAMPLING METHODS AT THE ROOT
OF THE ANGIOSPERMS.
10:00 AM. Pablo Goloboff, J. Salvador Arias, Ambrosio Torres Galvis.
MODEL-BASED METHODS VS. PARSIMONY UNDER EQUAL AND IMPLIED WEIGHTING:
SIMULATIONS FOR MORPHOLOGISTS.
10.30 – 11.15 AM. COFFEE BREAK
-8-
11:15 AM. Diego Pol, Alfredo Holley
EFFECTS OF RANDOMLY AND NON-RANDOMLY DISTRIBUTED MISSING DATA IN
SUPPORT VALUES OF BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSIS.
11:45 AM. James S. Farris.
STATISTICAL TALES FROM THE OLDER LITERATURE.
12:15 – 2:00 PM. LUNCH
2:00 – 3:00 PM. SYMPOSIUM: METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS (cont.)
2:00 PM. Ward Wheeler.
PHYLOGENETIC FORESTS: OPTIMIZATION, NEIGHBORHOODS, AND SEARCH.
2:30 PM. Santiago Andrés Catalano, Florencia Vera Candioti, Diego Baldo, Valentina Segura.
ANCESTRAL ONTOGENIES IN SHAPE CHARACTERS.
3:00 – 3:30 PM. ORAL PRESENTATIONS.
3:00 PM. Denis Jacob Machado, Santiago Castroviejo-Fisher, Taran Grant.
EVIDENCE OF ABSENCE TREATED AS ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE: THE EFFECTS OF GAPS IN
STANDARD MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ANALYSIS.
3:15 PM. Pablo A. Goloboff, J. Salvador Arias, Claudia Szumik.
COMPARING TREE SHAPES: BEYOND SYMMETRY.
3:30 – 5:00 PM. COFFEE BREAK AND POSTER SESSION II.
15. Yuri C. Grandinete, Fernando B. Noll, James M. Carpenter. TAXONOMIC REVIEW OF EUMENES
LATREILLE, 1802 (HYMENOPTERA, VESPIDAE, EUMENINAE) FROM THE NEW WORLD.
16. Matías A. Izquierdo, Martín J. Ramírez. PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF JUMPING GOBLIN SPIDERS OF
THE GENUS ORCHESTINA SIMON 1882 IN THE AMERICAS (ARANEAE: OONOPIDAE).
17. Élison Fabrício B. Lima, Laurence A. Mound, Roberto A. Zucchi. MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE THRIPIDAE SUBFAMILY SERICOTHRIPINAE (INSECTA:
THYSANOPTERA).
18. Lo Medico Julia M.; Tosto D.; Rua G.H.; Rúgolo de Agrasar, Z.E; Scataglini M.A.; Vega A.S.
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG AUSTRALIAN
DIGITARIA BROWNII AND THE
AMERICAN TRICHACHNE + TRICHOPHORAE CLADE (POACEAE, PANICOIDEAE, PANICEAE).
-9-
19. Fernando Lobo, Diego Barrasso, Marcos Paz, Néstor Basso. NEW MORPHOLOGICAL AND DNA DATA
GIVES BETTER RESOLUTION TO THE PHYLOGENETIC HYPOTHESES OF A PATAGONIAN CLADE
OF REPTILES.
20. Cíntia Eleonora Lopes Justino, Fernando Barbosa Noll, John Wenzel. CLADISTICS ANALYSIS OF
THYNNINAE (HYMENOPTERA, TIPHIIDAE).
21. Ivan L.F. Magalhaes, Martín J. Ramírez. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG PRITHINAE SPIDERS FROM INDOPACIFIC ISLANDS (ARANEAE: FILISTATIDAE).
22. Claudia M. Martín, Lone Aagesen. IDENTITY OF THE MONTANE GRASSLANDS IN THE SOUTHERN
CENTRAL ANDES.
23. Nicolás Mongiardino Koch, Eduardo M. Soto, F. Sara Ceccarelli, Andrés A. Ojanguren-Affilastro, Martín J.
Ramírez. SUPPORT PROVIDED BY DISCRETE, BUT NOT CONTINUOUS MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS,
DEPENDS ON THE ESTIMATED AGE OF DIVERGENCE OF THE CLADE.
24. Gabriela Nadra, N.P. Giannini, J.M. Acosta, L. Aagesen. EVOLUTION OF INFLORESCENCES AND
ORNITHOPHILY IN THE PIMENTA GROUP (MYRTEAE, MYRTACEAE).
25. Elkin A. Noguera-Urbano, Tania Escalante. EVOLUTIONARY BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE NEOTROPICAL
REGION: PHYLOGENETIC AND ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS INTO THE AREAS OF ENDEMISM
OF MAMMALS.
26. Andrés A. Ojanguren-Affilastro, Renzo S. Adilardi, Camilo I. Mattoni, Martín J. Ramírez, Liliana M. Mola, F.
Sara Ceccarelli. DATED PHYLOGENETIC STUDIES ON THE SOUTHERNMOST AMERICAN BUTHIDS
(SCORPIONES; BUTHIDAE).
27. Juan C. Ospina, Susana E. Freire, M. Amalia Scataglini, José L. Panero, Carolina M. Correa, Lone Aagesen.
PHYLOGENETIC AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC APPROACH TO GENUS FLOURENSIA (ASTERACEAE,
HELIANTHEAE).
28. Damián Eduardo Pérez, Claudia Julia del Río. PHYLOGENY OF CARDITIDAE (BIVALVIA:
ARCHIHETERODONTA): REVISITING THE SUBFAMILIAR SYSTEMATIC SCHEME.
29. Andrés O. Porta. A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE MITE FAMILY CAECULIDAE (ACARI:
TROMBIDIFORMES).
5:00 – 6:15 PM. ORAL PRESENTATIONS (cont.).
5:00 PM. Nobuhiro Minaka.
CHAIN, TREE, AND NETWORK: THE HISTORY OF GENEALOGICAL VISUALIZATION IN
PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS.
5:15 PM. Pedro Henrique dos Santos Dias, Taran Grant.
SEMAPHORONT AS A CHARACTER-SPECIFIC CONCEPT.
- 10 -
5:30 PM. Ambrosio Torres, Pablo A. Goloboff , Santiago A. Catalano.
PARSIMONY AND MODEL-BASED PHYLOGENOMIC ANALYSES: A COMPARISON BASED
ON EMPIRICAL DATASETS.
5:45 PM. Denis Jacob Machado, Fernando Portella de Luna Marques, Taran Grant.
DIRECT MEASURES OF SUPPORT FOR MAXIMIMUM LIKELIHOOD.
6:00 PM. Norberto P. Giannini.
PHYLOGENY AS AGREEMENT: PARSIMONY DERIVED FROM DISCRETE DATA THEORY.
6:30 PM. FELLOWS MEETING.
8:30 PM. DINNER.
Friday, 7 October
9:00 – 12:15 PM. SYMPOSIUM: PALEOBOTANY AND THE INCORPORATION OF FOSSILS IN
PLANT SYSTEMATICS.
Coordinators: Alejandra Gandolfo and Dennis Stevenson.
9:00 AM. James A. Doyle, Peter K. Endress.
INTEGRATION OF CRETACEOUS FOSSILS INTO THE PHYLOGENY OF
CHLORANTHACEAE: IMPLICATIONS FOR CHARACTER EVOLUTION AND THE POSITION
OF CERATOPHYLLUM.
9:30 AM. Kevin C. Nixon, William L. Crepet, Maria A. Gandolfo.
PHYLOGENETIC ISSUES (PI) IN A LATE CREATACEOUS FOSSIL FLORA FROM NEW
JERSEY.
10:00 AM. Gar W. Rothwell.
DO FOSSILS HAVE A ROLE IN PHYLOGENETIC RECONSTRUCTION? – IF SO, WHAT?
10.30 – 11.15 AM. COFFEE BREAK
11:15 AM. Selena Y. Smith, William J.D. Iles, John C. Benedict, Chelsea D. Specht.
WHEN DID BANANAS SPLIT? INTEGRATING PALEOBOTANICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL, AND
GENETIC DATA TO INVESTIGATE AN ANCIENT RAPID RADIATION IN ZINGIBERALES.
- 11 -
11:45 AM. Leandro C. A. Martínez, Dennis W. Stevenson.
THE ANATOMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS IN LIVING AND FOSSIL
CYCADS: A CLADISTICS VIEW.
12:15 – 2:00 PM. LUNCH
2:00 – 3:30 PM. ORAL PRESENTATIONS.
2:00 PM. Ricardo Botero-Trujillo, Ricardo Ott, Leonardo S. Carvalho, Andrés A. Ojanguren-Affilastro, Martín J.
Ramírez.
EARLY INSIGHTS INTO THE PHYLOGENY OF THE SUN-SPIDER FAMILY MUMMUCIIDAE
(ARACHNIDA, SOLIFUGAE): THE TAXONOMIC IDENTITY OF GAUCHA CLARIFIED BY THE
USE OF DISCRETE AND LANDMARK DATA.
2:15 PM. Ivan L.F. Magalhaes, Pedro H. Martins, André A. Nogueira, Adalberto J. Santos.
FINDING HOT SINGLES: MATCHING MALES TO FEMALES IN DIMORPHIC SPIDERS
(ARANEIDAE: MICRATHENA) USING PHYLOGENETIC PLACEMENT AND DNA
BARCODING.
2:30 PM.Veronica V. Pereyra, T.A. Catanach, M.P. Valim, K.P. Johnson, J. Weckstein.
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE DEGEERIELLA COMPLEX (INSECTA: PHTHIRAPTERA):
THE PROBLEM OF DEFINING LICE GENERA BASED ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THEIR
HOST.
2:45 PM. Martín J. Ramírez, Charles Griswold, Ward Wheeler.
THE PHYLOGENY OF DIONYCHAN SPIDERS: A COMBINED ANALYSIS OF SEQUENCES
AND MORPHOLOGY.
3:00 PM. Stephania Sandoval Arango, Ranulfo González Obando, Alfonso Neri García Aldrete.
PHYLOGENETIC
ANALYSIS
OF
THE
TRIBE
GRAPHOCAECILIINI
(PSOCODEA:
‘PSOCOPTERA’: LACHESILLIDAE) WITH DESCRIPTION OF NEW GENERA FROM
COLOMBIA.
3:15 PM. Isabel De Conte Carvalho de Alencar, Cecilia Waichert, Celso Azevedo.
THE WASTEBASKET GENUS APENESIA (HYMENOPTERA, BETHYLIDAE, PRISTOCERINAE):
PHYLOGENETICS ASSESSMENT AND TAXONOMIC REVISION.
- 12 -
3:30 – 5:00 PM. COFFEE BREAK AND POSTER SESSION III.
30. Juan C. Ospina, Susana E. Freire, M. Amalia Scataglini, José L. Panero, Carolina M. Correa, Lone Aagesen.
TESTING THE MONOPHYLY AND PLACEMENT OF FLOURENSIA IN THE TRIBE HELIANTHEAE
(ASTERACEAE).
31. Abel Pérez-González, F. Sara Ceccarelli, Bruno G. Oliveira do Monte, Daniel N. Proud, Márcio Bernardino
DaSilva, María E. Bichuette. TROGLOBITE BRAZILIAN HARVESTMEN (ARACHNIDA, OPILIONES,
LANIATORES) EVIDENCE A 40 MY OF AN ANCIENT HISTORY OF WIDER GEOGRAFICAL
DISTRIBUTION OF KIMULIDAE IN SOUTH AMERICA.
32. Tatiana Petersen Ruschel, Luiz Alexandre Campos. ARE CHARACTERS FROM THE TRADITIONAL
TAXONOMY OF CICADAS PHYLOGENETICALLY INFORMATIVE?
33. Andrés O. Porta, Jaime Pizarro Araya, Martín J. Ramírez. PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE MITE
GENUS ANDOCAECULUS (ACARI: CAECULIDAE) USING DISCRETE AND LANDMARK DATA.
34. Laura Rengifo-Correa, Juan J. Morrone, Constantino González-Salazar. EL POTENCIAL BIOGEOGRÁFICO
DE LAS INTERACCIONES BIÓTICAS EN UNA ESCALA GEOGRÁFICA: UN ESTUDIO DE CASO CON
TRIATOMINAE (HEMIPTERA) Y MAMÍFEROS.
35. Duniesky
Ríos-Tamayo,
Pablo
Goloboff.
THE
GENUS
ACTINOPUS
(MYGLOMORPHAE:
ACTINOPODIDAE) IN ARGENTINA: COMBINED PHYLOGENY.
36. Lívia Rodrigues Pinheiro, Marcelo Duarte. DIVING IN TAXONOMIC CHAOS: CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF
HELIURA BUTLER (LEPIDOPTERA, EREBIDAE, ARCTIINAE).
37. Talita Roell, Luiz Alexandre Campos. EVOLUTIONARY RECONSTRUCTION OF SIX CHARACTERS OF
THE METATARSOMERE OF HIND LEGS IN OCHLERINI (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE:
DISCOCEPHALINAE).
38. Luciana Salomón, Silvana M. Sede, Susana E. Freire. A PRELIMINARY PHYLOGENY OF SENECIO SERIES
CULCITIUM (ASTERACEAE).
39. M. Belén Santelli, Claudia J. del Río. FOSSIL AND EXTANT CHLAMYDINI (BIVALVIA: PECTINIDAE) OF
ARGENTINA AND CHILE: A PHYLOGENETIC APPROACH.
40. Diego S. Porto, Eduardo A.B. Almeida. PHYLOGENY AND COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF
INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF CORBICULATE BEES (APIDAE: APINAE: APINI).
41. Araceli
Seiffe, Pablo Goloboff, Norberto Giannini. MODIFICATIONS TO A PHYLOGENETIC
COMPARATIVE METHOD OF CONTINUOUS CHARACTERS.
42. Bárbara Vento, Mercedes Prámparo. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN
FOSSIL SPECIES OF NOTHOFAGUS BL. (NOTHOFAGACEAE).
43. Bárbara
Vera,
Marcelo
Reguero.
PHYLOGENETIC
APPROACH
FOR
THE
EOCENE
ARCHAEOPITHECIDAE AMEGHINO, 1897 (MAMMALIA, NOTOUNGULATA) FROM PATAGONIA.
- 13 -
5:00 – 6:15 PM. ORAL PRESENTATIONS (cont.)
5:00 PM. María Virginia Sanchez-Puerta, L.E. García, J Wohlfeiler, L.F. Ceriotti.
WIDESPREAD HORIZONTAL TRANSFER OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA IN A HOLOPARASITIC
PLANT.
5:15 PM. Sara I. Montemayor, María Celeste Scattolini, M.C. Melo, P. M. Dellapé, M. E. Pocco, G. Dellapé, E.
E. Scheibler, C.G. Cazorla, M. G. del Río, S.A. Roig.
THE FATE OF THE ENDEMIC INSECTS OF THE ANDEAN REGION UNDER THE EFFECT OF
GLOBAL WARMING.
5:30 PM. Claudia Szumik, Verónica V. Pereyra, M. Dolores Casagranda.
AREAS OF ENDEMISM: TO OVERLAP OR NOT TO OVERLAP -- THAT IS THE QUESTION.
5:45 PM. Marjorie da Silva, Fernando Barbosa Noll.
PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS IN POPULATIONS OF PROTONECTARINA SYLVEIRAE
(SAUSSURE, 1854) (HYMENOPTERA, VESPIDAE, POLISTINAE).
6:00 PM. Danilo E. Bustamante, Boo Yeon Won, Tae Oh Cho.
BIOGEOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION OF THE FILAMENTOUS RED ALGAE, NEOSIPHONIA
HARVEYI COMPLEX (CERAMIALES, RHODOPHYTA).
6:15 PM. PLENARY SPEAKER.
Peter Michalik, Christian S. Wirkner.
ADVANCES IN MORPHOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR
PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS.
Saturday, 8 October
9:00 – 12:15 PM. SYMPOSIUM: BIOGEOGRAPHY: MORE THAN PHYLOGENIES.
Coordinators: Claudia Szumik and Lone Aagesen.
9:00 AM. Bruna Klassa, Charles Morphy D. Santos.
GLOBAL PATTERNS OF ENDEMISM BASED ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF
TABANOMORPHA (DIPTERA, INSECTA).
9:30 AM. Ivonne J. Garzón-Orduña, Claudia Szumik, Pablo Goloboff, Andrew V. Z. Brower.
ENDEMICITY ANALYSIS OF THE TROPICAL FOREST OF SOUTH AMERICA BASED ON
BUTTERFLIES.
- 14 -
10:00 AM. Nelson R. Salinas, Ward C. Wheeler.
STATISTICAL MODELING OF AREAS OF ENDEMISM: A MARKOV RANDOM FIELD
APPROACH.
10.30 – 11.15 AM. COFFEE BREAK
11:15 AM. J. Salvador Arias.
PHYLOGENETIC BIOGEOGRAPHY USING EXPLICIT GEOGRAPHIC RANGES, EVENTS, AND
DISTANCES.
11:45 AM. Leandro R. Jones, Julieta M. Manrique.
A SPATIALLY EXPLICIT PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF SAR11 MARINE BACTERIA.
12:15 – 2:00 PM. LUNCH
2:00 PM. PLENARY SPEAKER.
Rosa Fernández.
EXPLORING TERRA INCOGNITA: ARTHROPOD EVOLUTION IN THE ERA OF GENOMICS.
2:30 PM. CLOSING CEREMONY AND ANNOUNCEMENTS.
- 15 -
ABSTRACTS
P ROVIDING TAXONOMIC STABILITY TO DARWIN 'S BRAZILIAN LAND
PLANARIAN AND TO GEOPLANIDAE ( PLATYHELMINTHES , TRICLADIDA )
Ana Laura Almeida* (1,3); Fernando Portella de Luna Marques (2); Fernando Carbayo (2,3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Programa de pós-graduação em Sistemática, Taxonomia Animal e Biodiversidade, Museu de Zoologia,
MZ-USP.
Programa de pós-graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, IB-USP. Email address:
[email protected]
Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, EACH-USP.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Enchanted by the tropical forest in Rio de Janeiro, Charles Darwin's confessed that “nothing has so much
interested me as finding two species of elegantly coloured true Planaria inhabiting the dewy forest!”
(1832, letter to H. S. Henslow). Thereafter, Darwin described a few new species of land planarians from
around the world, including a colorful one from Rio de Janeiro, Geoplana vaginuloides (Darwin, (1844).
Originally, it was described by means of only its external features. Later, additional specimens were
collected, and the internal morphology was also described by different authors. The genus encompasses
three species, G. vaginuloides, with up to seven dorsal color patterns, G. pulchella and G. chita. A recent
molecular phylogeny recovered the polyphyletic status of G. vaginuloides undermining the stability of the
family since it the type-species of the genus. Here we review the taxonomy of the genus. We examined
morphological and molecular data (COI mitochondrial gene, EF-1-α nuclear gene). Our phylogenetic
analysis using parsimony and maximum likelihood as optimality criteria indicated that G. pulchella is a
monophyletic species, G. chita is a complex of two species, and surprisingly, Geoplana vaginuloides
turned out to be a complex of ten species, including two additional species previously assigned to G.
vaginuloides by the late Prof. E. M. Froehlich in her field notes, and four recently sampled ones. Based on
our results, we were able to discriminate all these putative species by sets of morphological characters
congruent with recovered clades.
P HYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF CENOZOIC
PITARINAE ( BIVALVIA: VENERIDAE ) FROM ARGENTINA
Maximiliano J. Alvarez *(1); Claudia J. del Río (1)
(1)
Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales B. Rivadavia (MACN-CONICET), Av. Ángel Gallardo 470,
C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]
The confused systematic information prevailing during almost the last 100 years, has mixed up the history
of the Pitarinae genera of Argentina with those of Amiantis, Macrocallista and Pitar, leading to
misinterpretations about their origin, dispersion and phylogenetic relationships. To test the affinities of
the Pitarinae of Argentina we performed a cladistic analysis based on 72 shell-characters of 28 species.
The Oligocene–Recent genera Austrocallista, Eucallista, and ‘Pitar’ from Chile and southwestern
Atlantic Ocean were considered as ingroup, along with the type species of Pitar (P. tumens [Recent;
- 16 -
Senegal]), Amiantis (A. callosa [Late Miocene–Recent; California]), Lamelliconcha (L. concinna [Recent;
Baja California to Peru]), and Macrocallista (M. nimbosa [Recent; North Carolina to Mexico]) and the
species A. mathewsonii (Oligocene–Late Miocene; California), L. alternata (Recent; Panama to Peru),
and L. circinata (Recent; Caribbean Sea to Brazil). Additionally, we considered 11 species of the
Subfamily Pitarinae and one of the Dosiniinae as outgroup. We obtained a topology where Austrocallista
and Eucallista are sisters groups being clustered with Amiantis through the presence of a sculptured
nymph. Besides, the species of ‘Pitar’ from Argentina constitute a monophyletic clade more related to
Lamelliconcha than with the species of ‘Pitar’ from Brazil, which in turn, are grouped with Pitar tumens.
Our results allowed us to confirm that Austrocallista and Eucallista are valid genera, and lead us to erect
a new genus for those fossil and Recent Argentine species ‘P’. mutabile and ‘P’. patagonica,
respectively, previously included in Pitar s.str.
P HYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE CONIFER FAMILY P ODOCARPACEAE
BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR EVIDENCE
Ana Andruchow Colombo *(1, 2); Ignacio Escapa (1, 2); Lone Aagesen (2, 3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio (MEF), Argentina.
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion (IBODA), Argentina.
Corresponding autor: [email protected]
Family Podocarpaceae, the second largest within conifers (19 genera, 194 species), can be traced back to
the Late Triassic, and is today mainly found in tropical-subtropical mountains of the Southern
Hemisphere. Previous phylogenetic studies of Podocarpaceae are mostly based on molecular data,
although genus level morphological matrices have been published, one including five Mesozoic fossil
taxa. However, the affinities with the family for most pre-Cretaceous fossils are still obscure and
controversial, hence, plesiomorphic configurations of the family and the transformations suffered through
time by the lineages are unclear. We revised and expanded published morphological matrices for
Podocarpaceae, including representatives of all extant genera, together with a comprehensive sample of
fossil taxa with certain and dubious podocarpaceous affinities (e.g. Telemachus elongatus, Rissikia media,
Mataia podocarpoides, Triassic; Cupressinocladus cracoviensis, Nothodacrium warrenii, Jurassic;
Squamostrobus tigrensis, Bellingshausim willeyii, Cretaceous; Dacrycarpus puertae, Eocene; Dacrydium
sp. ‘Blue Lake’, Miocene) and representatives of additional conifer families as outgroups. The ages of
major divergence events for the family are discussed on the basis of direct stratigraphically adjusted
phylogenetic hypotheses, and compared with previous molecular clock estimations. This matrix is a first
step towards a total evidence analysis for the order Araucariales, it provides useful information about the
plesiomorphic configuration of Podocarpaceae, and about the early evolution of the family, particularly
for important seed cone features such as the origin and homology of the epimatium tissues, the number of
seeds per cone, and the early ovule and seed orientations.
