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MACROECONOMÍA
DE UNA ECONOMÍA ABIERTA
JUAN LEÓN MENDOZA
Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos
Fondo Editorial
Facultad de Ciencias Económicas
ISBN: 978-9972-2503-7-8
Hecho el Depósito Legal en la
Biblioteca Nacional del Perú N.º: 2015-00867
Primera edición
Lima, enero de 2015
© Fondo Editorial de la UNMSM
© Facultad de Ciencias Económicas
© Juan León Mendoza
Tiraje: 500 ejemplares
La universidad es lo que publica
CENTRO DE PRODUCCIÓN FONDO EDITORIAL
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL MAYOR DE SAN MARCOS
Calle Germán Amézaga s/n Pabellón de la Biblioteca Central 4.° piso - Ciudad Universitaria,
Lima-Perú
Correo electrónico: [email protected]
Página web: http://www.unmsm.edu.pe/fondoeditorial/
Directora / Emma Patricia Victorio Cánovas
—PRODUCCIÓN—
Editor / Juan León Mendoza
Corrección de estilo / Alejandro Montoya G.
Diagramación / Orlando Huerta B.
Diseño de carátula / Mery Quirito
—VENTAS, DISTRIBUCIÓN Y DIFUSIÓN—
619-7000 (anexo 7530)
Impreso en Lima-Perú
Queda prohibida la reproducción parcial o total de este libro
sin permiso de los editores
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1
Dentro del pensamiento macroeconómico existe una serie de escuelas o miniescuelas económicas. Sin
embargo, a esa gama de puntos de vista, podemos agruparla gruesamente en dos grandes corrientes
macroeconómicas: la teoría de orientación keynesiana (neokeynesianos, salario de eficiencia, coste de
menú, entre otros) y la teoría de corte neoclásica (monetaristas, expectativas racionales, enfoque
monetario de la balanza de pagos, ciclos reales, etc.). La economía política marxista no corresponde al
campo de la teoría macroeconómica.
19
Juan León Mendoza
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La economía en general, y la macroeconomía en particular, no es una ciencia experimental. Es decir, la
coherencia o pertinencia del cuerpo de las hipótesis contenidas en un modelo macroeconómico no se
puede validar mediante experimentos. Para ello, los economistas generalmente utilizan la herramienta
econométrica. Adicionalmente, según Popper (1980), la teoría contrastada se acepta de manera
provisional en tanto que no sea sustituida por otra de mayor consistencia empírica.
20
Macroeconomía
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3
Véase en Friedman (1967), una disertación detallada sobre el método de la economía positiva y
normativa.
Juan León Mendoza
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un modelo macroeconómico de varias ecuaciones, una variable puede ser independiente en una
ecuación, pero una endógena en el modelo. Por ello, se debe tener en cuenta que, en los modelos, toda
variable exógena es una variable independiente, pero no todas las variables independientes son
exógenas.
22
Macroeconomía
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5
Por simplificación, no se toma en cuenta la depreciación.
El modelo keynesiano simple se elabora sobre una mayor cantidad de supuestos. Por simplificación y
dados los fines ilustrativos, se ha especificado solo dos supuestos.
6
Juan León Mendoza
23
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24
Macroeconomía
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7
Dado que la tasa de inflación promedio internacional usualmente es baja, generalmente la política
macroeconómica busca como objetivo alcanzar una tasa de inflación local similar a ella. Si la tasa de
inflación doméstica fuera igual a la internacional, la inflación doméstica en términos relativos sería igual
a cero. Se tendría una estabilidad relativa de precios.
26
Macroeconomía
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27
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8
El premio Nobel de Economía Jan Tinbergen (1961) fue el que formuló el principio de que una política
económica óptima debe contener el mismo número de objetivos e instrumentos de política.
28
Macroeconomía
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Macroeconomía
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Véase Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (2001).