1. No category

JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos- AAS- Año 4.- Número 8.
Julio-Diciembre 2016.- Argentina.- ISSN: 2346-8645.- Pp. 10-33
ėĔċĊĘĎŘēǡĈĔĒĕėĔĒĎĘĔĞĒĎđĎęĆēĈĎĆǤ
ĆĘĉĎĘĕĚęĆĘĕĔėđĆĉĊċĎēĎĈĎŘēĉĊđĆ
ĘĔĈĎĔđĔČŃĆĊēđĆėČĊēęĎēĆ
ĚĆēĊĉėĔđĔĎĘ
Resumen
(Q ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV ODV LQVHUFLRQHV SURIHVLRQDOHV GH ORV VRFLyORJRV WXYLHURQ XQD
PDUFDGD H[SDQVLyQ \ GLYHUVL¿FDFLyQ $XQTXH QR VH WUDWDUD GH XQ KHFKR VLQ SUHFHGHQWHV OR
DQWHULRUFRQOOHYyXQDUHGH¿QLFLyQSURIXQGDGHOHVFHQDULRGHODVRFLRORJtDORFDOGRPLQDGRDKRUD
SRUODPXOWLSOLFDFLyQGHXQFRQMXQWRYDULDGRGH³R¿FLRV´GHVRFLyORJR&RQWUDORTXHVHSRGUtD
HVSHUDUGDGDODPDJQLWXGGHORVFDPELRVHVHSURFHVRQRVXVFLWyQLHVWXYRDFRPSDxDGRVDOYR
FRQWDGDVH[FHSFLRQHVSRUHOGHVDUUROORGHDPSOLRVGHEDWHVRFRQWURYHUVLDVVREUHOD³SURIHVLyQ´
GHOVRFLyORJR\VXSDSHOHQODVRFLHGDG6LHVDVLWXDFLyQGL¿HUHGHORRFXUULGRHQRWUDVODWLWXGHV
GRQGH VH SURGXMHURQ LQWHQVDV SROpPLFDV FRQWUDVWD WDPELpQ FRQ OR RFXUULGR HQ HO SDVDGR HQ
QXHVWURSDtVFXDQGRVRFLyORJRVGHPX\GLYHUVDVRULHQWDFLRQHVSDUWLFLSDURQGHPDQHUDDFWLYD
HQXQDVHULHGHiOJLGDV\DFDORUDGDVGLVSXWDVHQWRUQRDODGH¿QLFLyQGHORTXHODVRFLRORJtDHUD
\GHEtDVHU(OSUHVHQWHDUWtFXORVHSURSRQHUHFRQVWUXLUODVGLYHUVDVFRQFHSFLRQHVVREUHHOURO\
SDSHOGHORVVRFLyORJRVTXHHQHOSHUtRGRTXHYDGHODIXQGDFLyQGHODSULPHUDFDUUHUDKDVWDOD
LQVWDODFLyQGHOD~OWLPDGLFWDGXUDIXHURQPRYLOL]DGDVDODKRUDGHWUD]DUORVOtPLWHV\QDWXUDOH]D
GHODGLVFLSOLQD
Palabras clave:VRFLRORJtDSURIHVLRQDOL]DFLyQSROLWL]DFLyQFRQWURYHUVLDV$UJHQWLQD
Abstract
(Q ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV ODV LQVHUFLRQHV SURIHVLRQDOHV GH ORV VRFLyORJRV WXYLHURQ XQD
PDUFDGD H[SDQVLyQ \ GLYHUVL¿FDFLyQ $XQTXH QR VH WUDWDUD GH XQ KHFKR VLQ SUHFHGHQWHV OR
DQWHULRUFRQOOHYyXQDUHGH¿QLFLyQSURIXQGDGHOHVFHQDULRGHODVRFLRORJtDORFDOGRPLQDGRDKRUD
SRUODPXOWLSOLFDFLyQGHXQFRQMXQWRYDULDGRGH³R¿FLRV´GHVRFLyORJR&RQWUDORTXHVHSRGUtD
HVSHUDUGDGDODPDJQLWXGGHORVFDPELRVHVHSURFHVRQRVXVFLWyQLHVWXYRDFRPSDxDGRVDOYR
FRQWDGDVH[FHSFLRQHVSRUHOGHVDUUROORGHDPSOLRVGHEDWHVRFRQWURYHUVLDVVREUHOD³SURIHVLyQ´
GHOVRFLyORJR\VXSDSHOHQODVRFLHGDG6LHVDVLWXDFLyQGL¿HUHGHORRFXUULGRHQRWUDVODWLWXGHV
GRQGH VH SURGXMHURQ LQWHQVDV SROpPLFDV FRQWUDVWD WDPELpQ FRQ OR RFXUULGR HQ HO SDVDGR HQ