- 17 -
P RELIMINARY PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THREE HYLOMYRMA SPECIES
(H YMENOPTERA: F ORMICIDAE : P OGONOMYRMECINI ): EVIDENCE OF CONNECTION BETWEEN
THE AMAZONIAN AND ATLANTIC FORESTS .
Mônica Antunes Ulysséa *(1)
(1)
Programa de Pós-graduação em Sistemática, Taxonomia e Biodiversidade; Museu de Zoologia da
Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Nazaré, 481, Ipiranga, São Paulo/Brazil, CEP 04263000.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
The Neotropical genus Hylomyrma comprises 13 known species widely distributed from Veracruz
(México) to Missiones (Argentina) that dwell in the leaf-litter and all having cryptic habits. The partial
results from taxonomic revision suggest 15 new species. The first preliminary parsimony analysis to
investigate the relationships among Hylomyrma species was inferred from a matrix with 60 characters of
external morphology, using three species of Pogonomyrmex (the genus sister-group) as outgroups and
direct optimization under equal-weighted. The result highlighted a group with three Hylomyrma
undescribed species. These species share unique morphological traits in the genus, as surface coarsely
costate and an elbow-shaped petiole. Two species are from Amazon forest and were collected in the
Guiana’s center of endemism, and one species is registered in the Atlantic forest, Brazil’s northeast, being
sampled in other recognized center of endemism in Bahia State called “central corridor” (from
approximately 13° to 19°S). The distribution pattern observed to this species group, presenting a
disjunction between the Atlantic and Amazonian wet forests, as already reported to groups of plants,
mammals and birds, reinforces the hypothesis that these two forests were probably once continuous in the
past. The connections were possible during the wetter periods due to the expansion of those wet forests
and/or the emergence of ecological corridors. These three species thus have the potential to be a source of
evidence on the biogeographical history of these forests. Future research will include molecular
characters and a total evidence analysis.
P HYLOGENETIC BIOGEOGRAPHY USING EXPLICIT GEOGRAPHIC RANGES , EVENTS, AND
DISTANCES
J. Salvador Arias (1, 2)
(1)
(2)
Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo), Miguel Lillo 251, S.M. de Tucumán (4000),
Tucumán, Argentina Corresponding author: [email protected]
Cátedra de Biogeografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel
Lillo 205, S.M. de Tucumán (4000), Tucumán, Argentina.
Phylogenetic biogeography studies are dominated by methods based on events. A major drawback of
those methods is that they use “predefined areas”. While there is a handful of biogeographic methods that
use explicit geographic ranges in the terminals, they are limited to the inference of a single cladogenetic
event (either sympatry or vicariance). Here I propose an event-based method which uses explicit
geographic ranges and a full set of cladogenetic events (vicariance, full-copy sympatry, punctual
sympatry, and founder event). The cost of a reconstruction is estimated by the range changes on a branch
(dispersal and extinction). The extinction cost is calculated as the area in the ancestor that is absent in the
descendant. The dispersion cost, is calculated as the area present in the descendant that is absent in the
ancestor, weighted by the distance of the added surface relative to the ancestral one. Then, the best
reconstruction will be the assignation of cladogenetic event-ancestral range on internal nodes which
minimize the overall cost.
- 18 -
RESCUING EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF BETHYLIDAE SUBFAMILIES (HYMENOPTERA,
CHRYSIDOIDEA ) WITH IMPLICATIONS ON HOSTS OF THE PARASITOID HABIT
Diego N. Barbosa *(1); R. Kawada (2); M. S. Ramos (1); C.O. Azevedo (1)
(1)
(2)
Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514,
Goiabeiras, 29.075-910, Vitória, ES, Brazil. Corresponding author: [email protected]
Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Rodovia
Dourados, Itahum, Km 12 - Unidade II, 79.804-970, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
The cladistic relationships among the five living subfamilies of Bethylidae, Bethylinae, Epyrinae,
Mesitiinae, Pristocerinae, and Scleroderminae, have not yet been established. We investigated the
cladistic relationships among the subfamilies and the evolution of their characteristics to understand and
discuss subfamily synapomorphies by utilizing 145 morphological characters. After analysis by equal and
implicit weighting, we retrieved two and one most parsimonious trees, respectively. As in previous
publications, we recovered Bethylinae as the sister group to the other subfamilies. We also recovered
Pristocerinae as the sister group to (Epyrinae + (Mesitiinae + Scleroderminae)), a relationship not always
retrieved in previous works. Finally, and as an unprecedented result, we recovered (Mesitiinae+
Scleroderminae) + Epyrinae)). This analysis, which provided a well-supported topology of the
relationships between Bethylidae subfamilies, also provided an opportunity to map the evolution of
parasitoid behavior in Bethylidae. From this study, we concluded that the hypothetical ancestors of
Bethylidae subfamilies co-evolved with their hosts, which led us to better understand the evolution of the
morphological characteristics of the subfamilies, and the genera within them. With this, it became
apparent the presence of large morphological discrepancy between subfamilies as well as the amount of
homoplastic characteristics within the clade (Epyrinae + Mesitiinae + Scleroderminae), given that this has
as its most recent common ancestor species that attack as hosts particularly Coleoptera.
ADVANCES ON TINAMOU PHYLOGENY
Sara Bertelli *(1); Ana Luz Porzecanski (2); Francisca Cunha Almeida (3); and Joel L. Cracraft (4).
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (UEL), FML-CONICET, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán, CP4000,
Tucumán, Argentina.
Center of Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at
79th St., NY 10024, New York, USA.
Departamento de Ecología, Genética, y Evolución, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes y
Costanera Norte, Capital federal, CP1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., NY
10024, New York, USA.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Tinamous (Tinamidae) comprise 47 species of Central and South American birds inhabiting forested as
well as open environments. Although volant, the flight capabilities of these Neotropical birds are limited.
Numerous studies have recognized the monophyly of tinamous and their relationship to the flightless
ratites (ostriches, emus, and their relatives), placing both groups within palaeognaths, a sister clade to all
extant birds (Neoaves). In spite of this body of work, the phylogenetic relationships among the species of
tinamous remained overlooked until recently. Here we discuss previous phylogenetic hypotheses based on
morphological evidence, in particular a recent phylogenetic study of all extinct and living species of
tinamous. Finally, preliminary results combining morphology and DNA sequences are also reported.
- 19 -
Morphological characters performed optimally at different hierarquical levels, also providing resolution
and varying degrees of support at supra- and intrageneric nodes. The mutual interaction of molecular and
morphological data provides a resolved, relatively well-supported phylogeny of tinamous.
BIRD ENDEMISM IN THE ATLANTIC FOREST ECOREGION
Sergio David Bolívar *(1); Luis Fabio Silveira (1).
(1)
Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP), São Paulo, Brazil.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
The Atlantic Forest is one of most important biodiversity hotspots, and one of the most threatened
domains in the planet. This complex ecoregion have an amazing floral and faunal diversity, mainly due to
extensive latitudinal range and the altitudinal gradients. With the aim of identify endemic areas of birds
inhabiting the Atlantic Forest, endemism analyzes were performed using a database with geographical
distributions of Aves (approx. 1000 Avian taxa and 70000 geographical records). In order to identify the
endemism areas we used several approaches such as the Optimality Criterion (NDM/VNDM) and the
Geographical Interpolation of endemism (GIE). Runs with different grid size were performed for NDM
method, and the results were compared with the hypothesis already proposed for the Atlantic Forest. We
found one main endemic region in the Atlantic Forest, on the Serra do Mar region, with the highest
number of endemic taxa (Donacospiza albifrons, Platyrinchus leucoryphus, Mionectes rufiventris, among
others). Analyzes with different grid size have found congruent endemic areas. Others nested areas of
endemism were recovered in the northern region of Atlantic Forest, including the easternmost region of
Cerrado/Caatinga ecoregions. However, the areas showed lower levels of endemicity. Our results agree
partially with previous studies. The implementation of diverse approaches does not affect the delimitation
of areas of endemism. Two main endemic regions are proposed for birds in the Atlantic Forest, one in the
northern portion, related to Caatinga, and a second one in the Serra do Mar region.
EARLY INSIGHTS INTO THE PHYLOGENY OF THE SUN-SPIDER FAMILY M UMMUCIIDAE
(ARACHNIDA , S OLIFUGAE ): THE TAXONOMIC IDENTITY OF GAUCHA CLARIFIED BY THE USE OF
DISCRETE AND LANDMARK DATA
Ricardo Botero-Trujillo *(1); Ricardo Ott (2); Leonardo S. Carvalho (3,4);
Andrés A. Ojanguren-Affilastro (1) & Martín J. Ramírez (1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
División Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” CONICET,
Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470, CP: 1405DJR, C.A.B.A., Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Dr. Salvador França,
1427, 90690-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Amílcar Ferreira Sobral, BR 343, KM 3.5, Bairro Meladão, s/no.
CEP 64800-000, Floriano, PI, Brazil.
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de
Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
With nearly 1200 extant species, Solifugae is one of the least studied Arachnid orders. Only two
phylogenetic analyses, both dealing with Eremobatidae, have thus far been conducted. The taxonomy of
the order is largely unexplored, and entire families remain without a single revisionary work at any level
(e.g., Mummuciidae). After discovering four new species of mummuciids from Brazil, we encountered
- 20 -
the long-lasting difficulty of where to place them (i.e., in which genus). We noticed that these species
were similar to Gaucha, Metacleobis and Gauchella, three genera which could not be recognized. We
carried out a morphological cladistic analysis for 15 species of Mummuciidae, including type species of
seven of the nine genera in the family. The purpose of the analysis was varied, among others: (i) to
facilitate a morphology-based delimitation of Gaucha, and, (ii) to determine whether or not Metacleobis
and Gauchella should be recognized as valid genera. Parsimony analyses with 20 discrete and two
landmark characters (i.e., shape configurations of the male chelicerae) recovered a large monophyletic
clade corresponding to Gaucha. Meanwhile, the results indicated that Metacleobis and Gauchella require
to be synonymized. The four new species were shown to belong into the Gaucha clade, whereas others,
previously described in Mummucia, need to be transferred to Gaucha and Mummucipes. The inclusion of
landmark data had a remarkable effect on the internal resolution of the phylogenetic hypothesis. We
recommend that this type of characters be used for investigating the systematics of solifuges, a group
which generally exhibits much conserved morphologies.
CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE POTTER WASP GENUS DEUTERODISCOELIUS
DALLA TORRE , 1904 (H YMENOPTERA , V ESPIDAE , E UMENINAE )
Rogério Botion Lopes *(1,2); Fernando Barbosa Noll (2)
(1)
(2)
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia,
Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo.
Laboratório de Aculeata, Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e
Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”.
Corresponding author: [email protected].
Deuterodiscoelius Dalla Torre, 1904 is a genus of Zethini potter wasps comprising six extant species, all
exclusive to the Australian region. This group was previously, along with Protodiscoelius Dalla Torre,
1904, lumped in Discoelius Latreille, 1809. Later, the genus Pachycoelius Giordani Soika, 1969 is created
but its own author finds troublesome assigning two species, raising the possibility that they could actually
belong to Deuterodiscoelius. There are clear morphological distinctions to each of the genera, but these
generic divisions were never phylogenetically tested. Thus, the goal of this study was to check if
Deuterodiscoelius is indeed a natural phylogenetic unit and to discover its relation to other genera of
Zethini. The study was carried by executing a cladistic analysis based on morphological characters. These
characters were obtained from five of the six species of Deuterodiscoelius, two Discoelius, two of
Protodiscoelius, two Pachycoelius, 10 other Zethini and one Eumenini. Characters were weighted
differently following an implied weighting scheme. A single tree was retrieved from the search.
Deuterodiscoelius is presented as monophyletic (D. ephippium + (D.pseudospinosus + (D. insignis + (D.
verreauxii + D. confusus)))), supported by two synapomorphies, and it is found to be more closely related
to other genera than to those comprising Discoelius sensu lato. However, Pachycoelius is paraphyletic in
relation to the study group, making it necessary to lump the two genera into one. The new group,
supported by six synapomorphies, shall retain the name of the senior taxon, Deuterodiscoelius, and now
is comprised of ten species.
- 21 -
E NDEMICITY ANALYSIS OF THE TROPICAL FOREST OF
S OUTH AMERICA BASED ON BUTTERFLIES
Ivonne J. Garzón-Orduña (1); Claudia Szumik (2); Pablo Goloboff (2); Andrew V. Z. Brower *(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
California State Collection of Arthropods, California Department of Food & Agriculture, 3294
Meadowview Rd. Sacramento, California, USA.
Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (UEL), FML-CONICET, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán, CP4000,
Tucumán, Argentina.
Evolution and Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University,
Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA;
Corresponding author: [email protected]
In recent years a large dataset containing geographical records for the neotropical butterflies in the tribe
Heliconiini collected by Keith S. Brown has been digitalized and made available, yet the validity and
definition of the centers of endemism he hypothesized have remained untested for 35 years. Here, we add
to this dataset Brown's geographical records for ithomiine butterflies, to conduct an endemicity analysis
using NDM. Our analyses used three grid sizes, from 0.5 to 2 degrees. No single grid size recovered all
the centers of endemism hypothesized by Brown, but many of areas were recovered by at least one of the
three alternatives. These data, together with previously published age estimates for butterfly species
divergences, suggest that the Pleistocene Refugium Hypothesis remains a plausible spatiotemporal
mechanism for the diversification of the Amazonian butterfly fauna.
BIOGEOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION OF THE FILAMENTOUS RED ALGAE ,
NEOSIPHONIA HARVEYI COMPLEX (CERAMIALES , RHODOPHYTA)
Danilo E. Bustamante *(1); Boo Yeon Won (1); Tae Oh Cho (1, 2)
(1)
(2)
Department of Marine Life Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea,
Marine Bio Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Polysiphonia sensu lato is a cosmopolitan taxon composed of heterogeneous genera. Neosiphonia is one
of the genus embedded in Polysiphonia sensu lato. Neosiphonia species have been segregated based on
the three-celled carpogonial branches. In Neosiphonia, N. harveyi complex was composed of six species.
The phylogeny, species status, biogeography, and evolution of this complex were examined from
worldwide based on genes from plastid (rbcL) and mitochondrial (cox1) genomes. Our data strongly
support that N. harveyi complex is composed of seven genetic taxa and reduced here as subspecies on the
basis of morphological and phylogenetic analyses and DNA-based delimitation models. We also
estimated the divergence times of the genus and this species complex using substitution rates of combined
rbcL and cox1 data sets. We confirm that the northeastern Asia (Korea and Japan) is the center of
diversity and origin of the N. harveyi complex because of the highest haplotype diversity. The worldwide
distribution of N. harveyi complex may have been due to transoceanic dispersal after the opening of the
Bering bridge (ending the Pleistocene glaciations) and also the genetic differentiation may have been due
to subsequent initial stage of allopatric (N. harveyi) and sympatric isolation (N. decumbens, N.
flavimarina, N. harlandii, N. japonica, P. akkeshiensis, P. nipponica).
- 22 -
P HYLOGEOGRAPHY AND GENETIC STRUCTURE OF THE RED ALGA A HNFELTIOPSIS
FLABELLIFORMIS IN K OREA
Martha S. Calderon *(1); Sung Min Boo (1)
(1)
Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Phylogeography attempts to infer the historical processes that led to the extant distribution patterns of
biota. Macroalgae distributions provide insights in the study of the evolutionary effects of sea-level
oscillations and physical barriers in coastal environments. Using the mitochondrial marker cox1, the
genetic population and distribution of the common intertidal species Ahnfeltiopsis flabelliformis was
assessed to analyze the existence of lineage diversification and population differentiation derived from
sea level fluctuations occurred during the Last Glacial Maxima (LGM), when the average lowest sea level
was 121±5 m below present level. Sampling localities were combined into geographic groups: East, Jeju
Island, South, and West. In the 1301 bp of cox1 from 173 individuals, 53 polymorphic sites were
identified defining 21 haplotypes. Southern coast was identified as a potential glacial refugia which also
served as a main donor to recolonize Jeju and west coast. Analysis of FST, AMOVA, neutrality test, and
gene flow showed significant genetic and geographic differentiation and the existence of a
“phylogeographic break” between eastern coast and other coastal areas. This phylogeographic break, the
low nucleotide diversity and the presence of only private haplotype suggest that the eastern coast has
served as a small (or part of a) periglacial marine refugium. Bayesian skyline plot showed equilibrium in
populations of A. flabelliformis over long evolutionary time until ~90 ka and the lowest effective
population size at ~27 ka ago in the onset of the LGM.
A CLADISTIC ANALYSIS AND DISTRIBUTION OF SCOTAENA KLUG, 1810
SPECIES
(H YMENOPTERA , VESPOIDEA, TIPHIIDAE , THYNNINAE)
Fernando H. Carnimeo *(1)*; F. B. Noll(1)
(1)
Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Instituto
de Biociência, Letras e Ciências Exatas,15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil.
Corresponding author: [email protected].
Scotaena is a poorly known genus of Neotropical tiphiid wasps that comprises 15 species. Besides the
absence of an identification key and the scarcity of distributional data for the species, several taxonomic
changes has occurred in the genus, without any cladistic analysis to support it. So, in order to increase the
knowledge about the group, the main goals of this work are: a cladistic analysis of the genus and the
elaboration of a distribution map for the species. Geographical records were obtained from species
descriptions and individuals deposited in international collections of reference. This data, plotted in a
map, showed that the genus Scotaena occur in seven South-American countries, with a wide distribution.
For the cladistic analysis, the morphology of dry fixed male individuals was observed in order to describe
phylogenetic characters. Of the 27 terminal taxa utilized, 17 species of nine genera compound the
outgroup and eight species the ingroup. A 46 characters’ matrix was produced and analyzed under the
software TNT version 1.5-beta. Cladogram’s edition, and retention index (RI=60) and consistency index
(CI=35) were provided by the software WinClada version 1.00.08. The analysis was made under equal
weighing of characters, with Traditional Search and New Technology Search. Both searches resulted in
one retained tree, in which the monophyly of Scotaena was not recovered. The cladistic analysis and the
distribution map, as the first work ever conducted for Scotaena, shown that the genus was probably a
- 23 -
dumping ground for South-American Thynninae species and yet need to be accurately revised. Funding:
FAPESP process nº 2015/06280-0.
USING INDIVIDUALS AS TERMINAL TAXA IN MORPHOLOGICAL P HYLOGENIES TO INFER SPECIES
BOUNDARIES
Paola Carrasco *(1); Felipe Grazziotin (2); Camilo Mattoni (1)
(1)
(2)
Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba,
Rondeau 798, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP), P.B. 42494, 04218–970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Integrative taxonomy, a conceptual framework that considers species as hypotheses, seeks to support or
reject these hypotheses through different lines of evidence. In this study we performed morphological
phylogenetic analyses using individuals as terminal taxa to evaluate the specific status of an endemic and
threatened population of pitvipers of the Pacific versant of the Andes of Peru. This population has been
historically assigned to Bothrops pictus Tschudi, 1845 and B. roedingeri Mertens, 1942; but
morphological differences among both species and their distribution were not clear, and some has
suggested the synonymization of B. roedingeri with B. pictus. We used continuous and discrete characters
of specimens representative of the entire range of the population, and performed parsimony analyses
under equal and implied weighting. The results showed a monophyletic group of individuals from Ica,
Arequipa and Ayacucho, in southwestern Peru, area that includes the type locality of B. roedingeri. The
results were confronted with those of phylogenetic analyses of molecular data and statistical analyses of
morphometric data. All recovered the same group, thus indicating that B. roedingeri might be a valid
species to be assigned to the southern population, instead of the coastal population as formerly thought.
This study demonstrates that using individuals as terminal taxa in phylogenetic analyses of morphological
data can be a useful tool for assessing species boundaries in an integrative approach.
ANCESTRAL ONTOGENIES IN SHAPE CHARACTERS
Santiago Andrés Catalano *(1,2); Florencia Vera Candioti (1); Diego Baldo (3); Valentina Segura (1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (UEL), FML-CONICET, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán, CP4000,
Tucumán, Argentina.
Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML. UNT. S.M. de Tucumán – Tucumán- Argentina
Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (CONICET-UNaM), Facultad de
Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales (UNaM), Posadas, N3300LQF, Argentina
Corresponding author: [email protected]
We present a novel phylogenetic approach to infer ancestral ontogenies of shape characters
described as landmark configurations. The method is rooted in the theoretical developments previously
published to analyze landmark data in phylogenetics (Catalano et al. 2010), using the sum of landmarks
displacements not only to define ancestral shapes but also to define the optimal interspecific alignments
among ontogenetic trajectories. Evolutionary changes along the tree represent modification of pairings
between ontogenetic trajectories and changes in landmark positions within stages. The method is
implemented in a C language program. Data is read from a tps format file and produces a TNT format file
as output that includes the optimal alignment for each stage –as a different character block- and a labeled
tree showing the inferred heterochronic changes. The approach is illustrated with two empirical examples
in anurans and felids.
- 24 -
GENETIC VARIABILITY AND PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF
D IDELPHIS ALBIVENTRIS ( DIDELPHIDAE ) IN ARGENTINA
M. Amelia Chemisquy *(1)
(1)
Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja (CRILAR Provincia de La Rioja, UNLaR, UNCa, SEGEMAR, CONICET), Entre Ríos y Mendoza s.n., CP 5301,
Anillaco, La Rioja, Argentina.
Correspondig author: [email protected]
The white eared opossum, Didelphis albiventris, is widely distributed in South America, being a common
species in Argentina. It tolerates disturbed and fragmented habitats, including cultivated lands and large
cities, exploiting human habitation for food resources. My goal is to analyze the genetic variability of D.
albiventris and the phylogeographic patterns of populations from Argentina and neighboring countries. I
analyzed sequences from three mitochondrial markers, COI, cytB and D-loop, using sequences from
Argentina and other countries. Sequences from other species of Didelphis were used to compare intraand interspecific genetic distances. Haplotype networks and other population parameters were obtained.
The three markers showed little genetic variability for the Argentinean populations, ranging from 0.002 to
0.006. When analyzed separately, D-loop is the marker that shows most structure, but samples from
distant and phytogeographically different populations, such as Chacomús (Buenos Aires) and Anillaco
(La Rioja) share the same haplotype. The same pattern is observed with the other markers. Tajima’s D
the geographic sampling should be expanded, preliminary results show little population structure, where
samples from localities separated by over a thousand kilometers are placed together or separated by very
few mutational steps. This would reflect a rapid geographic expansion, probably due to the colonization
of new environments after the last glacial maximum.
D ISTRIBUTION PATTERNS : A MICROSCALE ANALYSIS
Carolina M. Correa *(1)
(1)
Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (UEL), FML-CONICET, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán, CP4000,
Tucumán, Argentina.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
The program VNDM is a grid based method that identifies areas of endemism as the congruent
distributions of diverse taxa.The main interest of this study is to evaluate the performance of the criteria
applied by VNDM to analyzed records in a more local scale considering that this methodology has been
thought to treat historical problems or more general distributions. The study region is a province in NW
Argentina, Tucumán, characterized by its small surface (22,524 km2) and high biodiversity with a variety
of biogeographic divisions and microenvironments. The dataset includes around 500 species of vascular
plants, amphibians, reptiles and insects ributed in the study region but also present outside of the study
region. For a better understanding of the patterns obtained, the higher taxonomic groups are analyzed both
together and separately. Additionally, some parameters of VNDM are modified to explore its influence in
these micro scale analyses. One of these parameters is the fill option; records are analyzed using gradually
larger values of fill (e.g. 40%, 80%) and finally analyzed using a maximum polygon. Regarding grid size,
the dataset is analyzed using grids that range from 50 km2 to extremely small cells of 1.5 km2. Lastly,
patterns of congruent restricted distributions reflecting previous proposals of phytogeographic regions,
are expected to be found here, reflecting strata with variable height and physicial conditions well known
in the study area.
- 25 -
PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS IN POPULATIONS OF PROTONECTARINA SYLVEIRAE (SAUSSURE, 1854)
(HYMENOPTERA, VESPIDAE, POLISTINAE).
Marjorie da Silva *(1); Fernando Barbosa Noll (1)
(1)
Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brasil;
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Ecological and historical processes of fauna diversification have been widely studied under the light of
phylogeography, a discipline that deals with the spatial arrangements of genetic lineages. Swarmfounding wasps (Epiponini) as Protonectarina sylveirae (Saussure), widespread in Atlantic forest, are
common representatives of Neotropical fauna. Many studies point out to the existence of recurrent
phylogeographical discontinuities in Atlantic forest, but the explanations about events causing these
patterns remain inconclusive. This work aimed to investigate the phylogeographic pattern of P. sylveirae,
specifically: presence of genetic structure and its relation with the geography, the evolution of distinct
morphologic lineages and the possible historical event(s) in Neotropical region, which could explain the
observed phylogeographic pattern. Populations of P. sylveirae were actively collected in 13 areas
throughout its distribution for DNA extraction and amplification of mitochondrial genes 12S, 16S and
COI. Analysis of genetic diversity, construction of haplotype net, analysis of population structure and
dating analysiss of divergence time were performed. A morphometric analysis was also performed using
8 measures of the body of the adult (workers) to test if there are morphological distinction among
populations. Twenty-two haplotypes were identified, most of them exclusively of a group and a high
population structure was found, supported by the value of FST (0.96). Differences were also find for
morphology by the multivariate discriminant analysis. Divergence time analysis showed a Middle
Miocene origin, pointing to orogenic events occurred during the Tertiary and the aridization of forested
areas as the main causes driven diversification of populations of Protonectarina sylveirae.
THE WASTEBASKET GENUS APENESIA ( HYMENOPTERA , BETHYLIDAE , PRISTOCERINAE ):
PHYLOGENETICS ASSESSMENT AND TAXONOMIC REVISION .
Isabel De Conte Carvalho de Alencar* (1,2); Cecilia Waichert (1); Celso Azevedo (1)
(1)
(2)
Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brazil
Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, Campus Santa Teresa, Brazil
Corresponding author: [email protected]
The flat wasp Apenesia is a worldwide genus with high sexual dimorphism. There are about 200
described species, which are mostly known only by males. Besides sexual dimorphism and females’
underrepresentation, the characters delimiting Apenesia are shared by several Pristocerinae genera,
making classification uncertain, which hampers understanding of character evolution and variation
between taxa. Here we aimed to 1) test if Apenesia is monophyletic; 2) delimit the genus cladistically
based on morphological and molecular data (COI and 28S genes); and 3) associate males and females
based on DNA. We analyzed 180 morphological characters and 1,553 nucleotide base pairs on TNT and
MRBAYES. Apenesia was recovery as polyphyletic in all analyses. We observed 10 different clades with
species of Apenesia spread throughout the tree. We mapped structural morphological characters from
females onto the molecular and morphological trees and conclude that females add a set of features that
can help genera delimitation and female identification. Based on our results, nomenclatural acts will be
proposed: 1) two Pristocerinae genera will be synonymized with Apenesia; 2) two genera will have their
- 26 -
generic status revalidated; 3) eight new combinations; and 4) at least five new genera will be nominated.
Apenesia is now defined as flat wasps having males with mesoscutum gibbous and genitalia with
paramere narrow and densely pilose. Females have the head wider than mesosoma, the antennae is short
and the clypeus surpasses the toruli in the frons.
SEMAPHORONT AS A CHARACTER-SPECIFIC CONCEPT
Pedro Henrique dos Santos Dias *(1); Taran Grant (1)
(1)
Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Rua do Matão n° 101,
CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
The concept of semaphoront was central to Hennig theory because they are the individuals in which
character states are expressed and comparison of semaphoronts that are not equivalent can result in
differences due to ontogeny being mistaken for character-state differences due to phylogeny. Previous
efforts have identified equivalent semaphoronts by elaborating standardized tables for staging based on
absolute developmental time or a simplified set of key phenotypic landmarks and treating each stage as an
individual semaphoront applied to all characters. Staging tables have many uses; however, they fall short
as a means of individuating semaphoronts because ontogenetic transformations in specific characters do
not necessarily coincide with shifts between generalized stages. Although sets of characters can undergo
transformations simultaneously, as when organisms shift from one discrete life-stage to another, this is
not always the case and never involves all characters. Characters are often constant across multiple stages
and their ontogenetic transformations do not necessarily coincide, meaning that the equivalent
semaphoronts for one character are not necessarily the same for another. These problems are avoided
entirely if semaphoronts are conceptualized as character-specific, whereby semaphoront is defined as the
span of an organism’s life over which a given character is constant. Accordingly, a given semaphoront is
delimited in relation to the ontogeny of a particular character and can span the entire life of an organism,
long periods, or short periods and the semaphoronts of different characters are not necessarily
coextensive. We demonstrate the relevance of conceptualizing semaphoronts as character-specific using
examples from frogs.
INTEGRATION OF CRETACEOUS FOSSILS INTO THE PHYLOGENY OF CHLORANTHACEAE:
IMPLICATIONS FOR CHARACTER EVOLUTION AND THE POSITION OF CERATOPHYLLUM
James A. Doyle *(1); Peter K. Endress (2)
(1)
(2)
Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA,
Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
Corresponding author: [email protected];
A remarkable number of mid-Cretaceous angiosperms appear to be related to Chloranthaceae, now a
relict group of four genera with extremely simple flowers. Morphological and molecular analyses infer
the same relationships within the family, but they vary on its relations with other angiosperm clades; the
main alternatives are sister to the magnoliid clade or sister to the reduced aquatic genus Ceratophyllum.
Integration of fossils into backbone trees corresponding to these hypotheses clarifies character evolution
in the family. Canrightia, with bisexual flowers and a reduced perianth, is a stem relative of
Chloranthaceae or Chloranthaceae plus Ceratophyllum. The plant that produced Asteropollis pollen, with
female flowers with one carpel and a reduced perianth, is sister to Hedyosmum, while Canrightiopsis,
with three stamens adnate to the carpel but no perianth, is sister to the bisexual genera Sarcandra and
Chloranthus. With the backbone tree in which Chloranthaceae and Ceratophyllum form a clade,
- 27 -
Pseudoasterophyllites, a halophyte with reduced opposite leaves, is linked with Ceratophyllum, implying
that Ceratophyllum was derived from a terrestrial ancestor with flowers that were already highly reduced.
Inclusion of Pseudoasterophyllites increases the relative parsimony of the hypothesis that Ceratophyllum
and Chloranthaceae are related. Appomattoxia and the plant that produced Pennipollis pollen may be
additional Ceratophyllum relatives, depending on sampling of other fossils. Analyses including several
fossils support a scenario in which flowers first became unisexual and unicarpellate but retained a
perianth in the female flower, then lost the perianth, and finally became secondarily bisexual in the
Sarcandra-Chloranthus clade.
A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF HYPSIBOAS WAGLER, 1830 (AMPHIBIA, ANURA, HYLIDAE)
Paulo Durães Pereira Pinheiro*(1, 2, 3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual
Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brasil.
Ph.D. candidate, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia)
Fellowship: CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
The treefrog genus Hypsiboas was resurrected from the synonym of Hyla based on molecular
data in 2005. Since then, some more studies involving molecular data of the genus have been published.
The genus has been arranged in seven species groups: the groups of Hypsiboas albopunctatus, H.
benitezi, H. faber, H. pellucens, H. pulchellus, H. punctatus, and H. semilineatus. However, less than half
of the known diversity of Hypsiboas has been included in analyses. These species were assigned to the
different groups based on different sources of evidence. The different studies reveal some disagreements
regarding the monophyly of some groups. The inclusion of a good representation of the known diversity
of Hypsiboas, is important to understand and better define its phylogenetic relationships. So, the objective
of the project that is currently being developed is to increase taxon and character sampling of Hypsiboas.
In this presentation I will show results of a recent analysis including four mitochondrial fragments and
five nuclear ones, and an important increase in the taxon sampling of Hypsiboas. While my results
corroborate the monophyly of several species groups, they suggest the need to rearrange a few other
groups to remediate paraphyly.
REVEALING RNA EDITING SITES BY USING PROBABILISTIC GRAPHICAL MODELS
Alejandro A. Edera *(2); M. Virginia Sanchez-Puerta (1,2)
(1)
(2)
IBAM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Almirante Brown 500,
M5528AHB, Chacras de Coria, Argentina.
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Post-transcriptional events explain the large and complex phenotypic diversity arisen from a limited
number of genes. RNA editing is a post-transcriptional process by which transcripts are modified respect
to the information encoded in the DNA. In flowering plants, RNA editing involves the substitution of
cytidines to uridines at very specific positions of mitochondrial and plastid transcripts. RNA editing tends
to increase amino acid conservation across species. Comparisons among different plant lineages reveal
that the pattern of RNA editing is variable (sometimes highly homoplasious) and may lead to unexpected
relationships when editing sites are included in phylogenetic analyses. Computational methods can be
used to predict editing sites, but, because amino acid conservation is used as a prior knowledge, they are
- 28 -
strongly biased to predict exclusively nonsynonymous editing sites in protein-coding genes. Previous
studies have shown that synonymous editing sites are frequent and that editing also occurs in non-coding
regions. We have developed a method for predicting all type of editing sites based on probabilistic
graphical models. From a dataset exclusively composed of windows of nucleotides surrounding edited
and non-edited cytosines from several species, statistical interactions between the target site and the other
positions are exploited to automatically learn a graphical model. This model is then used to predict both
synonymous and nonsynonymous editing sites at any region in a genome. Based on the predicted RNA
editing sites in plant sequences, the evolution of editing sites can be inferred by standard techniques of
ancestral character reconstruction to analyze editing tendencies over time.
WORLD AREAS OF ENDEMISM: A STEP TOWARD THE NATURAL
BIOGEOGRAPHIC REGIONALIZATION BASED ON TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS
Tania Escalante *(1)
(1)
Grupo de Biogeografía de la Conservación, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias,
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán,
04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Primary biogeographic homology implies that different taxa are spatiotemporally integrated in a biota
with a common biogeographic history, namely naturalness. Primary spatial homology includes the
identification of areas of endemism. Therefore, the first step to approach a natural regionalization is to
identify the patterns of endemism. In order to achieve this, I obtained the areas of endemism of terrestrial
mammals of the world using two different scales of analysis using a Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity
(PAE): 8° latitude-longitude (families and genera) and 4° latitude-longitude (species). Fourteen general
patterns, summarized from 54 areas of endemism were recovered for the 8° scale, whereas 44 general
patterns from 176 areas of endemism were recovered for the 4° scale. At both scales, some areas
contained patterns of successively nested endemism. In general, I found evidence for maintaining the
regionalization proposed by Wallace in 1876 (Australian, Ethiopian, Neotropical and Oriental regions),
and I also found evidence supporting the addition of new regions, such as the Andean region. Other
Wallace’s regions were not recovered completely, such as the Nearctic and Palearctic regions, probably
due to several biotic interchanges between them. Some transition zones were recovered (South American
Transition Zone, Mediterranean). I also identified endemic species for small areas of endemism that may
represent provinces. The results of this work can be used to propose hypotheses of secondary spatial
homology and for making better inferences about the history of the biotas.
THE PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF PERMO-TRIASSIC ARCHOSAUROMORPHS (SAUROPSIDA:
DIAPSIDA) AND ITS MACROEVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS
Martín D. Ezcurra *(1,2)
(1)
(2)
Sección Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”,
Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires C1405DJR, Argentina;
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston,
Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
The early evolution of archosauromorphs during the Permo-Triassic (~270−200 Ma) constitutes an
excellent case study of evolutionary radiations in deep time and the timing and processes of biotic
- 29 -
recovery after a mass extinction. However, macroevolutionary studies of early archosauromorphs are
currently limited by poor knowledge of their phylogenetic relationships. A new data matrix composed of
96 terminals and 600 osteological characters was assembled and analysed to reconstruct the higher-level
relationships of basal archosauromorphs. The results of the cladistic analysis include a polyphyletic
“Prolacertiformes”, “Protorosauria”, and “Proterosuchia”. Prolacertids, rhynchosaurs, allokotosaurians,
and tanystropheids are the major successive sister clades, respectively, of Archosauriformes.
Proterosuchidae is unambiguously restricted to five species that occur immediately after and before the
Permo-Triassic boundary and represent a short-lived “disaster-clade”. Erythrosuchidae is composed of
eight Early and Middle Triassic species. The probable semi-aquatic doswelliids and proterochampsids are
more closely related to each other than to other archosauromorphs. This phylogenetic data matrix was
used to explore quantitatively morphological disparity and evolutionary rates through time. The results
indicate that archosauromorphs underwent a major phylogenetic diversification in the Olenekian
(~251−247 Ma), characterised by significantly elevated evolutionary rates. The Anisian (~247−242 Ma)
is characterised by marked increases in observed species richness, abundance, and disparity. This
coincides with the end of the interval of intense carbon perturbations and an increase of plant diversity,
suggesting the recovery and stabilization of global ecosystems. This multiphase early evolutionary
radiation of archosauromorphs marked the beginning of their dominance in terrestrial ecosystems through
the remainder of the Mesozoic.
TREEFROGS, TREEFROGS, AND MORE TREEFROGS:
SOME RECENT ADVANCES IN HYLID PHYLOGENETICS
Julian Faivovich *(1)
(1)
Division Herpetologia, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”—CONICET
Corresponding author: [email protected]
In this talk I will present some new results involving a species rich clade of mostly neotropical hylid
frogs. These results, based on a densely sampled dataset, support some earlier results, and challenge some
recent suggestions.
STATISTICAL TALES FROM THE OLDER LITERATURE
James S. Farris *(1)
(1)
Göteborgs Botaniska Trädgård, Karl Skottsbergs Gata 2A, SE 413-19 Göteborg, Sweden.
In the previous century, Felsenstein criticized parsimony for assuming rarity of homoplasy, for inferring
states of hypothetical ancestors, and for being – unlike likelihood – inconsistent. All those charges and
more were presented as following from statistical theory, and none of them actually did. The reasons are
still of interest today.
- 30 -
EXPLORING TERRA INCOGNITA: ARTHROPOD EVOLUTION IN THE ERA OF GENOMICS
Rosa Fernández *(1)
(1)
Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, 26 Oxford
Street.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
By many metrics, arthropods (including myriapods, chelicerates and pancrustaceans - crustaceans and
hexapods) constitute the most successful animal phyla on our planet, manifest in extreme species
richness, enormous diversity in morphologies and developmental modes, and successful radiation into
nearly every inhabitable ecological niche. In other words, we inhabit a planet dominated by arthropods.
Arthropods colonized the land multiple times independently and at different times in Earth history. This
begs the questions how, when, why and how often did arthropods become successful in the terrestrial
environment, constituting ideal model systems to study terrestrial adaptations at the genomic,
physiological and morphological levels. Comparative genomics must be anchored in a phylogenetic tree.
Unluckily, many key aspects in the evolutionary relationships within and between arthropod groups
remain elusive, hindering our understanding on the ‘how’ and ‘when’ of terrestrialization. For decades,
scientific endeavors aiming to resolve the internal phylogeny of arthropods have resulted in discrepant
hypotheses, with different authors proposing discordant topologies based both on molecules and
morphology. Major open questions in arthropod evolution are the interrelationships of arachnid orders,
the branching order of the four myriapod classes, the precise sequence of crustacean sister groups to
Hexapoda, and the fossil stem lineages of the great terrestrial radiations, notably hexapods and
myriapods. In this talk, I will cover some of the most recent advances in resolving the interrelationships
of the different arthropod groups in the era of genomics, and will give an overview of the genetic basis of
terrestrialization based on a comparative genomics framework, with emphasis on the pitfalls and promises
of NGS data analyses.
EVOLUTION OF THE CRANIAL ONTOGENY IN MARSUPIALS (MAMMALIA)
David Flores *(1,4); Valentina Segura (1); Norberto Giannini (1,2); Fernando Abdala (3)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (CONICET – Fundación Miguel Lillo), Miguel Lillo 251, (4000) San Miguel de
Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
Cátedra de Biogeografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel
Lillo 205, S.M. de Tucumán (4000), Tucumán, Argentina.
University of Witzwatrsrand (Johannesburgo, Sudáfrica)
Instituto de Vertebrados (Fundación Miguel Lillo).
Corresponding author: [email protected]
The quantification of the cranial ontogeny in mammals is a topic studied in several works and lineages. In
this report, we integrate the information of the allometric growth of 15 skull variables. We got the
confidence intervals of the multivariate allometric coefficients of those 15 variables for 28 species, of
which 4 are placentals outgroups (Carnivora and Primates). The 24 remaining species conforms the
marsupial ingroup including 10 living Families. The confidence intervals were optimized in a well
resolved phylogeny of the ingroup, and we detected the phylogenetic signal in the growth of each
variable. The optimizations show changes in most internal nodes, although we did not detect
synapomorphies in Marsupials and Placentals basal nodes. Ameridelphia is defined by an increase of the
growth rate of the orbits and height of the muzzle, and decrease of the confidence interval of length of the
coronoid process. On the other hand, Australidelphia is defined only by a decrease of the confidence
- 31 -
interval of the height of the coronoid process. We detected synapomorphies in almost all internal nodes in
both clades, except the nodes that define Dasyoromorpha and Phalangeridae. The variables with
phylogenetic signals were those related with the mandible growth, and marginally the breadth of the
braincase, and the length of the upper toothrow. These dates show important fit of the cranial ontogeny in
the marsupial evolution.
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF MARCHANTIIDAE (MARCHANTIOPHYTA): TOWARDS A ROBUSTLY
DIAGNOSED CLASSIFICATION
Jorge R. Flores*(1,2); Santiago A. Catalano (1,2); Guillermo M. Suárez (1,2)
(1)
(2)
Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (CONICET – Fundación Miguel Lillo), Miguel Lillo 251, (4000) San Miguel de
Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo (UNT), Miguel Lillo 205, (4000) San Miguel de
Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
During the last decade, phylogenetic analyses of molecular data have deeply impacted over the
classification schemes of bryophytes. The increasingly use of molecular data also implied a seldom use of
morphological data. As a consequence, many of the proposed classifications are based on unreliable
morphological diagnosis. In this contribution, a phylogenetic analysis of Marchantiidae (complex thalloid
liverworts) is carried out by including both morphological and molecular datasets. Taxonomic sampling
involved 41 ingroup species. This is, all the genera, families and orders of Marchantiidae. Outgroup
sampling included 27 species and 10 orders of leafy and simple thalloid liverworts altogether.
Morphological dataset comprised 118 discrete and 5 continuous characters. Molecular data consisted of
11 molecular markers (3 mitochondrial regions, 7 plastid regions and 26S nuclear gene). Phylogenetic
analyses were conducted under parsimony as optimality criterion. Performance of different implied
weighting settings (standard implied weighting, differential character weighting, differential block
weighting) was tested on the ground of trees’ stability. In addition, former hypotheses about the
relationship between molecular evolution rate and node support/stability are evaluated on the base of
randomization tests. Final results are in agreement with most molecular phylogenies. Several new
synapomorphies are found in many groups. Previous diagnosing traits are discarded as such or are
modified.
ON THE ROAD OF CHRYSOPINI’S PHYLOGENY
Raquel Gandolfo *(1)
(1)
Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina;
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Chrysopini is the largest of the four tribes within Chrysopinae (Chrysopidae). At present Chrysopini
comprise 36 genera worldwide distributed. Commonly known as green lacewings, they have an important
role in biological pest control because of their predator generalist habits. Last studies on the group have
been focused mainly in green lacewing’s pest management and α-taxonomy. Few research have inquired
in Chrysopidae‘s evolutionary relationships. Nowadays Chrysopini’s monophyly is controversial. Brooks
and Barnard (1990) published the first and unique phylogenetic analysis for the family based on adult
morphology. In this study Chrysopidae was represented by 79 terminals considered only as genera
without specify which species were used. In particular Chrysopini was represented by 33 genera and its
monophyly was not recovered. Later, two Chrysopidae‘s molecular phylogenies were published showing
- 32 -
contradictory results for Chrysopini: one recover its monophyly (Winterton and De Freitas, 2006) while
the other don’t (Haruyama et al. 2008). In this contribution a phylogenetic analysis for Chrysopini is
performed. In the first place Brooks and Barnard‘s matrix is reanalyzed. Then 20 Chrysopini’s species are
added to the 33 genera of Brooks and Barnard assuming they were represented by type species.