QXHVWURSDtVFXDQGRVRFLyORJRVGHPX\GLYHUVDVRULHQWDFLRQHVSDUWLFLSDURQGHPDQHUDDFWLYD
HQXQDVHULHGHiOJLGDV\DFDORUDGDVGLVSXWDVHQWRUQRDODGH¿QLFLyQGHORTXHODVRFLRORJtDHUD
\GHEtDVHU(OSUHVHQWHDUWtFXORVHSURSRQHUHFRQVWUXLUODVGLYHUVDVFRQFHSFLRQHVVREUHHOURO\
SDSHOGHORVVRFLyORJRVTXHHQHOSHUtRGRTXHYDGHODIXQGDFLyQGHODSULPHUDFDUUHUDKDVWDOD
LQVWDODFLyQGHOD~OWLPDGLFWDGXUDIXHURQPRYLOL]DGDVDODKRUDGHWUD]DUORVOtPLWHV\QDWXUDOH]D
GHODGLVFLSOLQD
Palabras clave: VRFLRORJ\SURIHVVLRQDOL]DWLRQSROLWL]DWLRQFRQWURYHUVLHV$UJHQWLQD
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
10
JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
Introducción
(QORV~OWLPRVDxRVODVSUiFWLFDVSURIHVLRQDOHVGHORVVRFLyORJRVWXYLHURQXQDPDUFDGD
H[SDQVLyQ \ GLYHUVL¿FDFLyQ 6L ODV LQVWLWXFLRQHV DFDGpPLFDV H[SHULPHQWDURQ XQ SURFHVR GH
³SURIHVLRQDOL]DFLyQ´ TXH DPSOLy ORV OXJDUHV GH LQVHUFLyQ XQ FRQMXQWR GH LQVWLWXFLRQHV QR
DFDGpPLFDV GHSHQGHQFLDV HVWDWDOHV FRQVXOWRUDV GH RSLQLyQ S~EOLFD \ DQiOLVLV GH PHUFDGR
JUDQGHVHPSUHVDVSULYDGDV21*VHWFFRPHQ]DURQWDPELpQDFRQWUDWDUXQQ~PHURFDGDYH]
PD\RU GH VRFLyORJRV 6H IXHURQ FRQVROLGDQGR GH HVH PRGR XQD VHULH GH SUiFWLFDV R WDUHDV
SURIHVLRQDOHV PiV R PHQRV QRYHGRVDV \ FLHUWDPHQWH KHWHURJpQHDV GHVGH OD SURGXFFLyQ GH
LQIRUPDFLyQHQDOJXQDLQVWLWXFLyQHVWDWDOKDVWDHOJHUHQFLDPLHQWRGHORVUHFXUVRVKXPDQRVHQXQD
HPSUHVDPXOWLQDFLRQDOGHVGHHOGLVHxR\DSOLFDFLyQGHLQLFLDWLYDVSDUDFRQWURODUOD³FRUUXSFLyQ´
GHORVJRELHUQRVKDVWDODSURGXFFLyQGHLQIRUPHVVREUHORVJXVWRVGHORVFRQVXPLGRUHVGHXQD
PDUFD&DGDXQDGHHVDVSUiFWLFDVHQHO(VWDGRHQODVHPSUHVDVRHQHOGHQRPLQDGRWHUFHU
VHFWRUVHGH¿QHSRUVDEHUHVHVWLORVGHWUDEDMR\DXGLHQFLDVRFOLHQWHODVELHQGLIHUHQWHV$XQ
FXDQGRQRVHWUDWDUDGHXQKHFKRVLQSUHFHGHQWHVSXHVKDEtDKDELGRHQHOSDVDGRVRFLyORJRV
WUDEDMDQGR PiV DOOi GH ORV PXURV DFDGpPLFRV OD H[SDQVLyQ GH HVDV SUiFWLFDV FRQOOHYy XQD
UHGH¿QLFLyQSURIXQGDGHOHVFHQDULRGHODVRFLRORJtDORFDOGRPLQDGRDKRUDSRUODPXOWLSOLFDFLyQ
GHORV³R¿FLRV´GHVRFLyORJR%ORLV5XELQLFK\%HOWUiQ
&RQWUD OR TXH VH SRGUtD HVSHUDU GDGD OD PDJQLWXG GH ORV FDPELRV HO SURFHVR GH
GLYHUVL¿FDFLyQ SURIHVLRQDO QR VXVFLWy QL HVWXYR DFRPSDxDGR VDOYR DOJXQDV H[FHSFLRQHV H
LQLFLDWLYDVPiVRPHQRVSXQWXDOHVSRUHOGHVDUUROORGHDPSOLRVGHEDWHVRFRQWURYHUVLDVVREUH
OD³SURIHVLyQ´GHOVRFLyORJR\VXSDSHOHQODVRFLHGDG(QHIHFWRPiVDOOiGHODODERUGHDOJXQDV
LQVWLWXFLRQHVFRPRORVFRQVHMRVRFROHJLRVGHJUDGXDGRVTXHQRVLHPSUHJR]DURQGHXQDDPSOLD
YLVLELOLGDG R GH DOJXQDV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV DFDGpPLFDV VREUH ODV SUiFWLFDV SURIHVLRQDOHV GH ORV
VRFLyORJRV%ORLV5XELQLFK\%HOWUiQ/$2UHVXOWDGLItFLOGDUFRQDOJ~QGHEDWH
R DQiOLVLV HQ WRUQR D HVD FXHVWLyQ /RV HVSDFLRV GH IRUPDFLyQ XQLYHUVLWDULRV LQVWDQFLDV FODYH
GRQGHSODQWHDU\UHÀH[LRQDUVREUHORVYDULDGRVXVRVVRFLDOHVGHODGLVFLSOLQDVHPDQWXYLHURQ
DSHJDGRVDOD¿JXUDGHOVRFLyORJRFRPR³DFDGpPLFR´PRVWUDQGRXQDUHODWLYDLQGLIHUHQFLDIUHQWH
DODVQXHYDVSRVLELOLGDGHVSURIHVLRQDOHV$VtSRUHMHPSOROD&DUUHUDGH6RFLRORJtDGHOD8%$
ODLQVWLWXFLyQTXHGHVGHVXUHRUJDQL]DFLyQDPHGLDGRVGHORVDxRVRFKHQWDSURGXFtDDxRDDxR
HO FRQWLQJHQWH PiV QXPHURVR GH JUDGXDGRV VH FRQ¿JXUy FRPR XQ HVSDFLR SRFR UHFHSWLYR D
ODVYDULDGDVH[SHULHQFLDVSURIHVLRQDOHVTXHVXVHJUHVDGRVDVtFRPREXHQDSDUWHGHVXSODQWHO
GRFHQWHLEDGHVDUUROODQGRHQHOPXQGRGHOWUDEDMR%RQDOGL%RQDOGL\%ORLV
/RDQWHULRUFRQWUDVWDIXHUWHPHQWHFRQORRFXUULGRHQRWUDVODWLWXGHVGRQGHDQWHHOSURFHVR
GHGLYHUVL¿FDFLyQ\WUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHODVSUiFWLFDVSURIHVLRQDOHVGHORVVRFLyORJRVKDKDELGR
XQD VHULH GH LQWHQVRV GHEDWHV GH GLYHUVR DOFDQFH \ RULHQWDFLRQHV TXH FRQFLWDURQ LQFOXVR
OD DWHQFLyQ GH GHVWDFDGDV ¿JXUDV &DEH DTXt UHFRUGDU OD SROpPLFD HQ WRUQR D OD ³VRFLRORJtD
S~EOLFD´LQLFLDGDFRQODLQWHUYHQFLyQGH0LFKDHO%XUDZR\HQVXGLVFXUVRFRPRSUHVLGHQWH
GH OD $PHULFDQ 6RFLRORJLFDO$VVRFLDWLRQ SRU OD DPSOLD GLIXVLyQ TXH DOFDQ]y SHUR WDPELpQ ODV
GLYHUVDVGLVFXVLRQHVTXHGHVGHKDFHDOJXQRVDxRVKDQWHQLGROXJDUHQYDULRVSDtVHVHQWRUQRDO
SDSHO\IXQFLyQGHOVRFLyORJR%DXPDQ&DOKRXQ\:LHYLRUND'XEDU'XEHW
/DKLUH (Q HVRV FDVRV ODV FRQWURYHUVLDV DOUHGHGRU GH OD XWLOLGDG GH OD GLVFLSOLQD
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
11
JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
FRPRKHUUDPLHQWDGHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ\GHDFFLyQVREUHHOPXQGRVRFLDOHQFRQVRQDQFLDFRQOD
WHQGHQFLD D OD UHÀH[LYLGDG TXH DFRPSDxD D OD VRFLRORJtD GHVGH VXV PLVPRV RUtJHQHV %ORLV
IXHURQPRQHGDFRUULHQWH$YHFHVHVRVGHEDWHVIXHURQSURPRYLGRV\DFRPSDxDGRVSRUOD