Additionally 30 new adult morphological discrete characters are coded. Finally a block of larval
characters plus a block of molecular data are incorporated. The results obtained are compared with
previous phylogenetic hypothesis.
PHYLOGENY AS AGREEMENT: PARSIMONY DERIVED FROM DISCRETE DATA THEORY
Norberto P. Giannini *(1, 2)
(1)
(2)
Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, Tucumán, Argentina
Cátedra de Biogeografía y Evolución Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo,
Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, Tucumán, Argentina
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Discrete-data theory is an area of statistics that covers the treatment of categorical data. A basic measure
of association between categorical variables is the Chi-square statistic. "Agreement" is a particular case of
association; e.g., measuring the degree to which two observers concur in classifying items into the same
pre-established categories. Here I show that parsimony can be derived from agreement for the simplest
case, binary data with no missing entries ("binary conditions"), for both maximization of homology and
minimization of homoplasy. This is achieved by setting a 2 × 2 agreement table in which the data matrix
(or any of its component characters) is the row variable ("observer 1") and a parsimoniously optimized
tree is designed as the column variable ("observer 2"). In this agreement between data and tree, diagonal
(D) cells contain the frequency of individual 0 and 1 state assignments that remain homologous as
optimized in the tree, and the off-D cells contain 0- and 1-state cases not homologous across the tree.
Optimal trees are those with minimum off-D-cells count, which is the number of extra steps, and so the
empirical quantity for applying character weighting based on implied homoplasy. Provided character
independence, the retention index is shown to exactly equate the explained variance of the agreement
table. Additional analyses under "binary conditions" suggest that parsimony nodal assignment, character
congruence, and degree of support have all a probabilistic basis.
PHYLOGENY OF SYNAPSIDA: FROM THE PERMIAN TO RECENT ACROSS TWO MASS
EXTINCTIONS
Norberto P. Giannini *(1, 2)
(1)
(2)
Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, Tucumán, Argentina
Cátedra de Biogeografía y Evolución Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad
Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, Tucumán, Argentina
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Synapsida is one major clade of Amniotes, the lineage leading to mammals. I examine the phylogeny of
early groups along the Permo-Triassic, the evolution of cynodonts, the origin of mammaliaforms, the
controversies around the taxonomic composition and age of Mammalia, and of Placentalia in particular
across the K-Pg boundary. Therocephalians and cynodonts were dominant land vertebrates in their time
and both repeatedly evolved phytophagous forms. Phylogenies indicate that only animalivorous lineages
persisted, and gave rise to subsequent groups. Mammaliaforms experienced bursts of diversification in the
Jurassic and Cretaceous. Mammalia is the group that includes extant monotremes, marsupials and
- 33 -
placentals. A key question is which extinct groups also belong in Mammalia. Allotheria is one such
group, and includes the spectacularly diverse multituberculates. Two phylogenetic hypotheses dispute the
position of Allotheria and have direct implications on the estimated age of Mammalia. The diversification
of Placentalia is highly controversial. Molecular estimates link the placental diversification to the
cretaceous terrestrial revolution c. 90-100 mya. However, the rich fossil record of placentals is confined
to the Tertiary, lending support to an explosive model of diversification after the K-Pg mass extinction,
and to the paleobiological hypothesis of diversification suppression (by non-avian dinosaurs). Within
placentals, the position of many clades is highly controversial, for instance South American native
ungulates, cases that exemplify the hard conflict between molecular and morphological topologies. This is
especially relevant because 90% of mammalian genera are extinct and the phylogenetic position of most
of them can only be determined by morphological characters.
COMPARING TREE SHAPES: BEYOND SYMMETRY
Pablo A. Goloboff *(1); J. Salvador Arias (1,2); Claudia Szumik (1)
(1)
(2)
Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo), Miguel Lillo 251, S.M. de Tucumán (4000),
Tucumán, Argentina
Cátedra de Biogeografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel
Lillo 205, S.M. de Tucumán (4000), Tucumán, Argentina.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
This paper describes two types of problems related to tree shapes, as well as algorithms that can be used
to solve these problems. The first problem is that of comparing the similarity of shapes instead of merely
their degree of balance; this can be used to determine, based on tree shape similarity alone, whether the
taxa in two phylogenies are likely to have a correspondence (e.g. hosts and parasites with high specifity).
It is shown that tree balance is insufficient for this task, and that standard measures of topological
difference (e.g. Robinson-Foulds distances, SPR-distances, or retention indices of the MRPs) can be
easily adapted to the problem. The second type of problem is to determine which taxa of uncertain
correspondence unique to two different phylogenies could best be matched (e.g. larvae and adults of
metamorphic animals, fossils known from different body parts, or hosts and parasites where the actual
association is not known). This second problem can be solved by two criteria: re-labeling taxa in such a
way that the number of consensus nodes is maximized, or re-labeling taxa in such a way that the sum of
the number of steps in the MRP of each tree mapped onto the other is minimum.
MODEL-BASED METHODS VS. PARSIMONY UNDER EQUAL AND IMPLIED WEIGHTING: SIMULATIONS
FOR MORPHOLOGISTS
Pablo Goloboff *(1); J. Salvador Arias (1,2); Ambrosio Torres Galvis (1)
(1)
(2)
Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo), Miguel Lillo 251, S.M. de Tucumán (4000),
Tucumán, Argentina
Cátedra de Biogeografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel
Lillo 205, S.M. de Tucumán (4000), Tucumán, Argentina.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Several recent papers, discussing phylogenetic methods for morphological data, have used simulations –
under standard Markov models— to attack parsimony in general, and implied weights in particular. But
as we all know since the late seventies that under those models parsimony is misled (“positively” so),
- 34 -
there's nothing new there. The problem is that the models used may be defensible for DNA sequences, but
are nonsensical for morphology. In addition, some of the comparisons have been done, to say the least,
somewhat carelessly. This paper shows that things can be pretty different when the data are generated
with models where rates of evolution for all characters are not correlated, and the proper comparisons are
made. In the end, the problem boils down to which mode of morphological evolution prevails in nature –a
question never addressed by likelihoodists.
ADVANCES ON PHYLOGENY OF AUGOCHLORINI (HYMENOPTERA): TOTAL MORPHOLOGY AT SPECIES
LEVEL
Rodrigo B. Gonçalves (1)
(1)
Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. Postal 19020, 81531-980, Curitiba, PR,
Brazil.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
The Augochlorini Beebe is a new world tribe of bees comprising 663 described species. Relationships
among the genera of this monophyletic tribe remain uncertain. I provide a comprehensive phylogeny
using morphological and molecular information. Fifty-four Augochlorini species plus 16 outgroups and
3017 molecular and 105 morphological characters were analyzed. Four gene sequences were analyzed
using Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood and parsimony. Morphological characters were taken
from a literature review and analyzed alone and in combination with molecular data using parsimony. The
monophyly of Augochlorini and most genera is confirmed, with divergence of the main lineages of the
tribe around 55 – 20 million years ago. Seven clades were supported by most analyses and are here
treated as genus-level groups. According to my hypothesis the diversification of Augochlorini may have
begun as a response to vicariant events, including the split of the Neotropical/Andean regions and marine
transgressions in the Amazon region. Currently I am doing an effort to improve the knowledge of
Augochlorini phylogeny in three ways: 1 building a species level phylogeny based on multiple new or
previously published morphological matrices; (2) exploring the internal morphology for new characters
and (3) coding the male genital capsule, a structure that exhibit both qualitative and quantitative variation.
TAXONOMIC REVIEW OF EUMENES LATREILLE, 1802 (HYMENOPTERA, VESPIDAE, EUMENINAE)
FROM THE NEW WORLD.
Yuri C. Grandinete *(1,2), Fernando B. Noll (2), James M. Carpenter (3).
(1)
(2)
(3)
Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto
(FFCLRP), Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE),
Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil.
Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Eumeninae are the most diverse subfamily of Vespidae, most numerous in terms of genera and species
described. Eumenes Latreille (1802) currently has 105 described species globally distributed among two
subgenera: Eumenes Latreille, 1802, and Zeteumenoides Giordani Soika, 1972. The genus Eumenes
Latreille, 1802 from the New World are revised, based on external morphology and male genitalia. We
examined all the species and subspecies recognized and the following taxonomic results are proposed:
The synonymy of E. americanus de Saussure, 1852 with E. aureus Isely, 1917; Eumenes brunneus was
- 35 -
elevated to a specific level and a new name was proposed, E. bequaerti Isely, 1917; E. flavitinctus Bohart,
1950 revised status is no more a subspecies of E. crucifera. Eumenes bollii oregonensis Bequaert, 1838
and E. b. ehrenbergi Zavattari, 1912 were synonymized under E. bollii Cresson, 1872; E. consobrinus
pedalis Fox, 1894 was synonymized with E. consobrinus de Saussure, 1855; E. crucifera bolliformis
Viereck, 1908, E. c. nearcticus de Saussure, 1855 and E. c. stricklandi Bequaert, 1944 were synonymized
under E. crucifera Provancher, 1888; E. smithii belfragei Cresson, 1872 was synonymized with E. smithii
de Saussure, 1852; E. verticalis coloradensis Cresson, 1875, E. v. neoboreus Bequaert, 1944, E. v.
tricinctus Isely, 1917 were synonymized under E. verticalis Say, 1824. An identification key for all the
species of the genus from the New World was provided and the geographical distribution was updated.
THE UTILITY OF PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES FOR INTERPRETING FOSSIL FLORAS: A CASE STUDY
FROM EOCENE SOUTH AMERICA
Elizabeth J. Hermsen (1), Maria A. Gandolfo *(2), Peter Wilf (3) and Mónica J. Carvalho (2)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA;
Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA,
Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802,USA.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Until a few decades ago, the majority of taxonomic studies of fossil floras relied solely on structural (i.e.,
morphological, anatomical) comparisons among fossil and extant taxa in order to determine the affinities
of fossil taxa. Although this practice is still necessary for any type of rigorous paleobotanical work, the
inclusion of fossils in phylogenetic analyses has become more common. The exceptionally diverse early
Eocene (ca. 52 million years old) Laguna del Hunco paleoflora from southern Argentina provides a case
study wherein some fossil taxa can be placed phylogenetically. The phylogenetic placements of select
members (Todea, Eucalyptus, extinct Juglandaceae, Physalis) of the paleoflora were explored by
analyzing the fossils with morphological and/or combined morphological and molecular sequence data.
These analyses yielded critical information for analyzing morphological character evolution and
biogeography. Although the phylogenetic approach holds great potential for better resolving the affinities
of the Laguna del Hunco fossil taxa, preliminary analysis of structural characteristics and narrowing of
the potential affinities of the fossil taxa are still required prior to performing an analysis. Furthermore,
phylogenetic analysis is unlikely to reliably resolve the positions of some of the “unknowns” in the flora
that lack sufficiently distinctive structural features to hypothesize potential taxonomic affinities prior to
analysis. Thus, while phylogenetic analyses are a powerful tool to better resolve the evolutionary
positions of some fossil taxa, they need to be used hand-in-hand with classical approaches in order to
achieve a more complete understanding of fossil floras.
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF JUMPING GOBLIN SPIDERS OF THE GENUS ORCHESTINA SIMON 1882 IN
THE AMERICAS (ARANEAE: OONOPIDAE)
Matías A. Izquierdo *(1), Martín J. Ramírez (2)
(1)
(2)
Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA-UNC-Conicet), Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva
y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Avda.
Vélez Sársfield 299 (X5000 JJC), Córdoba, Argentina.
División Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” (MACNCONICET), Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
- 36 -
The spider genus Orchestina is distributed worldwide and is characterized by an enlarged fourth femur
with which these small spiders are capable of jumping. Most American species of Orchestina inhabit the
forest foliage and canopy. The monophyly of the genus as well as its placement as sister group of
Oonopinae has been recently suggested based on morphology and molecular information. The genus has
been also included on its own subfamily, Orchestininae. In a recent revision, 85 new species were
described for America. The internal relationships of the genus were evaluated in the past for a group of
African species whose monophyly was lately questioned. In this work, we analyze the relationships
within American Orchestina but including members of other continents in order to test its monophyly in a
wider sense. We selected Notnops calderoni (Caponiidae) for rooting the analysis and members of all
families of Dysderoidea as outgroup, and representatives of the other two subfamilies of Oonopidae. The
data matrix included morphological and molecular characters, analyzed separately and combined under
Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference. The results support the monophyly of the genus in all the
strategies with a monophyletic, South American clade. North American and African species were not
recovered as monophyletic in any of the analysis. Two subgroups were recovered within the South
American clade, one formed by species from Argentina and Chile and one formed by other species. We
discuss the biogeographical implications of some groupings considering their distributions, morphology
and support values.
PHYLOGENY OF ECHINODERMS INCLUDING XYLOPLAX
Daniel A. Janies *(1), Gregorio Linchangco (1), Robert Reid (1)
(1)
Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, US.A
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Extant Echinoderms comprise two lineages, Crinozoa and Eleutherozoa, and relationships within
Eleutherozoa remain unresolved. Previous morphological and Sanger sequencing studies result in support
for two competing hypotheses explaining relationships within Eleutherozoa: Cryptosyringida and
Asterozoa-Echinozoa. Recent RNA-seq studies with limited sampling of taxa and loci have begun to
converge on support for the Asteroza-Echinozoa hypothesis. Another contentious issue in echinoderm
phylogeny is the placement of Xyloplax, thought by some to be a relict member of a sixth class of
echinoderms and by others, an asteroid. To address these questions, we used RNA-seq to profile tissues
from a broad taxonomic sample spanning the deepest divergences across extant echinoderms. We
developed a novel analytical approach in which alignment stringency can be adjusted to select a range of
loci from large RNA-seq datasets. We show that taxonomic results depend on the stringency of alignment
criteria and taxonomic sampling. These results will be discussed in light of the hypotheses introduced
above.
A SPATIALLY EXPLICIT PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF SAR11 MARINE BACTERIA
Leandro R. Jones *(1,2); Julieta M. Manrique (1,2)
(1)
(2)
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Rivadavia 1917 (C1083ACA) Buenos
Aires, Argentina.
Laboratorio de Virología y Genética Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales sede Trelew, Universidad
Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco.
Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]
- 37 -
The ubiquitous SAR 11 clade of marine Alphaproteobacteria contributes about a quarter of the surface
seawater picoplankton. To better understand the group's evolutionary history, we performed a
phylogeographic analysis of 95,318 high-quality 16S sequences from surface seawater collected at 11
worldwide distributed locations. These analyses revealed substantial levels of endemicity and the
existence of significant taxa-area relationships after grouping the sequences at either identical, 99 and
97% similarity OTUs. Furthermore, distance decay analysis of phylogenetic distances between the
different SAR11 communities revealed a significant correlation between the group's phylogeny and
distribution. We also observed significant but comparatively moderate correlations between phylogenetic
diversity and temperature and latitude. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study using HTS
combined with phylogenic analysis to untangle global bacterial phylogeography and the report of a
distance decay pattern of phylogenetic distances among marine bacteria.
GLOBAL PATTERNS OF ENDEMISM BASED ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION O TABANOMORPHA
(DIPTERA, INSECTA)
Bruna Klassa *(1); Charles Morphy D. Santos (1)
(1)
Universidade Federal do ABC, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Rua Santa Adélia, 166, Bairro
Bangu, 09210-170, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Areas of endemism are the fundamental units of biogeography. We aim to recognize global areas of
endemism based on the distribution of the infraorder Tabanomorpha (Diptera, Insecta) through a specific
methodology for broader scales. Previously, we have established the optimal grid size to a global scale
study and the optimal percentage of similarity between species. The endemicity analysis was performed
through the NDM/VNDM package using 5.309 species and 11.090 geographical records of
tabanomorphans. The grid size was 8.5º and the percentage of similarity of the flexible consensus was
44%. NDM/VNDM analysis retrieved 713 total areas and 87 consensus areas. We identify 39 areas of
endemism: four areas in the Nearctic region, ten areas in the Neotropics, ten areas in the Africa continent,
eight areas in the Palearctic region, four areas in the Oriental region, and three areas in the Australian
region. There is a clear correlation among areas of endemism established by dipterans when compared to
other taxa, such as vertebrates and plants. The resultant patterns strongly suggest that large databases of
distributional data – as the infraorder Tabanomorpha herein considered – are trustable sources of evidence
to identify patterns of endemicity.
MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE THRIPIDAE
SUBFAMILY SERICOTHRIPINAE (INSECTA: THYSANOPTERA)
Élison Fabrício B. Lima*(1); Laurence A. Mound(2); Roberto A. Zucchi(1)
(1)
(2)
University of São Paulo, Escola Superior “Luiz de Queiroz”, Departament of Entomology and Acarology.
Av. Pádua Dias, 11. Piracicaba/SP, Brazil. 13418-900
Australian National Insect Collection–CSIRO. PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, Australia. 2601
Corresponding author: [email protected]
The Sericothripinae Karny, 1921, a group that currently includes about 160 thrips species, is poorly
defined and still lacks any phylogenetic analysis. Here, we examine the morphological character states on
which the subfamily can be distinguished and explore the relationships within the three recognised genera
- 38 -
- Hydatothrips Karny, 1913, Neohydatothrips John, 1929 and Sericothrips Haliday, 1836 -, and the
Scirtothrips group of 11 genera. We examined 32 characters in individuals of 40 species deposited in
CAS, USNM, NHM, MLP, UNJ, UCM, MLU, ANIC, UFRGS, ESALQ and UFPI under microscope and
performed a Heuristic analysis with TBR branch swapping, 1,000 replications and hold of 10, to which 95
most parsimonious trees were recovered with 128 steps. The monophyly of Sericothripinae was
recovered, but the metasternal shape, used in the current generic classification, probably does not reflect
phylogeny. Due to the absence of further evidences, generic nomenclatural changes were deferred.
Thripines of Echinothrips Moulton, 1911 and the Scirtothrips genus-group were recovered as closely
related to Sericothripinae, differently from Psilothrips Hood, 1927, Pseudothrips Hinds, 1902 and
Dendrothrips Uzel, 1895, included by some researchers as closely related to Sericothtipinae. Finally, we
diagnose the Sericothripinae based on the presence of the following synapomorphies: i) longitudinal
sensorium on antennal segment VI; ii) pronotal blotch; iii) metasternum plate, either with transverse or
concave anterior margin; iv) at least four pairs of robust posteromarginal setae on tergite IX in females; v)
at least two pairs of mid-dorsal setae on tergite IX in females.
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG AUSTRALIAN DIGITARIA BROWNII AND THE AMERICAN
TRICHACHNE + TRICHOPHORAE CLADE (POACEAE, PANICOIDEAE, PANICEAE)
Julia M. Lo Medico*(1); D. Tosto (2); GH. Rua(1); Z.E. Rúgolo de Agrasar (3); M.A. Scataglini (3); A.S. Veja
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Dpto. de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente. Buenos
Aires, Argentina.
CICyV INTA, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Digitaria sect. Trichachne Nees is native to America and comprises 10 species. In a previous
contribution, Digitaria sect. Trichophorae Henrard, composed of two species, appeared nested within D.
sect. Trichachne. Besides, the Australian endemic species D. brownii was elsewhere related to D. sect.
Trichachne due to its morphological similarity. In order to test this relationship a phylogenetic analysis
was performed using 121 morphological (continuous and discrete) characters and ITS sequences of 24
taxa of Digitaria, plus three outgroups. Maximum Parsimony approach using TNT was implemented for
morphological, DNA and combined matrix. A heuristic search strategy was adopted, consisting of 1,000
random addition sequences followed by TBR swapping and then to 10,000 iterations of Parsimony
Ratchet. Suboptimal trees 0.1 steps longer were allowed for morphological-anatomical and combined
matrices. In all topologies (morphological, molecular, and combined) D. sect. Trichophorae was not
monophyletic and nested within D. sect. Trichachne. The phylogenetic relationships of D. brownii were
ambiguous, since morphological data placed it within the Trichachne + Trichophorae clade, whereas
molecular evidence suggests that it belongs to a different clade. As expected, it appeared in an
intermediate position, sister to section Trichachne, in the combined topology. When D. brownii was
removed from the combined matrix, the recovered topology was the same but Trichachne + Trichophorae
had high support values. The most plausible hypothesis seems to be that morphological similarity of D.
brownii with species of D. sect. Trichachne is due to convergent evolution.
- 39 -
NEW MORPHOLOGICAL AND DNA DATA GIVES BETTER RESOLUTION TO THE PHYLOGENETIC
HYPOTHESES OF A PATAGONIAN CLADE OF REPTILES
Fernando Lobo *(1); Diego Barrasso (2); Marcos Paz (3); Néstor Basso (2).
(1)
(2)
IBIGEO (Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Salta.
IDEAUS (Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral -CONICET), Chubut. UEL (Unidad Ejecutora
Lillo).
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Phymaturus is a clade of lizards that occurs at moderate to high elevations in western Argentina and the
adjacent central region of Chile, as well as in various volcanic tablelands of the Patagonian region of
Argentina. Phymaturus was previously divided into two groups by Etheridge (1995), the patagonicus and
the palluma group. The first phylogenetic approaches were made by Lobo & Quinteros (2005) and Lobo
et al. (2012), both based exclusively on morphological characters. In the present study we analyzed the
relationships within the patagonicus group adding 37 new morphological characters and sequences of
ND4. This mitochondrial marked was found quite informative in a previous study on the palluma group
(Lobo et al., 2016) (also we included sequences of Cytb, 12S, four protein coding nuclear genes and
seven anonymous nuclear loci that were recorded by Morando et al., 2013). This data set was built for
almost all species recognized in the literature. In total 9962 bp and 243 morph characters were analyzed
in a combined data set for 35 ingroup taxa and 9 outgroups. The total-evidence analysis was performed
applying parsimony in TNT (Goloboff et al., 2003). We made a ‘traditional search’ applying TBR, with
10 000 replications (saving 20 trees per replication). Also separated runs of the molecular and
morphological data sets were done. We identified five main clades, congruencies and incongruences with
previous studies are remarked. Biogeographical implications of these results are discussed taking into
account recent geographical barriers proposed in Patagonia.