FRQVROLGDFLyQGHXQDVHULHGHLQLFLDWLYDVLQVWLWXFLRQDOHVUHYLVWDV\SXEOLFDFLRQHVHVSHFLDOL]DGDV
JUXSRVGHWUDEDMR\DVRFLDFLRQHVYLQFXODGDVDOD³VRFLRORJtDDSOLFDGD´TXHEXVFDURQRUJDQL]DU\
GDUYR]DORVQXHYRVSHU¿OHVSURIHVLRQDOHV
$KRUD ELHQ OD UHODWLYD DXVHQFLD R SRFD YLVLELOLGDG GH ORV GHEDWHV VREUH HO SDSHO GH
ORVVRFLyORJRVHQODVRFLHGDG\ODVRFLRORJtDFRPRSURIHVLyQQRFRQVWLWX\HXQDFRQVWDQWHHQOD
KLVWRULDGHODGLVFLSOLQDHQQXHVWURSDtV/HMRVGHHOORVLVHFRPSDUDORVXFHGLGRHQWUHODFUHDFLyQ
GHODSULPHUDFDUUHUDDPHGLDGRVGHORVDxRVFLQFXHQWD\ODLQVWDODFLyQGHOD~OWLPDGLFWDGXUD
PLOLWDU FRQ OR RFXUULGR D SDUWLU GH ORV DxRV RFKHQWD HV SRVLEOH REVHUYDU XQ DJXGR FRQWUDVWH
0LHQWUDVTXHHQHOSDVDGRFXHVWLRQHVWDOHVFRPRHOWLSRGHWUDEDMRGHORVJUDGXDGRVVLGHEtD
RULHQWDUVHDOR³DFDGpPLFR´DOR³SURIHVLRQDO´DOR³SROtWLFR´HWFODVDXGLHQFLDVRS~EOLFRVTXH
WHQtDQTXHEXVFDUORVSURSLRVSDUHVHO(VWDGRODVHPSUHVDVHO³SXHEOR´HWFRODUHODFLyQ
FRQHO¿QDQFLDPLHQWR\VXVFRQGLFLRQDPLHQWRVVLGHEtDVHUQDFLRQDORSRGtDVHUH[WUDQMHURVLOD
DXVWHULGDGGHEtDRULHQWDUHOWUDEDMRGHORVVRFLyORJRVHWFKDEtDQVLGRXQD\RWUDYH]GLVFXWLGDV
SURSLFLDQGR IXHUWHV DOLQHDPLHQWRV \ UHDOLQHDPLHQWRV HQ ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV WDOHV FXHVWLRQHV QR
VXVFLWDURQHQJHQHUDOJUDQGHVGHEDWHVRFRQWURYHUVLDV3RUVXSXHVWRORDQWHULRUQRHYLWDEDTXH
ORVVRFLyORJRVHQVXVSUiFWLFDVFRWLGLDQDVHQODVRSFLRQHVTXHUHDOL]DEDQGtDDGtDQRGHELHUDQ
GH¿QLUVHRWRPDUSRVLFLyQIUHQWHDHVRVGLOHPDVFRQVWLWXWLYRV±HLQHYLWDEOHV±GHVXTXHKDFHU
(QHVWHPDUFRHOSUHVHQWHDUWtFXORVHSURSRQHUHFRQVWUXLUDOJXQDVGHODVFRQWURYHUVLDV
\SROpPLFDVHQWRUQRDODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtD\VXHMHUFLFLRSURIHVLRQDOTXHHQHOSDVDGR
PDUFDURQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH OD GLVFLSOLQD HQ QXHVWUR SDtV 6H WUDWD GH FDUDFWHUL]DU ODV GLYHUVDV
FRQFHSFLRQHV VREUH HO URO \ SDSHO GH ORV VRFLyORJRV TXH HQ GLYHUVRV PRPHQWRV \ FRQWH[WRV
PRYLOL]DURQ GLYHUVRV DFWRUHV D OD KRUD GH WUD]DU ORV OtPLWHV \ QDWXUDOH]D GH VX GLVFLSOLQD /D
FXHVWLyQGHODLQVHUFLyQODERUDOVLHPSUHSROpPLFDSXHVWRTXHDOOtVHGLULPHODGH¿QLFLyQPLVPD
GHODVRFLRORJtD\ODVOHJLWLPLGDGHVGHODVGLVWLQWDVSUiFWLFDVRHVWLORVGHWUDEDMRWLHQHHQHIHFWR
XQDODUJDKLVWRULDTXHFRPLHQ]DRDOPHQRVUHFRQRFHXQSXQWRGHFODUDLQÀH[LyQDSULQFLSLRVGH
ORVDxRVVHVHQWDPRPHQWRHQTXHFRPLHQ]DQDHJUHVDUORVSULPHURVOLFHQFLDGRVHQVRFLRORJtD
HQQXHVWURSDtV
6HJ~QFUHHPRVXQDPLUDGDDODKLVWRULDFRPRODTXHDTXtVHSURSRQHSXHGHFRQWULEXLU
DUHYHODUODLQFLGHQFLDGHOSDVDGRHQQXHVWURSUHVHQWHYLHQGRFyPRDOJXQDVLGHDVRYLVLRQHV
IXHURQUHFXSHUDGDVRIRUPDQSDUWH\DGHOLPDJLQDULRFRQWHPSRUiQHRGHORVVRFLyORJRV3XHGH
WDPELpQHQODPHGLGDHQTXHHVWpDWHQWDDODVRULHQWDFLRQHV\YLVLRQHVTXHUHVXOWDURQUHOHJDGDV
SHUPLWLUQRVGHVQDWXUDOL]DUFLHUWDVIRUPDVGHYHU\FRQFHELUODVRFLRORJtDTXHKR\VRQDVXPLGDV
FRPRREYLDVRLQHYLWDEOHV
(Q(VWDGRV8QLGRVSRUHMHPSORORVVRFLyORJRVYLQFXODGRVDODVDFWLYLGDGHVQRDFDGpPLFDVKDQDOFDQ]DGRXQ
UHODWLYRQLYHOGHRUJDQL]DFLyQYLVLEOHHQODSURIXVDSXEOLFDFLyQGHUHYLVWDV\PDQXDOHVGHVRFLRORJtD³DSOLFDGD´DVt
FRPRHQODVHFFLyQSURSLDTXHKDQFRQVHJXLGRHQOD$PHULFDQ6RFLRORJLFDO$VVRFLDWLRQ.LUVKDN(Q)UDQFLD
SRUVXSDUWHGHVGHODGpFDGDGHORFKHQWDKDKDELGRXQDFUHFLHQWHHGLFLyQGHUHYLVWDVJUXSRVGHWUDEDMR³DSOLFDGR´
FRQLQVHUFLyQHQXQLYHUVLGDGHV\HOGHVDUUROORGHXQEXHQQ~PHURGHFXUVRVGHSRVJUDGRFRQXQDIXHUWHSUHVHQFLDGH
FRQWHQLGRVDSOLFDGRV'XEDU(VHSURFHVRKDSHUPLWLGRXQDUHYDORUDFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDQRDFDGpPLFDTXHKD
LGRVXSHUDQGRODIXHUWHLQYLVLELOL]DFtyQTXHSHVDEDVREUHHOODHQXQFRQWH[WRGRQGHODVODERUHVDFDGpPLFDVHUDQOD
~QLFDUHIHUHQFLDOHJtWLPDGHORVVRFLyORJRV3LULRX
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
12
JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
(QIXQFLyQGHORDQWHULRUHQSULPHUOXJDUVHDQDOL]DODFRQFHSFLyQGH*LQR*HUPDQL¿JXUD
GHLQGLVFXWLEOHSHVRHQODKLVWRULDGHODVRFLRORJtDORFDO\FX\DSRVLFLyQFRQVWLWX\yXQDUHIHUHQFLD
LQHOXGLEOHHQORVGHEDWHVTXHVLJXLHURQ$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHUHFRQVWUX\HQODVLGHDVGHXQFRQMXQWR
GHUHFRQRFLGRVVRFLyORJRVTXHSURPRYtDQGHPDQHUDHQIiWLFDODLQVHUFLyQGHORVVRFLyORJRVHQ
DFWLYLGDGHVDSOLFDGDVFRQFLELHQGRDODVRFLRORJtDFRPRXQDSURIHVLyQ³FRPRFXDOTXLHURWUD´(Q
WHUFHUOXJDUVHFDUDFWHUL]DQODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVVREUHODGLVFLSOLQDTXHGHIHQGLHURQTXLHQHVVH
LGHQWL¿FDURQFRQHOSURFHVRGHIXHUWHUDGLFDOL]DFLyQSROtWLFDGHORVDxRVVHVHQWD\VHWHQWD\TXH
EXVFDURQKDFHUGHODVRFLRORJtDXQDSUiFWLFDPiVFHUFDQDDODPLOLWDQFLDSROtWLFD)LQDOPHQWHVH
SUHVHQWDQXQDVFRQFOXVLRQHVTXHEXVFDQYLQFXODUHVDVGLVFXVLRQHVFRQODVLWXDFLyQPiVDFWXDO
VLJQDGDSRUODH[SDQVLyQ\GLIHUHQFLDFLyQGHODVSUiFWLFDVGHORVVRFLyORJRV