CLADISTICS ANALYSIS OF THYNNINAE (HYMENOPTERA, TIPHIIDAE)
Cíntia Eleonora Lopes Justino *(1,2); Fernando Barbosa Noll (1); John Wenzel (2)
(1)
(2)
Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil;
Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Thynninae includes 75 genera and more than 600 species, distributed in the Neotropics and Australasia.
Thynninae presents a great sexual dimorphism and due to the sex complex association in the group,
taxonomy has become very controversy. Since the type genus description (Thynnus Fabricius 1775) until
today there is no phylogenetic analysis for the subfamily. We present the first cladistics analysis for the
subfamily aiming at testing the relationships of the genera as well as the monophyly of the tribes:
Elaphropterini and Scotaenini (Neotropical), Rhagigasterini (Neotropical/ Autralasia) and Thynnini
(Australasia). The study was done using male morphology. Our matrix was composed by 147 terminal
taxa and 50 genera. Tiphia sp (Tiphiinae), Elis qinquecencta and Myzinum sp (Myzinninae) were used as
outgroups. The studied material was obtained from museum’s collections: AMNH, Smithsonian museum,
MNH- London, UTAH University entomology collection, CMNH, MZUSP and Denmark museum.
Cladistics analysis was made using TNT with equal weighting of the characters and new technology
search. Our matrix was composed by 42 characters. We obtained seven most parsimonious threes with CI
= 0.29, RI = 0. 75 and length = 287. The consensus tree presented CI = 0.28, RI = 0.75 and length = 294.
Our results show that Thynninae is monophyletic and sister group of Myzinninae. Rhagigasterini is
clearly a clade and Elaphropterini is supported by our analysis. Scotaenini is not monophyletic as well as
- 40 -
most of its genera. Thynnini genera are more related with Elaphropterini (Neotropical) than
Elaphropterini and Scotaenini.
PHYLOGENETIC ORIGIN OF TURTLES AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE TURTLE BODY PLAN
Tyler R. Lyson *(1); G. S. Bever (2)
(1)
(2)
Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver CO, 80205 USA;
Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore
MD, 21287 USA.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
The evolutionary steps that resulted in the unique, shelled body plan of turtles and the phylogenetic
position of turtles within Reptilia are interdependent problems that have fascinated comparative biologists
since the 19th century. The phylogenetic position of turtles is one of the most contentious issues in
systematics with the debate centered on whether turtles are situated within Diapsida, as suggested by
abundant molecular data, or outside of Diapsida. These debates were fueled by the fact that at least 50
million years separated the oldest known shelled turtle, Proganochelys, from when the group split off
from the rest of Reptilia. The recent discovery of earlier, partially shelled, turtles have helped resolve
these debates. The older stem turtle, Odontochelys, has distinctly broadened ribs, but lacks osteoderms,
suggesting the shell originated from the broadening of the ribs and not from the fusion of the ribs with
overlying osteoderms. Recent work on the older reptile Eunotosaurus suggests it represents the earliest
stem turtle. Our recent phylogenetic analyses, which included 268 characters and scored for 47 taxa
distributed broadly across amniotes, suggests turtles are situated within Diapsida. Upper temporal
fenestrae (UTF) are found in juvenile Eunotosaurus specimens, but close later in ontogeny. We
hypothesize that both the closure of the UTF and the broadening of the ribs are adaptations related to a
fossorial lifestyle. A fossorial stage in the early history of the turtle stem lineage provides a synthetic
explanation for the origin of the complex turtle body plan.
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BRING COMPUTABLE PHENOTYPES LINKED TO GENES, TO PHYLOGENETIC
SYSTEMATICS?
Paula Mabee *(1)
(1)
Dept. of Biology 414 E Clark St. University of South Dakota Vermillion, SD 57069.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
By rendering morphological characters computable, machine reasoning can be used to bring together
morphological character data across studies in synthetic supermatrices. Further this method can be used
infer data where it is missing, isolate conflicts in the data, and enable quantification and new data
visualizations. This approach is applicable to any taxonomic and phenotypic slice across the tree of life,
providing the data are semantically annotated. Because computable morphological matrices can be
automatically linked to genes of model organisms, long-standing questions into phenotype to genome
relationships can be approached. For example, how independent are morphological features that appear to
evolve simultaneously at a particular phylogenetic node? The probable gene networks that underlie these
features can be compared to determine the likelihood that they evolved separately (independent) or are the
result of a common genetics (non-independent). These kinds of tests could enable empirically based
weighting methods for morphological features and genes. Examples from the efforts of the Phenoscape
team that focus on the fin to limb transition in vertebrates will be shown.
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EVIDENCE OF ABSENCE TREATED AS ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE: THE EFFECTS OF GAPS IN STANDARD
MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ANALYSIS
Denis Jacob Machado *(1); Santiago Castroviejo-Fisher (2); Taran Grant (3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Laboratório de Anfíbios, Programa Inter-unidades de Pós-graduação em Bioinformática, Universidade de
São Paulo;
Laboratório de Sistemática de Vertebrados, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do
Rio Grande do Sul;
Laboratório de Anfíbios, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo.
Corresponding author: [email protected].
We discuss the effects of variation in the number and distribution of gaps (i.e., no base; coded as IUPAC
“.” or “–”) treated as missing data (i.e., ambiguity, any base, coded as “?” or IUPAC “N”) in standard
maximum likelihood (ML) analysis. We analyzed seven diverse empirical datasets and simulated
sequences to generate 1,140 alignments. Alignments were performed in MAFFT using different gapopening costs. We selected the optimal substitution models using the corrected Akaike Information
Criterion (AICc) in jModelTestWe. Tree searches were performed in GARLI using default search
parameters and the selected models. We also applied a Monte Carlo approach to insert missing data into
an empirical dataset to understand the effects of variable numbers and distributions of gaps. We used
several measures to quantify the variation in the number and distribution of gaps in all the alignments as
thoroughly as possible (e.g., alignment length, total number of gaps, total number of characters containing
gaps, number of gap openings). These variables were used to derive four indices (all defined to vary
between 0–1) that summarize the distribution of gaps both within and among terminals, including an
index that takes into account their optimization on the tree. Our most important observation is that
likelihood scores and tree topologies vary according to gap opening cost and the amount of missing data
in the alignment. We discuss the implications of our results including how they support the tree-alignment
approach as an alternative to the traditional ML analyses.
DIRECT MEASURES OF SUPPORT FOR MAXIMIMUM LIKELIHOOD
Denis Jacob Machado *(1); Fernando Portella de Luna Marques (2); Taran Grant (3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Laboratório de Anfíbios, Programa Inter-unidades de Pós-graduação em Bioinformática, Universidade de
São Paulo;
Laboratório de Helmintologia Evolutiva, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências,
Universidade de São Paulo;
Laboratório de Anfíbios, Depto. de Zoologia, Inst. de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo.
Corresponding author: [email protected].
The most commonly used measure of clade support in maximum likelihood analysis is the bootstrap (BS),
which calculates the support for a given clade indirectly as the frequency of that clade among topologies
obtained by analyzing matrices of characters resampled from the original dataset. However, that measure
has several undesirable attributes (e.g., it does not vary in proportion to optimality, does not identify
clades that are rejected by the evidence, and can be overestimated due to missing data). An alternative
approach based on the Law of Likelihood measures clade support as the ratio of the likelihood scores of
the best trees with and without that clade, respectively (Likelihood Ratio support; LR), or, equivalently,
- 42 -
the difference between the log-likelihoods of those trees (Log-likelihood Difference support, LLD). These
measures of support are proportional to optimality and missing data effects are absent. Here we introduce
a novel, easy to use, Python program that leverages Garli to compute LR, LLD, and BS. We evaluated the
relationship between LR and BS for more than 100 molecular datasets including more than 3,000 nodes.
Our results demonstrate that while most nodes have high BS values (i.e., approx. 100%), they also enjoy
relatively low LR and LLD, indicating a lack if evidential support. Hence, the use of empirical datasets
demonstrates that BS cannot be used as proxy to direct measures of support. Since the procedure involves
tree searches under reverse-constraint that are computer intensive, we discuss strategies to implement
direct measures of support for selected nodes of interest.
FINDING HOT SINGLES: MATCHING MALES TO FEMALES IN DIMORPHIC SPIDERS (ARANEIDAE:
MICRATHENA) USING PHYLOGENETIC PLACEMENT AND DNA BARCODING
Ivan L.F. Magalhaes *(1,2); Pedro H. Martins (2); André A. Nogueira (3); Adalberto J. Santos (2)
(1)
(2)
(3)
División Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" – CONICET, Av.
Ángel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Av.
Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. CEP 31270-901.
Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo. Rua do Matão, Travessa
14, n. 321, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. CEP 05508-900
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Many orb-weaving spiders exhibit remarkable sexual dimorphism, hampering the matching of males and
females in taxonomic studies. This is the case for the spiny Micrathena spiders, a species-rich Neotropical
genus with 27% of its species known from a single sex. We found several undescribed Micrathena
specimens, and tested whether they belong to some of those incompletely known species. For that, we
tested the phylogenetic position of males and their putative females using a previous morphological
dataset. Unmatched males and females were coded as separate taxa (with missing entries for all feminine
and masculine characters, respectively) in a matrix also including several species known and coded from
both sexes. We checked whether unmatched males and females were recovered in the same
morphological groups. These results have been cross-validated with 1) genetic distances among
individuals based on a fragment of the mitochondrial gene COI and 2) their geographical distributions.
This approach allowed us to identify and describe the previously unknown males of six species, and the
female of M. beta di Caporiacco. Furthermore, in three species previously known from both sexes, males
had been incorrectly matched with females, and one of those actually belongs to a hitherto unnamed
species. After associating males to the correct females, we re-estimated the phylogeny of the genus with
each newly matched species coded for both male and female characters. Our study highlights the
importance of using different sources of data for matching the sexes in diverse groups with strong sexual
dimorphism.
- 43 -
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG PRITHINAE SPIDERS FROM INDO-PACIFIC ISLANDS (ARANEAE:
FILISTATIDAE)
Ivan L.F. Magalhaes *(1,2); Martín J. Ramírez (1)
(1)
División Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" – CONICET, Av.
Ángel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Corresponding author: [email protected]
With ca. 120 described species and a rather conserved morphology across its members, Filistatidae is not
one of the most diverse spider families, but has a worldwide distribution. One of its genera, Pritha, was
proposed in 1967 to contain those species with males having a horseshoe-shaped cymbium in their
genitalia. In its original concept, Pritha was widely distributed from the Mediterranean region to Asia,
Australia and some Pacific Islands. Subsequently, other genera were erected for some of its species, such
as Tricalamus (from central and eastern Asia) and Wandella (from Australia). However, these changes
might have rendered Pritha a non-monophyletic assemblage. We have assessed the phylogenetic
relationships among species of Pritha based on morphological (47 characters) and molecular (COI, ~500
bp) evidence, focusing on species from islands in the Indian and Pacific oceans. Our results indicate that
some species of Pritha and Tricalamus from these regions, namely those in the P. bakeri and P. garciai
groups, are more closely related to Wandella than to the generotype Pritha nana. Thus, we propose that
Pritha should be circumscribed to contain only species from the Mediterranean region, with transferral of
Indo-Pacific species to Wandella. Additionally, we find that several species have wide distributions, such
as “Pritha” garciai (Seychelles, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines), “Pritha” cf. bakeri (Taiwan, New
Guinea, Samoa, Kiribati, Central America) and “Tricalamus” fuscatus (Brunei, Japan, Palau, New
Caledonia). Whether these interesting distributions result from vicariance, natural transoceanic dispersal,
or accidental human introduction will have to wait for further data on the genus.
IDENTITY OF THE MONTANE GRASSLANDS IN THE SOUTHERN CENTRAL ANDES
Claudia M. Martín *(1); Lone Aagesen (2)
(1)
Unidad Ejecutora Lillo-CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion-CONICET, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Corresponding author: [email protected];
(2)
Understanding the distribution patterns of taxa in a given region, such as defining areas of endemism,
allow testing classic - or not so classic - biogeographic schemes. In the Southern Cone, the montane
grasslands of Cabrera are distributed discontinuously from 18°S to about 30°S, on the eastern slopes of
the Central Andes, between 1500 to 3500 m a.s.l. According to the classic biogeographical scheme of
Cabrera, these grasslands are the top floor of the Tucumano-Bolivian Yungas vegetation. However, in
recent years several authors have suggested a closer relationship with the Humid Puna of Bolivia, or the
high Andean Paramo of the Northern Andes. Nevertheless, to date no contributions have explicitly
analyzed this vegetation. Here, we analyze the distribution patterns of 700 vascular plants (32 orders of
angiosperms, gymnosperms, ferns, and lycophytes) that were collected in montane grasslands in a study
area of about 53,000 km2. We aim to assess whether these grasslands have their own identity, whether
they form one or more distribution patterns, or areas of endemism, and whether these areas in turn are
part of broader distribution pattern - such as the Tucumano-Bolivian Yungas, the High Andes, or other
biogeographic units. For analysis; we used cells of different sizes (0.5° - 0.2°) and shapes (square and
- 44 -
rectangular) using the NDM / VNDM program that applies an optimality criterion for the identification of
areas of endemism.
ADVANCES IN MORPHOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR PHYLOGENETIC
SYSTEMATICS
Peter Michalik *(1); Christian S. Wirkner (2)
(1)
Zoologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Greifswald, Germany
Allgemeine; Spezielle Zoologie, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Rostock, Germany
Corresponding author: [email protected]
(2)
The field of phylogenetic systematics, i.e. the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships, is nowadays
dominated by the application of molecular methods for several reasons including economization on
research time and reproducibility. Nevertheless, morphological evidence remains highly relevant as it
provides a great number of additional character systems for there construction of relationships.
Furthermore, as the evolutionary analysis of phenotypic traits needs to take place in a phylogenetic
context, the application of phylogenetic principles is indispensible. Therefore, in the course of a
renaissance of morphological methodology also for the theoretical basis, i.e. the call for inter subjective
testability and reproducibility of morphological data major progress has to take place. Since
morphological features are usually very complex, their descriptions used to differ in quality due to
limitation in methodology and homology concepts. However, morphological research was greatly
advanced in recent years mainly due to the uprising of 3D visualization methods. Moreover, efforts were
made to enhance transparent/reproducible and easy-to- follow descriptions by implementing ontologies
and standardized documentation of the data. In this talk we will summarize these advances and will
provide an outlook of the future challenges morphological research will face.
CHAIN, TREE, AND NETWORK: THE HISTORY OF GENEALOGICAL VISUALIZATION IN PHYLOGENETIC
SYSTEMATICS
Nobuhiro Minaka *(1)
(1)
National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, Kannondai 3-1-3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058604, Japan.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Phylogenetic reconstruction in general aims at estimating the most plausible tree or network based on
character data of evolving objects. In evolutionary biology, textual stemmatics, and historical linguistics
researchers have independently and repetitively developed a set of rules for building phylogenetic trees
from data on organisms, manuscripts, and languages, respectively. All these sciences have in common the
basic features of historical sciences. Estimating evolutionary history searches for the best solution among
alternative phylogenetic hypotheses. However, the best solution isn't necessarily true in a historical sense
because we can't observe directly or experimentally the past evolutionary processes and its consequent
patterns. All we can do is to find the best estimate as accurately as we can by comparing all possible trees
or networks on the basis of some optimality criterion such as parsimony. An iconographical survey of
historical development from ancient times to the present of phylogenetic diagrams reveals a wider array
of various graphical tools (chain, tree, and network) for visualizing object-diversity and its spatiotemporal
modification. These graphical tools could be used for selecting efficient structural models for estimating
phylogenies and constructing classifications of evolving objects. evolutionary biology, textual
stemmatics, and historical linguistics share not only basic characteristics of historical sciences but also
- 45 -
those of data visualization and information graphics. The historical development of phylogenetic
systematics after Willi Hennig is better considered within the context of genealogical visualization and
information graphics. The system of tree diagrams in transformed cladistics (pattern cladistics) can be
formulated in a mathematical system of graphs.
A PHYLOGENY OF 8104 ACTINOPTERYGIAN FISH SPECIES OR HOW TO SYNTHESIZE CENTURIES OF
DATA IN A SINGLE ANALYSIS
Juan Marcos Mirande (1)
(1)
Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (Fundación Miguel Lillo-CONICET).
Corresponding author: [email protected]
This analysis evaluates the phylogeny of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) combining most available
information (44 markers from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA and 274 morphological characters). The
molecular partition of the dataset was produced through a pipeline (Gb-to-TNT) that allows the fast
building of large matrices from GenBank format. The analyzed dataset has 8104 species, including
representatives of all orders and 95% of the 475 families of Actinopterygii, being the most diverse
phylogenetic dataset analyzed to date both for the Actinoperygii as for most families and orders of this
clade. Morphological characters are analyzed for the first time in a phylogenetic analysis of fishes
containing such large number of species. Analyzed morphological characters are features known for
families or orders since many years, which can be unequivocally coded from data on literature. Thus, in
this respect the present analysis is a synthesis of the morphological data generated in decades or centuries.
Analyses are by parsimony under several weighting schemes. General results agree with previous
classifications, especially in groups with better gene sampling and those long thought (from
morphological evidence) to be monophyletic. Many clades have low support and some orders are not
recovered as monophyletic units. Inclusion of morphological characters is shown to be feasible and
valuable in large-scale analyses. Additional data and studies on homologies are needed to obtain
synapomorphies and diagnoses for most clades.
SUPPORT PROVIDED BY DISCRETE, BUT NOT CONTINUOUS MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS, DEPENDS ON
THE ESTIMATED AGE OF DIVERGENCE OF THE CLADE
Nicolás Mongiardino Koch *(1); Eduardo M. Soto (2); F. Sara Ceccarelli (3);
Andrés A. Ojanguren-Affilastro (3); Martín J. Ramírez (3).
(1)
(2)
(3)
Department of Geology & Geophysics, Yale University.
Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), FCEN, Universidad de
Buenos Aires.
División de Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Different sets of characters are useful at different scales of the tree of life, a consequence of factors such
as underlying genetic variability, natural selection, evolvability, constraints, and their impact on rate of
evolution. Among morphological characters, closely related species generally differ in continuouslyvarying traits, while showing few discrete dissimilarities. This pattern suggests that continuous characters
may be more useful to resolve the divergence of closely related species. At deeper nodes, morphological
convergence is thought to override phylogenetic signal, especially when employing traditional
morphometric variables. However, this pattern has never been the subject of empirical research. We test
- 46 -
this hypothesis with two cases studies: the scorpion genus Brachistosternus and the spider family
Anyphaenidae. We build time-calibrated phylogenetic hypothesis for both clades using multilocus
molecular datasets, and use these trees as scaffolds to study the support provided by both discrete and
continuous morphological partitions. Contrary to expectations, we find in both cases that the support
provided by the discrete partition significantly correlates with the age of divergence of the clade. The
result is nonetheless opposite in both cases, with support increasing towards the present for the family of
spiders, and decreasing for the scorpion genus. No significant relationship is found for the continuous
partition, although the overall trend in both cases is the same as with the discrete partition, possibly
suggesting that both types of characters are capturing similar patterns of morphological diversification.
Finally, congruence with the molecular phylogenetic hypothesis is, in both cases, increased when
combining both morphological partitions.
INCONGRUENCE IN PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG BASAL SQUAMATE CLADES
Nicolás Mongiardino Koch *(1); William Gearty (2); Jacques Gauthier (1)
(1)
(2)
Department of Geology & Geophysics, Yale University.
Department of Geological Sciences, School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences, Stanford
University.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
The Deep Scaly Project, an initiative intended to resolve basal lizard interrelationships, came to an end
when the results of the morphological and molecular datasets were shown to be irreconcilable.
Morphological data unambiguously supports a basal divergence between Iguania and the remaining
squamates (Scleroglossa), while molecular data places iguanians with snakes and anguimorphs, forming a
derived clade referred to as Toxicofera. This profound topological difference has since become a
paradigmatic case of incongruence among phylogenetic datasets. However, recent publications claim to
have resolved the conflict in favor of the Toxicofera hypothesis, as well as having found support for that
hypothesis in the morphological data. We perform new analyses that question these results. We show that
phylogenies derived from morphological and molecular datasets are strongly incongruent, and that any
claim of resolved conflict is a misrepresentation of the underlying structure of the data. We also revise the
morphological characters that allegedly provide support for Toxicofera, and find that increasing their
weight leads to the recovery of the Scleroglossa hypothesis. Parsimony analysis of each gene individually
shows that only 13% of them have any phylogenetic signal, with the remaining genes resulting in a
complete lack of resolved clades in the strict consensus. Given this result, as well as the fact that
iguanians and snakes exhibit the highest rates of molecular evolution among lizards, we propose that the
genes targeted might not be suited to resolve the oldest divergences within crown Squamata, potentially
suffering from systematic errors.
THE FATE OF THE ENDEMIC INSECTS OF THE ANDEAN REGION UNDER THE EFFECT OF GLOBAL
WARMING
S.I. Montemayor (1,2); M.C. Scattolini *(1,2,3); M.C. Melo (1,2); P. M. Dellapé (1,2); M. E. Pocco (1,2,3);
G. Dellapé (1,2); E. E. Scheibler (1,4); C.G. Cazorla (1,2); M. G. del Río (1,2); S.A. Roig (1,4).
(1)
(2)
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
División Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo
del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
- 47 -
(3)
(4)
Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), CCT La Plata, CONICET, La Plata,
Argentina.