*LQR*HUPDQL\ODVRFLRORJtDFRPR³SURIHVLyQFLHQWt¿FD´
6HJ~Q*LQR*HUPDQLODVRFLRORJtDFRQVWLWXtDXQDGLVFLSOLQDFLHQWt¿FDTXHGHEtDHQVHxDUVH
FRPR FDUUHUD HVSHFt¿FD HQ ODV XQLYHUVLGDGHV \ GHVDUUROODUVH FRPR DFWLYLGDG SURIHVLRQDO HQ
LQVWLWXFLRQHVDFDGpPLFDV\QRDFDGpPLFDV$PEDVGH¿QLFLRQHV±ODVRFLRORJtDFRPR³FLHQFLD´\
ODVRFLRORJtDFRPR³SURIHVLyQ´±VHKDOODEDQVHJ~QLQVLVWtDLQH[WULFDEOHPHQWHXQLGDV(QHIHFWR
HOGHVDUUROORGHODVRFLRORJtDFRPRXQDFLHQFLDQRHUDSRVLEOHVLVXFXOWLYRQRHUDDVXPLGRFRPR
XQWUDEDMRGHWLHPSRFRPSOHWRFDSD]GHDVHJXUDUXQQLYHOGHYLGD³GHFRURVR´DVXVSUDFWLFDQWHV
,QYHUVDPHQWHWDPSRFRHUDSRVLEOHKDFHUGHODVRFLRORJtDXQDSURIHVLyQHQFRQGLFLRQHVGHMXJDU
XQUROHVSHFt¿FRHQHOVLVWHPDGHSURIHVLRQHVGHODVRFLHGDGPRGHUQDVLQRHUDGHVDUUROODGD
FRPRXQDFLHQFLD
&RPRHVVDELGRODDSXHVWDSRUKDFHUGHODVRFLRORJtDXQDGLVFLSOLQD³FLHQWt¿FD´FXOWLYDGD
GH PDQHUD ³SURIHVLRQDO´ FRQVWLWX\y HO Q~FOHR EiVLFR GH OD UHQRYDFLyQ LQWHOHFWXDO TXH *HUPDQL
SURPRYLyHQHOHVFHQDULRGHODVRFLRORJtDORFDO\DSDUWLUGHODFXDOEXVFyOHJLWLPDUHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWR
GH ORV SURIHVRUHV ±R ³VRFLyORJRV GH FiWHGUD´± TXH HQ HO SDVDGR KDEtDQ WHQLGR D VX FDUJR OD
HQVHxDQ]D GH OD GLVFLSOLQD HQ ODV XQLYHUVLGDGHV (Q VX YLVLyQ OD FUHFLHQWH FRPSOHMLGDG GH OD
VRFLRORJtD\VXFRQVWLWXFLyQFRPRXQDFLHQFLDSRVLWLYDTXHQRSUHVHQWDED±QLGHEtDSUHVHQWDU±
GLIHUHQFLDVFXDOLWDWLYDVFRQODVFLHQFLDVTXHHVWXGLDQHOPXQGRQDWXUDOLPSHGtDQVXGHVDUUROORGH
PDQHUD³DPDWHXU´R³D¿FLRQDGD´\MXVWL¿FDEDQODHPHUJHQFLDGHXQQXHYRWLSRGHVRFLyORJR(Q
HVHVHQWLGRHUDSUHFLVRUHHPSOD]DU
DODQWLJXRSURIHVRUDERJDGRSROtWLFRDGPLQLVWUDGRUSDUDTXLHQODFiWHGUDXQLYHUVLWDULD
HUDHODSpQGLFHKRQRUt¿FRGHVXSURIHVLyQSULQFLSDOHQHOPHMRUGHORVFDVRVIHFXQGR
HQVD\LVWD FDSD] GH LQFXUVLRQDU FRQ GHVHQYROWXUD HQ HO FDPSR GH OD OLWHUDWXUD OD
¿ORVRItD HO GHUHFKR R OD VRFLRORJtD PHGLRFUH D¿FLRQDGR OD PD\RUtD GH ODV YHFHV
*HUPDQL
7DO UHQRYDFLyQ QR H[SUHVDED GH DFXHUGR D *HUPDQL XQ FRQMXQWR GH FDPELRV
PHUDPHQWH LQWHOHFWXDOHV R FLHQWt¿FRV FLUFXQVFULELEOHV D XQD GLPHQVLyQ SXUDPHQWH FRJQLWLYD
/HMRVGHHOOR*HUPDQLYLQFXODEDODFRQIRUPDFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDFRPRSURIHVLyQFLHQWt¿FDD
ODV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV TXH ODV VRFLHGDGHV FRQWHPSRUiQHDV H[SHULPHQWDEDQ HQ VX SURFHVR GH
PRGHUQL]DFLyQ \ GHVDUUROOR (O VXUJLPLHQWR GH HVFXHODV \ FDUUHUDV GH VRFLRORJtD SDUD IRUPDU
6REUHODWUD\HFWRULD\REUDGH*HUPDQLH[LVWH\DXQDDPSOLDELEOLRJUDItD$TXtDQWHVTXHYROYHUVREUHHOODQRV
SURSRQHPRVUHFRQVWUXLUVXVLGHDVVREUHORTXHODVRFLRORJtDHUD\GHEtDVHU
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
13
JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
SURIHVLRQDOHVHVSHFLDOL]DGRVHOGHVDUUROORGHQXHYDVWpFQLFDV\HVWUDWHJLDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQODV
FUHFLHQWHVDSOLFDFLRQHVSUiFWLFDVGHODVRFLRORJtD\HOVXUJLPLHQWRGHQXHYRVUROHVRFXSDFLRQHV
FRPRHO³H[SHUWRHQSUREOHPDVVRFLDOHV´QRHUDQHQHVHVHQWLGRFDVXDOHV
³&LHQFLDGHODVpSRFDVFUtWLFDV´ODVRFLRORJtDVHJ~QHOVRFLyORJRLWDOLDQRQRFRQVWLWXtDXQ
¿QHQVtPLVPR/HMRVGHHOORHUDFRPRWRGRFRQRFLPLHQWRFLHQWt¿FRXQDUHVSXHVWDDGHPDQGDV
\ SUHRFXSDFLRQHV SUiFWLFDV $QWHV TXH XQD HPSUHVD LQWHOHFWXDO R DFDGpPLFD FHQWUDGD HQ OD
UHSURGXFFLyQ GH XQ FRQMXQWR GH LGHDV VLQ RWURV GHVWLQDWDULRV TXH ORV SURSLRV VRFLyORJRV VX
MXVWL¿FDFLyQ\UD]yQGHVHUHVWDEDQGDGDVSRUHOUROVRFLDOIXQGDPHQWDOTXHODVRFLHGDGPRGHUQD
OH DFRUGDED GH PDQHUD FUHFLHQWH SURYHHU XQD RULHQWDFLyQ UDFLRQDO D OD DFFLyQ VRFLDO (Q XQ
PDUFRVLJQDGRSRUODFULVLVGHODVWUDGLFLRQHVTXHFRQWULEXtDQDXQDSURGXFFLyQ\UHSURGXFFLyQ
³HVSRQWiQHD´GHODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVODVRFLRORJtDGHEtDVHJ~QHVWDPLUDGDRIUHFHUORVPDUFRV
GHLQWHOLJLELOLGDGHOÀXMRGHLQIRUPDFLRQHV\GLDJQyVWLFRVQHFHVDULRVSDUDDVHJXUDUXQDDFFLyQ
³LQWHOLJHQWH´\³SODQL¿FDGD´GHODVRFLHGDGVREUHVtPLVPD&RQHOSDVRGHODVRFLHGDGWUDGLFLRQDO
DODPRGHUQD
ORV KRPEUHV VH YHQ HQIUHQWDGRV D OD QHFHVLGDG GH UHDOL]DU HOHFFLRQHV GHOLEHUDGDV
DKt HQ GRQGH DQWHV VH OLPLWDEDQ D VHJXLU ODV SDXWDV DVLJQDGDV SRU OD WUDGLFLyQ 'H
HVWD QHFHVLGDG GH HOHFFLyQ TXH VH SUHVHQWD FRQ DQJXVWLRVD XUJHQFLD HQ WRGRV ORV
VHFWRUHVGHODYLGDVRFLDOVXUJHHOLPSXOVRKDFLDHOFRQRFLPLHQWRFDEDOGHODVIXHU]DV
FROHFWLYDV IXHU]DV TXH HV PHQHVWHU GRPLQDU SDUD VREUHYLYLU +H DTXt OD UD]yQ GH
VHUGHODVRFLRORJtD\ODTXH¿MDDODYH]VXVDOFDQFHV\VXWDUHD´*HUPDQL
>@
6L OD VRFLRORJtD GHEtD RULHQWDU DO FRQMXQWR GH DFWRUHV R LQVWLWXFLRQHV TXH IRUPDQ XQD
VRFLHGDGSDUDHOVRFLyORJRLWDOLDQRKDEtDQRREVWDQWHXQLQWHUORFXWRUSULYLOHJLDGRHO(VWDGR