Laboratorio de Entomología, IADIZA, CCT CONICET Mendoza, Avda. Ruiz Leal s/n. Parque Gral. San
Martín, CC 507, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
The present study uses Ecological Niche Models to recognize areas of high species richness for three time
periods (Pleistocene, Holocene and Present) in the Andean Region. Furthermore, we recovered those
areas, refugia, that retained suitable climatic conditions enabling long-term persistence of the biodiversity
and analyzed the evolution of the potential distributional area of each species to identify those that could
be at risk by global warming. We analyzed 59 insect species of five orders (Coleoptera, Diptera,
Heteroptera, Odonata, and Orthoptera) endemic of the Andean Region. We used Maxent v3.3.3k., over
1,070 records and the 19 WorldClim bioclimatic variables of (2.5 minutes resolution) to build niche
models; and CCSM4 General Circulation Model to model the past. We calculated Levin’s concentration
metrics (implemented in ENMTools) to only include species with a narrow niche breadth. Spatial biases
were filtered using Moran’s I test at multiple distance classes (SAM v4.0.). Models were validated using
the jackknife methodology designed for small datasets.Three lowland and one high mountain refugia
were recognized showing a high congruence with refugia proposed in previous studies for plants and
vertebrates. From the 59 studied species, 31 showed a retraction of their potential distribution from
Pleistocene to Present suggesting their preference to colder environments. As the effect of the global
warming is particularly evident in taxa of cold environments, the distribution of many species from
Andean Region would be strongly affected in the near future.
EVOLUTION OF INFLORESCENCES AND ORNITHOPHILY IN THE PIMENTA GROUP (MYRTEAE,
MYRTACEAE)
M.G. Nadra (1,2); N.P. Giannini (1); J.M. Acosta (2); L. Aagesen (2).
(1)
(2)
Unidad Ejecutora Lillo –CONICET.
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion -CONICET
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Ornithophily has evolved several times among flowering plants, characterized by a passive transferring of
pollen and by offering a reward primarily in the form of nectar. The use of floral structures as a reward to
attract birds is less common among flowering plants. In South America there are several examples of this
phenomenon among these three well documented examples of plants that have developed fleshy and
sweet petals, to attract frugivorous birds. Two of these cases are found in myrtle species placed in the
informal group “Pimenta” (tribe Myrteae,Myrtaceae): Acca and Myrrhinium.
The phylogenetic placement of Myrrhinium has never been tested. However, because the development of
floral structures as a pollination reward is so infrequent, the most plausible hypothesis is to consider the
presence of fleshy petals a homology. However, other traits such as size and color of the petals as well as
the architecture of the inflorescences differ between the species.
In this framework, our aims are to obtain a phylogenetic position of Myrrhinium to test the homology of
freshly petals in Pimenta and to analyze the evolution of the inflorescence architecture in a phylogenetic
context.
The study is based on nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast (rbcL, ndhF, matK, psbA-trnH) sequences amplified
from own material or obtained from GenBank. Maximun Parsimony (MP) analyses were conducted using
TNT software and Bayesian Inference (BI) using MrBayes software. The morphological studies were
based on fresh material and herbarium material deposited at SI, as well as information obtained from the
literature.
- 48 -
PHYLOGENETIC ISSUES (PI) IN A LATE CREATACEOUS FOSSIL FLORA FROM NEW
JERSEY
Kevin C. Nixon *(1); William L. Crepet (1); Maria A. Gandolfo (1)
(1)
L.H. bailey Hortorium, Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell
University.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
The Crossman locality in northern New Jersey (NJ), of Late Cretaceous Turonian age (i.e., ca. 90 million
years bp), is an extraordinary source of exceptionally preserved fossil flowers and fruits. There are also
fewer, but well-preserved specimens of mosses, ferns and gymnosperms. These fossils were preserved
through “charcoalification” – presumably by incomplete combustion in flash fires– and often retain
exquisite cellular detail. Many of the flowers are complete, with attached stamens, petals and carpels.
Such detail in floral structure should allow relatively easy phylogenetic placement, especially considering
that angiosperm classification has traditionally been based largely on floral and fruit characters.
Unfortunately, there are several impediments to accurate placement of these floral fossils, and these
problems extend to other well-preserved Cretaceous fossils from other localities. These issues include
novel floral features, high (and overlooked) variability in floral characters within modern groups, broadly
matching floral formulae, and most importantly, a lack of quality morphological matrices – both at higher
levels across angiosperms and at lower levels within orders, families and generic groups. These issues
will be discussed and illustrated with several examples from the Crossman locality.
SBLA: LBA IN ML AND MP
Kevin C. Nixon (1)
(1)
L.H. bailey Hortorium, Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell
University.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Long Branch Attraction (LBA) has been cited repeatedly as a justification for the abandonment of
parsimony in favor of model-based methods for phylogenetic reconstruction, and this position has been
wholeheartedly embraced by funding institutions in the U.S. This view is particularly pervasive in
analyses of green plant phylogenies using large molecular data sets. Where previously, some parsimony
analyses might have been presented and dismissed as “wrong” due to LBA, now parsimony is simply not
mentioned. This presentation will present results of simulations of long branch attraction (SLBA) using
real data sets (e.g., the green plant “full chloroplast” data set). These simulations show that maximum
likelihood (ML) is susceptible to LBA at similar levels to parsimony, and in some situations (deep,
pectinate branching) often performs worse that parsimony. In the green plant phylogeny, places where
parsimony and ML analyses differ include placement of several important groups with fossil-validated
(not modeled) divergences of between 200-400 million years before present. Two interesting and
dramatic examples of these differences between parsimony and ML are the placement of the gnetopsids
(Ephedra, Gnetum, Welwitschia) and the placement of the lycopsids, (ground pines). In the gnetopsid
case, it can be shown that morphological characters are more consistent with the position found in
parsimony analyses than those in ML. Depending on interpretations of homology, this is also true for the
position of lycopsids.
- 49 -
EVOLUTIONARY BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE NEOTROPICAL REGION: PHYLOGENETIC AND ECOLOGICAL
RELATIONSHIPS INTO THE AREAS OF ENDEMISM OF MAMMALS
Elkin A. Noguera-Urbano *(1,2), Tania Escalante (2)
(1)
(2)
Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito Exterior s/n,
Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
Grupo de Biogeografía de la Conservación, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias,
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán,
04510, Ciudad de México, México.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Areas of endemism (Ae) of Neotropical mammals are biogeographic patterns promoted by historical and
ecological processes that assume a correspondence between the phylogenetic relationship of mammals
and their geographic distributions. Our goal was to examine the phylogenetic structure of Ae of mammals
at the scale of the Neotropical region (NR). We identified Ae and their endemic mammals at regional
scale applying the optimality algorithm. Then we assessed the phylogenetic structure applying the net
relatedness index and the nearest taxon index at the Ae and the NR as whole pattern. We examined if
there is a matching between Ae and the ancestral areas of the endemic mammals to propose a biotic
scenario and explain their integration in the NR. Six Ae with 51 endemic mammal species were
identified, where a single area (Ae0) was significantly phylogenetically overdispersed while the NR was
clustered. The clustering pattern of the NR may show the phylogenetic signal due to the phylogenetic
relatedness of the endemic mammals that evolved in South America. A core of endemism is located in the
tropics around of the equator. A hypothetical scenario to explain the integration of endemic mammals into
current NR is as follows: mammals expanded their ranges from the tropic, while others mammals
expanded into the tropic. The Neotropical endemic mammals have several ages and ancestral areas,
suggesting that a set of barriers and corridors shaped by geological evolve, together with climatic
complexity, affected the Neotropical mammals’ diversification and dispersion at different time and spatial
scales.
DATED PHYLOGENETIC STUDIES ON THE SOUTHERNMOST AMERICAN BUTHIDS (SCORPIONES;
BUTHIDAE)
Andrés A. Ojanguren-Affilastro *(1); Renzo S. Adilardi (2); Camilo I. Mattoni (3);
Martín J. Ramírez (1); Liliana M. Mola (2); F. Sara Ceccarelli (1).
(1)
(2)
(3)
Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470,
CP1405DJR, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Laboratorio de Citogenética y Evolución - Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, IEGEBA
(CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Intendente
Güiraldes 2160 - C1428EGA CABA, Argentina.
Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva y Evolución, Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA,
CONICET-UNC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba,
Av. Vélez Sársfield 299, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
Corresponding author: [email protected];
A dated molecular phylogeny of the southernmost American species of family Buthidae based on two
nuclear and two mitochondrial genes is presented. Based on this study, analyzed species of subgenus
Tityus (Archaeotityus) are neither sister to the remaining species of the genus Tityus, nor are they closely
- 50 -
related with the New World microbuthids with decreasing neobothriotaxy. Analyzed species of subgenus
Tityus do not form a monophyletic group. We present a hypothesis about the patterns of historical
colonization processes of the family Buthidae in southern South America, as well as their probable
relation with the geological events that modified the ecological conditions in the region, comparing it
with the diversification processes of other epigean groups from the area.
PHYLOGENETIC AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC APPROACH TO GENUS FLOURENSIA (ASTERACEAE
HELIANTHEAE)
Juan C. Ospina *(1); Susana E. Freire (1); M. Amalia Scataglini (1);
José L. Panero (2); Carolina M. Correa (3); and Lone Aagesen (1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion-IBODA (CONICET-ANCEFN). Labardén 200, San Isidro, Buenos
Aires, Argentina.
Section of Integrative Biology, 1 University Station C0930. The university of Texas, Austin, TX 78712,
USA.
Unidad Ejecutora Lillo-UEL (CCT-CONICET-TUCUMAN). Miguel Lillo 205, 4000 San Miguel de
Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
The Neotropical genus Flourensia DC. (Asteraceae, Heliantheae) comprises 32 taxa with two diversity
centers one in arid zones of southern South America and one in northern Mexico-southern USA. The
same disjunction is found in several Angiosperm taxa (e,g., [Larrea (Zygophyllaceae), Prosopis,
Prosopidastrum, Hoffmannseggia (Fabaceae), and Distichlis (Poaceae)] which has fuelled the discussion
as to whether the flora of these biotas arose by vicariance or long distance dispersal. Phylogenetic studies
available for some of the groups support the latter and furthermore suggest that long distance dispersal
may have happened repeatedly in some of these. In Flourensia, the presence of several narrow endemic
species in the northern Argentina suggests limited dispersal ability. Analyzing how and when Flourensia
obtained its disjunct distribution and diversified in arid regions of both southern and northern America is
the aim of the present study. In South America, Flourensia species mainly occupy environments of the
inter-Andean dry valleys from the southern depression of Huancabamba in Peru to central Argentina, with
most of the species distributed in northern Argentina. Based on our parsimony analysis of Flourensia
inferred from nuclear ITS and plastid trnL-F sequences, we study the geographical distributions of all
species to determine whether the current disjunct distribution of the genus is due to one or several events.
TESTING THE MONOPHYLY AND PLACEMENT OF FLOURENSIA IN THE TRIBE HELIANTHEAE
(ASTERACEAE)
Juan C. Ospina *(1); Susana E. Freire (1); M. Amalia Scataglini (1);
José L. Panero (2); Carolina M. Correa (3); Lone Aagesen (1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion-IBODA (CONICET-ANCEFN). Labardén 200, San Isidro, Buenos
Aires, Argentina.
Section of Integrative Biology, 1 University Station C0930. The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712,
USA.
Unidad Ejecutora Lillo-UEL (CCT-CONICET-TUCUMAN). Miguel Lillo 205, 4000 San Miguel de
Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
- 51 -
The Neotropical genus Flourensia (Asteraceae, Heliantheae) comprises 32 species occurring in arid,
elevated regions of North America (Mexico-southern USA) and Andean Cordillera of South America
(Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru). Previous morphological studies have raised questions on the
monophyly of the genus and its placement within the tribe Heliantheae; at the moment, there are no
phylogenetic studies of the genus Flourensia confirming these issues. In this work, the phylogenetic
position and monophyly of Flourensia are tested in the context of the tribe Heliantheae using ITS. We use
traditional methods for DNA extraction and sequencing. The new sequences were analyzed using TNT in
a matrix also including sequences obtained from Genebank for those genera of Heliantheae traditionally
considered closely related to Flourensia. The analyzed species of Flourensia constituted a clade, placed
in a trichotomy with other three genera of subtribe Enceliinae: Encelia and the clade Geraea +
Enceliopsis.
ANALISIS FILOGENÉTICO PELIMINAR DE NEMATODOS TRICOSTRONGILIDOS (NEMATODA:
STRONGYLIDA), PARÁSITOS DE MURCIÉLAGOS DE ARGENTINA
Mirna Oviedo *(1)
(1)
Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Avenida José María Urbina, Portoviejo,
Manabí, Ecuador. INSUE, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, CP 4000. San Miguel de
Tucumán, Argentina.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Dentro de Trichostrongylina (Nematoda), solo dos familias (Molineidae y Ornithostrongylidae) en
América, presentan nematodos parásitos de murciélagos. Hasta el presente, en la región, no existen
estudios filogenéticos de nemátodos que incluyan a estos parásitos de murciélagos. Durante un
prolongado estudio taxonómico, se analizaron 1129 murciélagos (de 76 localidades de captura en
Argentina), pertenecientes a 20 géneros y 31 especies nominales. Del total, 26 especies de murciélagos
estuvieron parasitadas y se obtuvieron 1137 nemátodos tricostrongílidos, de 11 géneros y 14 especies. (10
especies son nuevas para la ciencia). En presente trabajo se hace un análisis filogenético preliminar de los
representantes de la familia Molineidae en Argentina. Para ello, se tomaron en cuenta los resultados
taxonómicos previos. Se realizó una matriz morfológica de 21 ejemplares por 39 caracteres, teniendo
como grupo externo representantes de la familia Ornithostrongylidae. El análisis cladístico incluye todas
las especies analizadas en el estudio taxonómico, y aquellas (citadas para América) de otros géneros que
se encontraron presentes en Argentina. El análisis fue llevado a cabo usando parsimonia como criterio de
optimalidad mediante el softwear TNT (Goloboff et al., 2008). Como resultado se obtuvieron 6 árboles
más parsimoniosos de score 76. Se recuperó la familia Molineidae como monofilética. En la base del
cladograma se encontró el género Molostrongylus como grupo hermanos de todos los demás géneros y en
la parte apical se recuperaron los representantes de Histiostrongylus. Se calculó el bremer support dando
muy bajos resultados en todas las ramas.
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE DEGEERIELLA COMPLEX (INSECTA: PHTHIRAPTERA): THE
PROBLEM OF DEFINING LICE GENERA BASED ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THEIR HOST
V.V. Pereyra *(1); T.A. Catanach (2); M.P. Valim (3); K.P. Johnson (4); J. Weckstein (2).
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Unidad Ejecutora Lillo-CONICET (4000 Tucumán- Argentina);
Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA;
Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil;
University of Illinois, Champaign, IL
Corresponding author: [email protected]
- 52 -
The Degeeriella complex contains 16 louse genera parasitizing around 25 bird families including raptors,
woodpeckers, gamebirds, and toucans. The monophyly of the complex has been tested with molecular
and morphological data, although the monophyly of these genera have been little studied. Lice have
historically been classified based on the taxonomy of their host. Several molecular phylogenetic studies
suggest that some of the taxonomic groups created under this assumption are not monophyletic. Here we
test the monophyly of the genera of this group. One mitochondrial and three nuclear genes were
sequenced for 113 terminals including all genera within the Degeeriella complex.
Furthermore, morphological characters were studied and added to the matrix. The data partitions were
analyzed separately and together under parsimony using differential weighting. The resulting phylogeny
indicates that many currently recognized genera within the complex are not monophyletic, suggesting a
history of intraordinal host-switching.
TROGLOBITE BRAZILIAN HARVESTMEN (ARACHNIDA, OPILIONES, LANIATORES) EVIDENCE A 40 MY
OF AN ANCIENT HISTORY OF WIDER GEOGRAFICAL DISTRIBUTION OF KIMULIDAE IN SOUTH
AMERICA
Abel Pérez-González *(1); F. Sara Ceccarelli (1); Bruno G. Oliveira do Monte (2);
Daniel N. Proud (1,3); Márcio Bernardino DaSilva (4); María E. Bichuette (5).
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
División Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Av. Angel
Gallardo 470,C1405DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos,
Brasil.
Current address: Appalachian State University, Department of Biology, ASU Box 32027, Boone, NC
28608
Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Paraíba, Brazil
Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brazil.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Recently, a troglomorphic harvestmen species was discovered living in a Brazilian cave in a xerophitic
area of Minas Gerais State. The species has a highly modified external morphology obscuring the familial
allocation, and the genital morphology suggested that it belonged in the genus Tegipiolus. This genus was
recently placed in Kimulidae based on morphology but this hypothesis was never tested in a phylogenetic
framework. DNA was extracted from a fresh specimen of the troglobitic species plus 17 other species
belonging to the families Escadabiidae, Kimulidae and Zalmoxidae. The DNA was then used to amplify
and sequence four molecular markers (COI, H3a, 18S and 28S). Phylograms and chronograms for our
focal taxon and selected outgroups were obtained through Bayesian inference (BI). A time-calibrated tree
was constructed using BEAST. The phylogram lends high support (pp = 0.99) to the monophyly of
Kimulidae, but the sister-group relationship is not well resolved and the escadabiid species are
polyphyletic. The maximum clade credibility tree from BEAST, on the other hand, places Kimulidae as
sister to a monophyletic Escadabiidae, albeit without valid nodal support. Within the family Kimulidae,
Relictopiolus galadriel is sister to the genus Tegipiolus (T. pachypus) with the most recent common
ancestor of the two taxa estimated to have diverged during the Paleogene, 40 million years ago (95%
HPD: 19-64) probably when the surrounding environment of the cave was occupied by a humid forest.
- 53 -
PHYLOGENY OF CARDITIDAE (BIVALVIA: ARCHIHETERODONTA): REVISITING THE SUBFAMILIAR
SYSTEMATIC SCHEME
Damián Eduardo Pérez* (1); Claudia Julia del Río (1)
(1)
División Paleoinvertebrados, Museo de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, Av. Ángel Gallardo
470, C1405DJR Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Corresponding author: [email protected];
Carditidae comprises a large family of bivalves distributed worldwide with a high diversification during
the Paleogene but their phylogenetic relationships are scarcely studied and only one subfamiliar
systematic classification was suggested. This scheme includes seven subfamilies based on shell outline
and hinge configuration. Some authors proposed the presence of two lineages named as ‘alticostastes’ and
‘planicostates’, but these were not considered in the subfamiliar classification. We performed a cladistic
phylogenetic analysis including 74 fossil and recent species belonging to all known subfamilies, using
137 morphological shell-characters. The obtained results differ from the previously proposed systematic
scheme. The Thecalinae subfamily is nested within Carditinae, and the Carditamerinae shows a lower
diversity than before, only including the genera Carditamera, Byssomera, Glans and Centrocardita.
These both subfamilies had shared a common ancestor. The remaining carditamerines are placed in
different locations over the tree. Venericardiinae is splitted into two different clades, one including
Venericardia and the other one the planicostate taxa such as Leuroactis, Venericor, Pacificor,
Megacardita and Neovenericor. The former Carditesinae, with the exception of Cardites, are placed
along with Venericardia into a new clade that contains all alticostate carditids. Miodomeridinae is not
recovered and Paleocarditinae is placed in a basal position from the rest of carditids. The genera
Vimentum, Scalaricardita and Coripia comprise a new and previously unrecognized clade. The use of
phylogenetic tools provides a new systematic approach of the family and allows to discard the previous
subfamiliar scheme.
ARE CHARACTERS FROM THE TRADITIONAL TAXONOMY OF CICADAS PHYLOGENETICALLY
INFORMATIVE?
Tatiana Petersen Ruschel *(1); Luiz Alexandre Campos (1)
(1)
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS).
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Fidicinini is the most representative tribe of Cicadinae in Brazil. Neither the tribe nor any of its 16 genera
have been a subject of phylogenetic studies. Moreover, the characteristics proposed as diagnostic for
genera are questionable since usually they are not exclusive features. We carried out phylogenetic
analyses of the Fidicinini genera Hemisciera (20 taxa and 52 characters, including 12 from traditional
taxonomy) and Dorisiana (40 taxa and 68 characters, including 16 from traditional taxonomy) aiming to
test whether the characters retrieved from traditional taxonomy are phylogenetically informative when
compared to new characters proposed here. Trees were calculated using TNT by heuristic searches under
implied weighting with 11 K-values; strict consensus was calculated for each K-value, and a similarity
matrix of SPR distances of the 11 consensus trees was constructed. Characters were compared for IC, IR,
and number of synapomorphies. The highest sum of SPR distances for Dorisiana and Hemisciera was
obtained respectively for K=17.318 and K=12.051. Most characters from traditional taxonomy resulted
highly homoplastic and little informative (IC and IR below 50). Higher IC and IR were recovered for only
- 54 -
six and seven out of 12 and 16 traditional characters, respectively, though often homoplastic as well (e.g.
characters related to the timbal cover). Several new characters (e.g. supra-antennal plate, abdomen and
male genitalia), resulted highly informative (IC and IR above 50), representing synapomorphies of several
clades. These results call attention for the need of evaluating non-traditional features in the phylogeny and
taxonomy of cicadas.
EFFECTS OF RANDOMLY AND NON-RANDOMLY DISTRIBUTED MISSING DATA IN SUPPORT VALUES OF
BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSIS
Diego Pol *(1); Alfredo Holley (2)
(1)
(2)
Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Trelew, Argentina.
CENPAT, Puerto Madryn, Argentina.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Paleontological datasets are characterized by the copious amount of missing data and their problematic
effects in phylogenetic analyses have long been noted. In terms of parsimony analyses, recent advances in
numerical methods and their efficient implementation in phylogenetic software currently allows
incorporating numerous characters or taxa with large amounts of missing entries without creating
problems related to the large numbers of equally parsimonious trees. The effects that missing data has on
support values, however, is much less understood. Regarding Bayesian analyses, recent studies using both
empirical and simulated data matrices have shown that missing data also affect the performance of this
method, especially when the missing data is non-randomly distributed. Non-random distribution of
missing data in paleontological data matrices is quite common as it is usually concentrated on highly
incompletely scored taxa and highly incompletely scored characters. As in parsimony, the effects of the
amount of missing data (and the different patterns of distribution) on posterior clade probability is poorly
understood. Here we present a study on the effect of randomly and non-randomly distributed missing
entries have on a set of empirical data matrices of morphological characters in support values for both
Bayesian and parsimony analyses. Different regimes of missing entries were artificially added to these
datasets and the support/credibility values obtained for the modified datsets were compared with those of
the original matrices (without missing data). The results of these analyses show that support/credibility
values are highly sensitive to the presence of non-randomly distributed missing entries, in particular for
the case of highly incompletely scored taxa. A major difference in the results of both methods is found in
the frequency of high credibility values obtained for erroneous groups in the case of Bayesian analyses.
A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE MITE FAMILY CAECULIDAE (ACARI: TROMBIDIFORMES)
Andrés O. Porta *(1,2)
(1)
(2)
División Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Buenos Aires,
Argentina.
Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Corresponding author: [email protected]
The mite family Caeculidae (Acari: Trombidiformes) contains nine genera: Caeculus (18 spp.),
Andocaeculus (5 spp.), Allocaeculus (33 spp.), Neocaeculus (11 spp.), Procaeculus (11 spp.),
Microcaeculus (21 spp.), Calocaeculus (1 sp.), Sclerocaeculus (2 spp.) and Pseudocaeculus (1 sp.) . Most
of the species has been described before the seminal work of Y. Coineau and, because of that, most
descriptions are useless for establish phylogenetic relations. In this presentation we study the
- 55 -
phylogenetic relationships between genera using literature (lt.) and new data from firsthand observations
(fho) covering the most diverse genera in the family: Caeculus (3 lt, 4 fho spp.), Andocaeculus (26 fho
spp.), Allocaeculus (1lt, 11 fho spp.), Neocaeculus (10 lt, 1 fho spp.), Procaeculus (2 lt, 2 fho spp.) and
Microcaeculus (6 lt, 4 fho). Based on this data, a matrix with 94 morphologic characters (defined mainly
after the work of Coineau) has been elaborated. A phylogenetic analysis was performed on TNT using
two taxons belonging to the same cohort of Caeculidae, Anystina, as outgroups: Walzia
sp.(Anystidae:Anystinae) and Saxidromus delamarei (Saxidromidae) . The main results of this analysis
are: 1) The genera Andocaeculus, Allocaeculus, Microcaeculus, Neocaeculus and Procaeculus are
retained as monophyletic, 2) Caeculus is paraphyletic, constituting a clade with Procaeculus, 3)
Psammophily evolved on at least three independent occasions, two into the genus Andocaeculus and one
in Microcaeculus.
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE MITE GENUS ANDOCAECULUS (ACARI: CAECULIDAE) USING
DISCRETE AND LANDMARK DATA
Andrés O. Porta *(1,2); Jaime Pizarro Araya (3); Martín J. Ramírez (1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
División Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Buenos Aires,
Argentina.
Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Laboratorio de Entomología Ecológica, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de
La Serena, La Serena, Chile.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
At the moment, the genus Andocaeculus (Acari: Trombidiformes: Caeculidae) consists of five species:
two from Argentina, two from Chile and one from Brazil. As result of a revision of the genus 21 new
species has been discovered from Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Perú and Colombia. A matrix, consisting of
126 discrete morphologic characters, 13 landmark shape characters and 10 continuous (landmark derived)
size characters, has been elaborated using firsthand data of all the 26 species of the genus. A
phylogenetic analysis was performed on TNT using as outgroup species of the genus Procaeculus (2 spp),
Allocaeculus (2 spp.), Neocaeculus (3 spp), Microcaeculus (3 spp.) and Caeculus (3 spp.). The main
results of this analysis are: 1) The genus is recovered as monophyletic, the sister group is the genus
Caeculus. 2) A subgeneric division is proposed based on several synapomorphies: shape and distribution
of some setae, morphology of palpus and the shape of aspidosomal and hysterosomal plates . 3) Each one
of the subgenera contains clades of psamophilous species showing different patterns of
progressive/regressive develope of the eupathidiums (a class of chemoreceptor setae ) on legs 4)
Landmark characters are useful to codify the shape of some structures (setae and plates) in the
phylogenetic analysis framework.
PHYLOGENY AND COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF CORBICULATE BEES
(APIDAE: APINAE: APINI)
Diego S. Porto*(1); Eduardo A.B. Almeida (1)
(1)
Laboratório de Biologia Comparada e Abelhas (LBCA), Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de
Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida
Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
- 56 -
Corbiculate bees (Apini) include the well-known honeybees and bumblebees. Members of this clade
exhibit an astonishing diversity of forms of social organization, with solitary, communal and eusocial
species. The latter includes Apina and Meliponina, the only bees with highly sophisticated social
structures. The understanding of the evolution of social behaviors in Apini is, thus, a key point to
sociobiologists and bee systematists. However, data from different sources used in phylogeny
reconstruction have yield discordant results. On the one hand, morphological and behavioral data support
a single origin of fixed-caste eusociality. On the other hand, molecular data consistently recovers a dual
origin for this cluster of behaviors. Seeking for additional evidence to illuminate the “corbiculate
controversy”, a comparative study of internal skeletal structures of bees was undertaken. We performed
different sets of analyses, with discrete and continuous data, including 25 representatives of Apidae. Also,
an additional analysis was conducted with continuously varying characters coded “as such”. The
morphological matrix incorporated a total of 135 characters, 93 from external morphology and 42 from
internal structures of the exoskeleton (e.g., phragmata, furcae). The final analysis resulted into two most
parsimonious trees with 376 steps (CI=45, RI=78). The tree is mostly congruent with the traditional
scenario recovered with morphological/behavioral datasets: Euglossina + (Bombina + (Apina +
Meliponina)). This phylogeny implies a single origin of fixed-caste eusociality in the ancestral of A+M.
Furthermore, characters obtained from internal skeletal structures were demonstrated crucial to the
clarification of the “corbiculate controversy” and constitute promising alternatives for future studies on
comparative morphology of bees.
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTER VARIATION IN SPECIES OF THE GENUS
CRIBRARIA (MYXOMYCETES: LICELAES: CRIBRARIACEAE)
Jose Martín Ramirez-Ortega *(1); Efrain De Luna (2); Arturo Estrada-Torres (3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Posgrado en Ciencias Biologicas, Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, 90001,
México.
Instituto de Ecología A.C. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Sistemática. Xalapa, Veracruz, 91070,
México.
Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas, Ixtacuixtla,
Tlaxcala, 90122, México.
Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Cribraria is, along with Lindbladia, the only genera in the all the Myxomycetes that have plasmodic
granules in the sporotheca. Until now phylogenetic relationships among species have never been
evaluated. We performed a parsimony phylogenetic analysis of comparative morphology in 26 species of
Cribraria, as well as Stemonitis flavogenita, Hemitrichia calyculata, Arcyria denudata, Tubifera
ferruginosa and Lindbladia tubulina as outgroups. The morphological data matrix consisted of 42 discrete
and three continuous characters. Tree space was surveyed with a combination of search strategies as
implemented in TNT. In order to evaluate the contribution of continuous characters for phylogenetic
reconstruction in Cribraria, beside the complete matrix, we did additional analyses removing the
continuous data. The cladistics analysis with discrete plus continuous characters found three equally most
parsimonious trees. The consensus tree revealed four monophyletic groups; the first clade is composed by
species sharing the ribbed-reticulated spore ornamentation, such as C. distyospora, C.rufa and C.
atrofusca. A second clade grouped the minute species (C. minutissima, C. fragilis, C. violacea, C. lepida).
The third clade includes the species with peridial ribs (such as C. cancellata and C. mirabilis), and finally
the fourth clade includes the typical Cribraria species. The trees from discrete plus morphometric
character analysis are a better estimate for the internal relationships in Cribraria because the clades were
better supported than in the discrete characters alone. This study provides the first phylogenetic
hypothesis of relationships and character evolution for Cribraria.
- 57 -
THE PHYLOGENY OF DIONYCHAN SPIDERS: A COMBINED ANALYSIS OF SEQUENCES
AND MORPHOLOGY
Martín J. Ramírez *(1), Charles Griswold (2), Ward Wheeler (3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Division of Arachnology, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales - CONICET. Av. Angel Gallardo 470,
C1405DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Arachnology (Emeritus), California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA
Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
The Dionycha comprise a large clade of two-clawed spiders and a tuft of tenent setae, including about
30% of the known spider species. Since the loss of the inferior claw and acquisition of adhesive setae is
one of the most plastic syndromes in spider evolution, the phylogeny and precise demarcation of
Dionycha are contentious. A recent morphological phylogeny produced novel synapomorphies for large
dionychan clades, and the molecular data (target gene and transcriptomic, published and in progress) are
helping to define Dionycha and some of their main lineages, and disentangle morphological
convergences. Both sources of data are illuminating and largely congruent, but also have important
differences, due to different signal and unequal coverage. While morphological analyses are more
sensitive to convergence syndromes, sequence data produce groupings without morphological
synapomorphies, thus with limited prediction over the taxonomic diversity of spiders. By combining both
data sources we provide synapomorphies for important dionychan clades, confirm the monophyly and
placement of many families (e.g., the placement of crab spiders among lycosoids, the inclusion of
viridasiids in Dionycha), and propose new higher rank-clades.
EL POTENCIAL BIOGEOGRÁFICO DE LAS INTERACCIONES BIÓTICAS EN UNA ESCALA GEOGRÁFICA:
UN ESTUDIO DE CASO CON TRIATOMINAE (HEMIPTERA) Y MAMÍFEROS
Laura Rengifo-Correa *(1), Juan J. Morrone (1), Constantino González-Salazar (2)
(1)
(2)
Museo de Zoología ‘Alfonso L. Herrera’, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias,
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México City, México.
C3 – Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México
City, México.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
La congruencia de las distribuciones geográficas de diferentes taxones permite identificar áreas de
endemismo. Usualmente se infiere que la congruencia se forma exclusivamente a partir de procesos de
aislamiento geográfico y se desconocen otras explicaciones basadas en procesos ecológicos. Se ha
propuesto que las interacciones bióticas pueden participar en el mantenimiento de la coocurrencia
espacial entre especies diferentes, pero evaluar esta hipótesis ha sido difícil debido a varias limitaciones
metodológicas. Una de estas limitaciones es identificar interacciones bióticas a una escala geográfica. El
objetivo de este trabajo es identificar un conjunto de especies que coocurren y potencialmente interactúan
a una escala geográfica, de tal manera que puedan ser utilizadas para evaluar la hipótesis de formación
ecológica de áreas de endemismo. Para inferir las interacciones potenciales a escala geográfica utilizamos
un método de minería de datos para la construcción de redes ecológicas complejas. Asimismo,
estudiamos nueve especies de Triatominae (Reduviidae: Hemiptera) y 396 especies de mamíferos
silvestres (Mammalia) del dominio Mesoamericano, las cuales se encuentran involucradas en el ciclo de
- 58 -
transmisión de Trypanosoma cruzi, agente etiológico de la enfermedad de Chagas. Inferimos 116 pares de
interacciones potenciales triatomino-mamífero con la metodología de redes complejas y validamos dichas
interacciones potenciales con la información acerca de especies de mamíferos confirmados como
huéspedes de T. cruzi. Las especies de triatominos y mamíferos que interactúan potencialmente pueden
ser utilizadas para evaluar la hipótesis de formación ecológica de áreas de endemismo.
THE GENUS ACTINOPUS (MYGLOMORPHAE: ACTINOPODIDAE) IN ARGENTINA: COMBINED
PHYLOGENY
Duniesky Ríos-Tamayo *(1), Pablo Goloboff (1)
(1)
Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (Fundación Miguel Lillo-CONICET), Miguel Lillo 205, CP 4000. San Miguel de
Tucumán (Argentina).
Corresponding author: [email protected].
The family Actinopodidae Simon 1892, is constituted by digging spiders of small to medium size whose
members are distributed in Australia and South America. Before this work, the genus Actinopus had two
valid species in Argentina, A. insignis (Holmberg, 1881) and A. goloboffi Ríos, 2014. Based on the
analysis of 617 specimens (173 males, 291 females and 153 young ones), 22 new species were described.
To analyze the phylogeny of the group, a matrix combined with continuous+discrete+ morphogeometric
characters was created. This matrix had a total of 95 characters, 6 morphogeometric (landmark
configurations), 23 continuous and 66 discrete. Of the 67 characters used, more than half are used for the
first time. The phylogenetic analyses were carried out using TNT program (Goloboff et al., 2008), with
parsimony as an optimal criterion. Aside from the Argentinian species of Actinopus, the cladistic analysis
included four species from Brazil: A. crassipes (Keyserling, 1891); A. wallacei Pickard-Cambridge, 1896;
A. paranensis Mello-Leitão, 1920 and A. rufibarbis Mello-Leitão, 1930. The following taxa were chosen
as outgroup: Missulena tussulena Goloboff, 1994; M. occatoria Walckenaer, 1805, Neocteniza australis
Goloboff, 1987 e Idiops clarus (Mello-Leitão, 1946). All the analysis was rooted in Calathotarsus
coronatus Simon, 1903. From the analysis of this combined matrix, the best tree, score 9.760, recovers
the monophyly of Actinopus, and proposes a phylogenetic hypothesis for the Argentinian species.
DIVING IN TAXONOMIC CHAOS: CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF HELIURA BUTLER (LEPIDOPTERA,
EREBIDAE, ARCTIINAE)
Lívia Rodrigues Pinheiro *(1); Marcelo Duarte (1)
(1)
Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo
Corresponding author: [email protected]
A cladistic analysis was conducted to ascertain the generic limits of Heliura, a clearly polyphyletic genus
counting with 40 species. Because of the taxonomic complexity involved, both in Heliura and in
Ctenuchina in general, species of several genera were used in the analyses. Most of them belong to the
genera Eucereon and Delphyre, the former being the largest, and possibly the most chaotic genus in
Ctenuchina. The type species of Galethalea was chosen as the outgroup. In total, 115 species of 11 genera
were included in the data matrix, which counts with 134 morphological characters of adults, including a
detailed survey of forewing pattern and male and female genitalia. The analysis using implicit weighting
yielded a result suggesting that a monophyletic concept of Heliura includes 62 species, many of which
are currently placed in several other genera. This hypothesis is based on eight synapomorphies, including
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the setal pattern of uncus, and two very distinct finger-like projections on proximal region of male valvae.
The remaining species currently placed in Heliura which do not belong to the monophyletic concept here
proposed grouped with species of several other genera, but in most cases the species with which they
grouped do not seem to belong to a monophyletic concept of the genus where they are currently placed.
However, this is not unexpected, given the chaotic situation of the taxonomy of Arctiinae. This study
represents a preliminary diving into the taxonomic chaos of Ctenuchina, necessary to begin to find some
order within the group.
EVOLUTIONARY RECONSTRUCTION OF SIX CHARACTERS OF THE METATARSOMERE OF HIND LEGS IN
OCHLERINI (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE: DISCOCEPHALINAE)
Talita Roell *(1); Luiz Alexandre Campos (2)
(1)
Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal & Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do
Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil 91501-970
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Leg morphology in Heteroptera is frequently regarded of considerable importance in classification and
taxonomy. Few studies are available on leg morphology in Pentatomoidea, usually concerning macroscale
variations. The dorsal surface of the metatarsomere of hind legs of Ochlerini (Pentatomidae) is often
depressed, and although this characteristic has been considered diagnostic and was already proposed as a
synapormophy to Ochlerini, it has not yet been a subject of scrutiny. In this study we assessed the dorsal
surface of the metatarsomere of hind legs of females and males of 33 species of Ochlerini. Characters
considered for females were: 1) surface: plan; basal furrow; median furrow; ample furrow; 2)
microsculpture: absent; thin lines; sinuous; imbricated; and 3) setae: absent; present. Characters
considered for males were: 1) surface: convex; plan; slightly furrowed; 2) microsculpture: absent; thin
lines; sinuous; imbricated; and 3) setae: absent; present. Character states were scored after scanning
electron microscopy photographs, and mapped on the tree by Campos & Grazia (2006) after pruning taxa
not evaluated by us. The reconstruction of ancestral states was made using a likelihood (ML) criterion,
and correlations between each character within and between sexes were tested using ML. All analyses
were made in Mesquite 3.04. The depression on tarsi have appeared first in females, and no correlation
was found between males and females (p=0.16). Imbricated microsculpture is correlated with furrowed
tarsi both in females (p=0.03) and in males (p<0.001). The setae have disappeared first in females, and is
correlated with tarsi lacking furrow in males (p=0.01).
TESTING THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TERMINAL SAMPLING STRATEGIES IN PHYLOGENETIC
ANALYSES USING MORPHOLOGICAL DATA MATRIXES
Eileen E. Ronayne *(1,2); Martín D. Ezcurra (2,3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Univeridad de Belgrano, Zabala 1837, Buenos Aires C1426DQG, Argentina.
Sección Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”,
Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires C1405DJR, Argentina.
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET).
Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected]
Phylogenetic analyses focused on the higher-level interrelationships of taxonomically diverse clades are
becoming increasingly common. However, the logical rationale behind the sampling strategies of such
clades is frequently poorly explored. To test the effect of sampling strategies in cladistic analyses we
- 60 -
reanalysed 19 large morphological matrixes (>70 terminals) applying eight different subsamplings. The
strategies were conducted subsampling combinations of two or three of the most basal and/or most
informative (lowest number of missing data and polymorphisms) taxa of each clade of the original
topologies. The subsampling results were measured as the ratio of clades (RC) and synapomorphies (RS)
also present in the original analysis and with a modified Robinson–Foulds distance (proportion of
bipartitions that differ between both trees). The RC and RS of the reanalysed matrixes ranged 58−84%
and 38−51%, respectively, showing the impact that sampling strategies have in phylogenetic results.
Sampling the two or three most informative terminals recovers higher RC than using only the most basal
terminals or combining them with the most basal taxa. The inclusion of only the most basal taxa found in
general higher RS. Sampling the most basal terminals plus that with the highest number of accumulated
steps (e.g. extant taxa within a Mesozoic sample) significantly outperforms in topology and RS all the
other strategies. Therefore, our results suggest that generally the sampling of the most informative taxa,
excluding highly derived terminals, reconstructs more accurately topological relationships, but basal
terminals are preferable if the analysis is focused on the reconstruction of ancestral character-states.
DO FOSSILS HAVE A ROLE IN PHYLOGENETIC RECONSTRUCTION? – IF SO, WHAT?
Gar W. Rothwell *(1,2)
(1)
(2)
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA,
Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA,
Corresponding author: [email protected]
The vast majority of biological diversity is represented by extinct species, but modern methodologies
increasingly exclude fossils from analyses that attempt to resolve the overall pattern of phylogeny. To a
certain extent this trend is understandable because limitations to applicable analytical methods and a
small number of available character states constrain the strength of hypotheses derived from taxon sets
that include fossils. Nevertheless, extinct species represent the most applicable outgroups for rooting
clades. Unless hypotheses that resolve phylogenies using living taxa are tested by inclusion/exclusion
experiments with fossils, such results actually omit all of the deep internal nodes of the resulting trees.
We simply do not know whether the resulting trees represent the overall pattern of phylogeny or only
merely systematic relationships among living species. When fossils are employed only in an a posteriori
fashion to calibrate clade ages on trees derived from living species, the results represent nested sets of
successively derived hypotheses each of which may be either poorly supported or unsupported. In the
absence of hypothesis tests, we simply don’t know. Although this “house of cards” approach has become
increasingly popular and the results touted as increasingly refining the pattern of life through time, we do
not know whether they represent increasingly precise reconstructions of phylogeny or merely illusions of
increasingly equivocal scientific validity. Inclusion/exclusion experiments using living and extinct plants
serve as hypothesis tests, illuminate strengths and weaknesses of currently popular practices, and provide
a basis for strengthening scientific methodology in the practice of phylogenetic systematics.
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STATISTICAL MODELING OF AREAS OF ENDEMISM: A MARKOV RANDOM FIELD APPROACH
Nelson R. Salinas *(1); Ward C. Wheeler (1)
(1)
American Museum of Natural History, New York City, USA.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
A statistical framework to infer areas of endemism from geographic distributions is proposed. This novel
method is based on Hidden Markov Random Fields, a kind of undirected graph model commonly used in
computer vision problems such as image segmentation, reconstruction, and noise reduction. This
framework assumes areas of endemism are the states of the hidden layer of the model, whereas taxon
distributions are values in the observed layer. Observations are emitted by the hidden layer according to a
Gaussian distribution, whereas the joint distribution of the hidden layer follows a Potts model. Estimating
the marginal distribution in these models is intractable, therefore the state distribution of the maximum a
posteriori configuration is done through Iterated Conditional Modes, an approximation technique. The
optimal number of areas of endemism in the dataset is estimated through the Pseudolikelihood
Information Criterion, a model selection procedure that uses an approximation to likelihood. The
performance of our new algorithm was assessed on simulated data, and compared to the most popular
methods for delimitation of areas of endemism: Biotic Element Analysis, Parsimony Analysis of
Endemism, and Endemicity Analysis. Hidden Markov Random Fields efficiently recovered the true
pattern across a wide range of uncertainty values. The performance was also examined on empirical data:
South African weevils (Sciobius), and Central American ground beetles and funnel-web tarantulas
(Carabidae and Dipluridae, respectively). Hidden Markov Random Fields uncovered nine areas of
endemism from the weevil dataset, whereas eight were estimated for the Central American arthropods.
A PRELIMINARY PHYLOGENY OF SENECIO SERIES CULCITIUM (ASTERACEAE)
Luciana Salomón *(1); Silvana M. Sede (1); Susana E. Freire (1)
(1)
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion-IBODA (CONICET-ANCEFN). Labardén 200, San Isidro, Buenos
Aires, Argentina.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Senecio series Culcitium, based on the genus Culcitium, includes 35 Andean species distributed in South
America from Venezuela to northwestern Argentina, which are characterized by its capitula usually
discoid and nodding with developed calycular bracts, and style arms ranging from apically papillate to
papillate with a tuft of longer hairs. The phylogenetic relationships of Senecio ser. Culcitium were
examined using DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal ITS region and plastid trnK, including 18 of
the 35 species in the group, and also seven species recently excluded from it, i.e. Senecio aspleniifolius, S.
candidans, S. diemii, S. gilliesii, S. jarae, S. magellanicus, and S. martinensis, seven new species were
analyzed together with previously published sequences in order to generate a topology. Our results
support Senecio ser. Culcitium as paraphyletic, the monophyly of the series depends upon the inclusion of
Senecio algens. Based on our topology we confirm the exclusion of S. aspleniifolius, S. candidans, S.
diemii, S. gilliesii, S. jarae, S. magellanicus, and S. martinensis from the series and the placement in two
different series, Hualtatini and Repentes, and in one informal clade, the “diemii group”. The “diemii
group”, present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, includes S. diemii, S. magellanicus, and S.
martinensis. Senecio gilliesii and S. candidans are considered within ser. Hualtatini, mainly distributed in
the southern Andes and in southernBrazil. Finally, Senecio jarae and S. aspleniifolius are classified within
Senecio ser. Repentes, present in the Central Andes of Argentina and Chile.
- 62 -
PHYLOGENY OF THE LIZARD GENUS RIAMA (SQUAMATA: GYMNOPHTHALMIDAE) BASED ON DIRECT
OPTIMIZATION OF MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE: NEW GENERIC ARRANGEMENT,
AND ORIGIN OF THE SIERRA NEVADA DE SANTA MARTA ENDEMIC FAUNA
Santiago J. Sánchez-Pacheco *(1,2); Omar Torres-Carvajal (3); Vanessa Aguirre-Peñafiel (3); Pedro M. Sales
Nunes (4,5); Laura Verrastro (6); Gilson A. Rivas (7); Miguel T. Rodrigues (4); Taran Grant (4); Robert W.
Murphy (1,2)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada;
Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON, Canada;
Escuela de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador;
Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil;
Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Ciências Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife,
PE, Brazil;
Laboratorio de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal
do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;
Museo de Biología, Facultad Experimental de Ciencias, La Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo,Zulia,
Venezuela.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Riama is the most speciose genus of the Gymnophthalmidae. Its more than 31 species occur
throughout the northern Andes, the Venezuelan Cordillera de la Costa (CC), and Trinidad. We present the
most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Riama to date based on a total evidence approach and direct
optimization of molecular and morphological evidence, and using parsimony as the optimality criterion.
Analyses use DNA sequences from one nuclear and three mitochondrial loci (ca. 2149 bp) and 35
phenotypic characters from pholidosis and hemipenes. The dataset consists of 55 ingroup terminals
representing 26 of the 31 currently recognized species of Riama plus four undescribed species, including
an endemic species from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM) in Colombia, and 66 outgroup
terminals representing 46 species. Outgroup sampling targets Proctoporus sensu stricto and Petracola
(with Riama forming the former Proctoporus sensu lato). Analysis of the equally weighted evidence
results in a well-supported phylogenetic hypothesis in which Riama is polyphyletic, with its species
falling into three unrelated clades. Analyses corroborate monophyly of both Proctoporus s.s. and
Petracola. The Tepuian Anadia mcdiarmidi nests within one clade of Riama, and recently resurrected
Pantodactylus nests within Cercosaura. Accordingly, we propose a monophyletic taxonomy that better
reflects historical relationships. We redefine Riama, resurrect Oreosaurus, erect a new genus, and return
Pantodactylus to the synonymy of Cercosaura. Finally, current phylogenetic evidence reveals a SNSM–
CC–Trinidad–tepuis biogeographic link. We hypothesize that an ancient biogeographic connection
facilitated the exchange of species between the SNSM and the CC.
WIDESPREAD HORIZONTAL TRANSFER OF MITOCHONDRIAL
DNA IN A HOLOPARASITIC PLANT
MV Sanchez-Puerta *(1,2); L.E. García (1,2); J Wohlfeiler (2); L.F. Ceriotti (2)
(1)
(2)
IBAM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Almirante Brown 500,
M5528AHB, Chacras de Coria, Argentina.
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina.
Corresponding author: [email protected].
- 63 -
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the lateral transmission of genetic material between unrelated
organisms and contrasts with the more familiar transfer through sexual or asexual reproduction. HGT
among flowering plant mitochondria occurs frequently but in most cases leads to nonfunctional
transgenes in the recipient genome. Parasitic plants are particularly prone to this phenomenon, but their
mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) have been largely unexplored. We undertook a large-scale genomic
study of the holoparasitic plant Lophophytum mirabile, which belongs to the poorly studied family
Balanophoraceae. Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses were performed to address the frequency, origin,
and impact of HGT. The sequencing of the complete mtDNA of L. mirabile revealed the unprecedented
acquisition of host-derived mitochondrial genes, representing 79% of the protein-coding gene content. All
but one of these foreign genes replaced the native homologs and are probably functional in energy
metabolism. The genome consists of 54 circular-mapping chromosomes, 26 of which carry no intact
genes. Unlike other angiosperm mitochondria, all plastid sequences in L. mirabile mtDNA are foreign, as
a natural consequence of the putative loss of the native plastid genome. The likely functional replacement
of up to 26 genes in L. mirabile represents a stunning example of the potential effect of rampant HGT on
plant mitochondria. The use of host-derived genes may have a positive effect on the host-parasite
relationship, but could also be the result of nonadaptive forces.
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE TRIBE GRAPHOCAECILIINI (PSOCODEA: ‘PSOCOPTERA’:
LACHESILLIDAE) WITH DESCRIPTION OF NEW GENERA FROM COLOMBIA
Stephania Sandoval Arango *(1,2); Ranulfo González Obando (2); Alfonso Neri García Aldrete (3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Laboratório de Biologia Comparada e Abelhas (LBCA), Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de
Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto,
Brazil.
Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad del Valle, Santiago de
Cali, Colombia.
Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D. F.
México.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
The tribe Graphocaeciliini consists of 14 genera, of which almost 50% were described in this century; the
validity of these has not been evaluated and genera relationship of this tribe remain uncertain. In addition,
recently were found a significant number of new species, with morphological variation that could
represent new genera. A phylogenetic analysis of the tribe, including all described genera and new
species, is presented. A matrix of 36 taxa and 93 morphological characters, 71 discrete and 22 continuous,
was analyzed under parsimony with equal and implied weights. Analyses using only discrete characters
were performed to test for changes in topology when continuous characters are incorporated. The
monophyly of the tribe Graphocaeciliini was confirmed, and its relationship with Waoraniellini, forming
the subfamily Eolachesillinae. The monophyly of the genera Graphocaecilius, Nanolachesilla,
Dagualachesilla and Prolachesilla is confirmed with medium to high supports and several
synapomorphies, both discrete and continuous. The close relationship between Tricholachesilla and
Amazolachesilla was observed, and in turn the relationship of this clade with Nanolachesilla. Likewise,
the relationship between Dagualachesilloides, Acantholachesilla and Dagualachesilla, which formed a
clade with high support, was confirmed. Anomolachesilla and a new species were within the clade of
Prolachesilla, which could represent a new combination for the genera described; the rest of the new
species formed three new genera, with several synapomorphies. Monotypic genera Mesolachesilla,
Cuzcolachesilla, Antilachesilla and the only species of Anomopsocus included, were separated from the
other genera and therefore their relations remain uncertain.
- 64 -
FOSSIL AND EXTANT CHLAMYDINI (BIVALVIA: PECTINIDAE) OF ARGENTINA AND CHILE: A
PHYLOGENETIC APPROACH
M. Belén Santelli *(1); Claudia J. del Río (1)
(1)
Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Phylogenetic relationships, systematics and taxonomic assignments of the Cenozoic Chlamydini of
Argentina and Chile still remain unknown. The phylogenetic analysis performed provides the first matrix
for the subfamily, based on 110 morphological continuous and numerical shell-characters scored for 37
fossil and extant species. It was used TNT 1.5 beta software, through an heuristic search of 100 replicates
of Wagner trees, with space for 2000 trees in memory, followed by TBR branch swapping algorithm
holding 10 trees per replicate, under implied weighting with K values between 6 and 11. The obtained
tree grouped the studied taxa into three clades. One includes the Pliocene species of Northern Chile, the
other the early Miocene-middle Miocene Patagonian genera Swiftopecten, Jorgechlamys and
Reticulochlamys, alone with “Zygochlamys”nicolasi, and the other, clusters the Oligocene-middle
Miocene largely misinterpreted Zygochlamys, and a new genus including Pecten actinodes (late Miocene)
and Pecten aurorae (early Pliocene). Contrary to what was previously supposed, Zygochlamys is neither
related to the Chilean species nor to the Pliocene-Recent circumpolar Psychrochlamys, but shows a closer
relationship with Chlamys than to any other Patagonian Cenozoic Chlamydini. As a sister group of
Chlamys islandica-Chlamys rubida cluster, appears Pecten quemadensis (early Miocene), demonstrating
the presence of Chlamys in Patagonia, up to now considered to be restricted to the Northern Hemisphere.
Chlamys hastata is shown as the most basal Chlamys species. Finally, Psychrochlamys should not be
related to these fossil genera any more, being solved as a basal group to the mentioned three clades and to
the Mymachlamys-Aequipecten one.
MODIFICATIONS TO A PHYLOGENETIC COMPARATIVE METHOD OF CONTINUOUS CHARACTERS
Araceli Seiffe *(1); Pablo Goloboff (2); Norberto Giannini (2,3,4)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Unidad Ejecutora Lillo
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientıíficas y Técnicas, Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucumán, Miguel
Lillo 205, CP 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
Programa para el estudio de Biodiversidad Argentina.
Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) are intended to analyze data measured on taxa, which are
biological sampling units exhibiting various degrees of statistical dependence due to common ancestry.
Here we propose a modification of a previously published PCM implemented in the TNT script DDELCOR, a method based on mapping two continuous characters on a tree to generate data pairs for
correlation analysis, which resolves problems of multiple character reconstructions, phylogenetic
dependence, and asynchronous evolutionary responses. We modified D-DELCOR to correlate not the
changes in characters but the absolute values of the traits assigned to nodes. We added two modules to the
original script. In the new script, A-DELCOR, we also modified the “stasis” function; this function is
provided optionally so that 0-0 pairs can be formed, but now only after no changes in none of the
characters are found along the branches. We executed A-DELCOR and D-DELCOR with two empirical
examples: Ferungulata and Phyllostomidae. Results for Ferungulata are similar in both scripts, so we can
- 65 -
conclude A-DELCOR has statistic and methodological power. By contrast, results for Phyllostomidae
show only significant correlations with A-DELCOR. Notably, D-DELCOR answers the evolutionary
question: do changes in x imply a change in y? while A-DELCOR answers: x and y are functionally
related? The functional dependence is defined by the correlation between the absolute values of both
variables and not necessary considers the specific level of evolutionary changes. Both scripts are
important to establish whether co-evolutionary changes or functional dependence, is important in
phylogenetic correlations.
BIASES OF TREE-INDEPENDENT-CHARACTER-SUBSAMPLING METHODS AT THE ROOT OF THE
ANGIOSPERMS
Mark P. Simmons* (1); John Gatesy (2)
(1)
(2)
Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Observed Variability (OV) and Tree Independent Generation of Evolutionary Rates (TIGER) are quick
and easy-to-apply tree-independent methods that have been proposed to provide unbiased estimates of
each character’s rate of evolution and serve as the basis for excluding rapidly evolving characters. Both
methods have been applied to multiple phylogenomic datasets, and in many cases the authors considered
their trees inferred from the OV- and TIGER-delimited sub-matrices to be better estimates of the
phylogeny than their trees based on all characters. We use four sets of simulations to demonstrate that
both methods share a systematic bias against characters with more symmetric distributions of character
states, against characters with greater observed character-state space, and against large clades in the
context of character conflict. As a result these methods can favor convergences and reversals over
synapomorphy, exacerbate long-branch attraction, and produce mutually exclusive phylogenetic
inferences that are dependent upon differential taxon sampling. Furthermore, we demonstrate that
application of these methods actually increases gene-tree heterogeneity in a phylogenomic dataset.
Finally, we refute a recent argument in favor of OV as well as a recent application of OV from which an
alternative rooting of the angiosperms has been proposed. We assert that neither OV nor TIGER should
be relied upon to increase the ratio of phylogenetic to non-phylogenetic signal in a data matrix.
WHEN DID BANANAS SPLIT? INTEGRATING PALEOBOTANICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL, AND GENETIC
DATA TO INVESTIGATE AN ANCIENT RAPID RADIATION IN ZINGIBERALES
Selena Y. Smith *(1); William J.D. Iles (2); John C. Benedict (1); Chelsea D. Specht (2).
(1)
(2)
Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences and Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109
Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Department of Integrative Biology and the University and
Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Combining multiple lines of evidence (paleontological, morphoanatomical, and genetic data) offers the
opportunity to elucidate the evolutionary history of a group, including resolving basal relationships or
identifying events such as ancient rapid radiations. Here, the Zingiberales are used as a model system to
apply this ‘consilience approach.’ This morphologically diverse, primarily tropical group comprises ca.
2,500 species, many of which are ornamental or edible plants. Until recently, the relationships between
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the four ‘banana group’ families were uncertain, but analysis of 308 nuclear and 68 plastid genes
recovered Musaceae as sister to the rest of the order and robustly resolved interfamilial relationships. Reevaluation of the fossil record has been necessary in order to incorporate paleobotanical data. A majority
of the fossils for the order belong to Zingiberaceae, likely a reflection of the morphological and ecological
diversity of group. Many of the vegetative records lack characters to be able to place them confidently
even to the order. Investigation of over 160 species of extant zingiberalean seeds has shown that
reproductive material has a wealth of characters and can be used to distinguish among and within
families. Within this framework, the oldest (Cretaceous) zingiberalean fossils (Spirematospermum,
Tricostatocarpon, Striatornata) are reinterpreted as members of crown Alpinioideae (Zingiberaceae).
Using the revised fossil record and resolved phylogeny, dating analyses estimate older node ages (by ~50
Ma) for zingiberalean lineages compared to previous studies that placed Spirematospermum as stem
Musaceae. Fossils are critical for providing evidence of past diversity, biogeography, and the timing of
evolutionary events.
THE ANATOMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS IN LIVING AND FOSSIL CYCADS: A
CLADISTICS VIEW
Leandro C. A. Martínez (1); Dennis W. Stevenson *(2)
(1)
(2)
CONICET - Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Argentina.
New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458, USA.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
The cycads are enigmatic seed plants with a long history from Palaeozoic to present. The living
Cycadales are defined by five anatomical and biochemical synapomorphies (girldling traces, coralloid
roots, cycasin, leaf bases with an omega pattern and primary thickening meristem). Their living genera
are mainly classified based on reproductive characters. However, in fossil forms the assignment could be
some complicated. The fossil stems usually preserve some synapomorphies (girldling traces, medullary
bundles) or they have a set of features proper of cycads (e.g. manoxylic wood, primary and seconday
rays, polylxylic wood, and leaf bases armour). However, the leaves have some features in their
morphology or some cuticle characters (e.g. epidermal cells, vein pattern, stomate type, trichomes) that
resembles or are common to other groups (Pteridosperms, Bennettitales, Magnoliphytas). The leaf is
primarily the photosynthetic organ of land plants, and therefore it is always exposed to environmental
conditions. For that reason, the leaves are subject to selective pressure of environmental changes, and
probably, these are the cause of distinct lineages of lands plants have commonly homoplasious characters
in theirs leaves. In this particular case, the absence of autosynapomorphies in the leaves of extant cycads
detracts from and restricts the certain assignment of fossils remains to Cycadales. The goal in this
communication is to evaluate, by a cladistic analyisis, some anatomical and morphological characters in
stems and leaves of extant cycads, to compare with fossil taxa assigned as probably cycadophytes. The
assignment of some fossil genera into Cycadales is questioned.
AREAS OF ENDEMISM: TO OVERLAP OR NOT TO OVERLAP -- THAT IS THE QUESTION
Claudia Szumik *(1); Verónica V. Pereyra (1); M. Dolores Casagranda(1)
(1)
Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, Fundación Miguel Lillo - CONICET, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán,
Tucumán, Argentina.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
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The criteria applied by VNDM to identify areas of endemism search for spatial concordance between
diverse groups of taxa. The method considers that the spatial patterns are caused by “common” historical
and/or ecological factors. Whether a given region is affected by a causal factor, some taxa are affected
and some others not affected at all. Then, those taxa with similar response to a common factor should
have similar distribution. Following the idea of response or not response to several factors, there will be
patterns partially overlapping and perfectly nested as well. In contrast, many biogeographers believe that
the criteria applied by VNDM fail because they can identify overlapped patterns, regardless of whether
the evidence indicates the existence of such patterns. In the literature on historical biogeography there is
quite a common statement: areas of endemism do not overlap, ever. Apparently, the nonoverlap condition
is predicated on the idea that the only factor that can produce areas of endemism are vicariant events. So,
any two areas of endemism overlapped are a kind of homoplasy or hypothesis ad hoc. In this manner, it is
always assumed that any two areas must be sister areas, containing sister taxa, or parts of supersets that in
turn are sisters to each other. Surprisingly, the statement that areas can not overlap because areas can only
be sister to each other has never been seriously discussed, much less evaluated empirically. This study
uses a data set of almost 700 species from the 11 orders of Mammals present in North America (including
Mexico), to specifically focus on the problem of overlapped areas.
PARSIMONY AND MODEL-BASED PHYLOGENOMIC ANALYSES: A COMPARISON BASED ON EMPIRICAL
DATASETS
Ambrosio Torres *(1); Pablo A. Goloboff (1); Santiago A. Catalano (1)
(1)
UEL, CONICET, Miguel Lillo 251 (4000), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. Corresponding author
email: [email protected]
The advent of the genomic era in recent years has brought the debate about the suitability of different
methods of tree reconstruction into a new stage. Most of the phylogenomic studies published have used
model-based methods, possibly driven by the supposed superiority of those approaches over parsimony
methods in terms of realism of the models considered. Many empirical and theoretical studies have
compared the behavior of parsimony and model-based methods in the past. However, it is not clear how
the results of the different approaches differ in the case of phylogenomic analyses where the amount of
data is impressively higher. For example, the assumption of all characters having correlated branch
lengths (i.e. probability of change along a branch) is more and more likely to be violated when a data set
includes many different genes, which may lead model-based methods further away from statistical
consistency than parsimony (which assumes no such correlation). As part of an ongoing project for the
comparison of parsimony and model-based methods in phylogenomic studies, we collected 71
phylogenomic matrices (from 2006 to 2016) that included more than 20 000 characters (amino acids or
nucleotides). From those we selected the datasets that were analyzed by both Bayesian inference (BI) and
Maximum Likelihood (ML). In most of the original analyses MP trees were not
calculated, hence we performed the MP searches in TNT. Topological comparisons (SPR-distance and
Farris's distortion coefficient) indicated that in 75% of the datasets the topologies found by the different
methods -MP, ML and BI- were identical or differ in a single SPR move. On average, ML trees differ
from MP in 0.7 SPR-moves more than they differ from BI trees. In those datasets where the results were
more incongruent, the differences were generally associated to nodes that presented low support. In
addition the main conclusions drawn in each of the analyses were not affected by those differences. If
these preliminary results are confirmed, and considering the computational efficiency of MP methods
relative to ML and BI, Parsimony may have an important role in phylogenomics in the future.
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PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN FOSSIL SPECIES OF NOTHOFAGUS BL.
(NOTHOFAGACEAE)
Bárbara Vento *(1); Mercedes Prámparo (1)
(1)
Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales, CCT-CONICET-Mendoza, Adrián
Ruiz Leal s/n, Parque General San Martín, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Nothofagus is one of the most important genera of the Southern Hemisphere. Studies of the Late
Oligocene-Miocene assemblages from Argentinean Patagonia suggest that Nothofagaceae were one of
main components in the area. Early publications postulate the relationships of the fossil and living species
of Nothofagus and a controversial origin of this family is still discussed. The purpose of this work is to
study the phylogenetic relationships between fossil and living species of Nothofagus in South America. A
preliminary phylogenetic analysis using morphological, anatomical and molecular data was performed.
The matrix included seven fossil taxa and nine living species spread in Argentina and Chile. Twenty-eight
characters were coded and an scaffold tree from a published source was used. A parsimony analysis was
performed using the TNT program. The most parsimonious tree showed a close relationship between each
fossil and their relatives living species. The retention index was 0.68 and the consistency index was 0.69.
The phylogenetic relationships between living species did not change when fossil species were added in
the scaffold tree. The cladogram showed a close relationship between fossils and living species as follow:
Nothofagus elongata and N. procera; N. variabilis and N. pumilio; N. suberruginea and N. alessandri; N.
serrulata and N. nitida; N. simplicidens and N. dombeyi; N. dicksoni and N. crenulata with N. betuloides.
The results herein, allow a better understanding and an approaching to clarify the phylogenetic
relationships and positions between fossils and living species of the family Nothofagacea in South
America.
PHYLOGENETIC APPROACH FOR THE EOCENE ARCHAEOPITHECIDAE AMEGHINO, 1897 (MAMMALIA,
NOTOUNGULATA) FROM PATAGONIA
Bárbara Vera *(1); Marcelo Reguero (2)
(1)
(2)
Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CONICET-Mendoza,
Av. Ruiz Leal s/n, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina,
División Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n. B1900FWA La Plata,
Argentina
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Archaeopithecidae is a very poorly known group of native ungulates from the early Paleogene of
Patagonia (Argentina), whose alpha taxonomy remained obscure since Ameghino’s times. It is
traditionally considered as a representative family of the Vacan (early Middle Eocene) and Barrancan
(late Middle Eocene) South American Land Mammal ages and it is thought to be morphologically close
to the notopithecids. Based on the study of more than 500 specimens curated at several institutions,
including type specimens, a taxonomic revision and a phylogenetic approach were performed. Out of the
six species originally described into the archaeopithecids, only one morphological pattern is here
identified, which shows marked morphological transformations throughout ontogeny that reveal
intraspecific variability. In consequence, only one genus and species, Archaeopithecus rogeri Ameghino,
are recognized, subsequent synonymies are proposed and previous taxonomic hypotheses discarded. The
exhaustive revision has permitted improving the knowledge of A. rogeri and, for the first time, revealing
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many craniodental characters, which allow amending its diagnosis and differentiating this taxon from
other Eocene notoungulates. Archaeopithecus rogeri is characterized by the complete and rooted
dentition, which is relatively higher than that of other coetaneous short-crowned notoungulates. The
phylogenetic analysis, using 28 terminal taxa and 86 morphological characters, yielded 29 most
parsimonious trees in which A. rogeri does not branch with any group or family of Notoungulata,
disagreeing previous hypothesis that related it to Oldfieldthomasiids or Notopithecids. On the contrary, in
our results A. rogeri appears as sister to the remaining taxa, including notopithecids, oldfieldthomasiids,
interatheres, hegetotheres and mesotheres.
PHYLOGENETIC FORESTS: OPTIMIZATION, NEIGHBORHOODS, AND SEARCH
Ward Wheeler *(1)
(1)
Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History
Corresponding author: [email protected]
The solution to many interesting systematic problems may be best approached as a collection of networks
and trees. In order to make use of these phylogenetic forests, cost optimization procedures are required as
are graph edits that define neighborhoods of forests, which can be used in search procedures. Initial work
in the definition and implementation of these concepts will be presented.
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