6HD D WUDYpV GH OD FRQVXOWRUtD UHDOL]DGD GHVGH ODV LQVWDQFLDV DFDGpPLFDV R GLUHFWDPHQWH D
WUDYpVGHODLQFRUSRUDFLyQGHORVVRFLyORJRVDODSODQWDHVWDWDOHQWDQWR³SURIHVLRQDOHVH[SHUWRV´
OD GLVFLSOLQD WHQtD TXH RULHQWDUVH D VDWLVIDFHU ODV GHPDQGDV GH XQD LQVWLWXFLyQ TXH VHJ~Q XQ
H[WHQGLGRFRQVHQVRDOTXH*HUPDQLDGKHUtDGHEtDLQWHUYHQLUIXHUWHPHQWHHQODVRFLHGDG(VWD
RSHUDFLyQ SRU VXSXHVWR VXSRQGUtD XQ LQJHQWH HVIXHU]R GH SODQL¿FDFLyQ WDUHD HQ OD FXDO ORV
VRFLyORJRV³SURIHVLRQDOHV´MXQWRDUHSUHVHQWDQWHVGHRWUDVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVSRGUtDQRFXSDUXQ
OXJDUGHVWDFDGR$VtOHMRVGHPDQWHQHUGLVWDQFLDVRFRQVWUXLUVHFRQWUDHO(VWDGRODVRFLRORJtD
VHJ~Q*HUPDQLGHEtDDOLPHQWDUVHGHODVSUHRFXSDFLRQHVHVWDWDOHV\RIUHFHUOHVXVKHUUDPLHQWDV
\FRQRFLPLHQWRVLQGLVSHQVDEOHVSDUDFXDOTXLHUDFFLyQSODQL¿FDGD
$KRUDELHQ¢H[SOLFDUHOGHVDUUROORGHODVRFLRORJtDPRGHUQD\FLHQWt¿FDFRPRUHVSXHVWDD
6LODFUHDFLyQGHOD&DUUHUDGHOD8%$FRLQFLGLyFRQXQFOLPDIDYRUDEOHTXHSURPRYtDHODFFLRQDUHLQWHUYHQFLyQGHO
(VWDGR\GHODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVFRPRVXVDX[LOLDUHVODHIHFWLYDYLQFXODFLyQTXHVHGLRHQWUHHO(VWDGR\ODVRFLRORJtD
SURPRYLGDSRU*HUPDQLHVWXYROHMRVGHFROPDUODVH[SHFWDWLYDVGHOVRFLyORJRLWDOLDQR$XQFXDQGRFLHUWDVLQVWLWXFLRQHV
HVWDWDOHVLQFRUSRUDURQDOJXQRVGHORVVRFLyORJRVTXHVHLEDQJUDGXDQGRODFUHDFLyQGHOD&DUUHUDHVWXYROHMRVGH
VHUFRPRRFXUULyHQRWUDVODWLWXGHVXQSUR\HFWRSURSLFLDGR\VRVWHQLGRSRUODVHOLWHVVRFLDOHV\SROtWLFDV%ORLV
0XHVWUDGHOHVFDVRLQWHUpVHVWDWDOSRUODQXHYDGLVFLSOLQDFDEHUHFRUGDUTXHSDUWHHVHQFLDOGHO¿QDQFLDPLHQWRGHOD
HPSUHVDOLGHUDGDSRU*HUPDQLDTXHOTXHSHUPLWtDUHDOL]DUWUDEDMRGHFDPSRHQYLDUDMyYHQHVVRFLyORJRVDIRUPDUVH
HQ HO H[WHULRU R LQYLWDU D SURIHVRUHV H[WUDQMHURV SURYLQR GH LQVWLWXFLRQHV H[WUDQMHUDV FRPR OD )XQGDFLyQ )RUG \ OD
)XQGDFLyQ5RFNHIHOOHU0LHQWUDV*HUPDQLEXVFyWHQGHUSXHQWHVFRQTXLHQHVFRQWURODEDQHO(VWDGRVHxDODQGRORV
SRWHQFLDOHVVHUYLFLRVTXHOD³QXHYD´GLVFLSOLQDSRGUtDRIUHFHUORRFXUULGRHQOD&DUUHUDDSDUWLUGHOJROSHGHFRQ
ODLQWHUYHQFLyQGHODVDXWRULGDGHVPLOLWDUHV\ODGHVDUWLFXODFLyQGHVXSUR\HFWRGDQFXHQWDGHODGHELOLGDGGHORVOD]RV
TXHSXGRFRQVWUXLU
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
14
JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
ODVQHFHVLGDGHVGHODSUD[LVVRFLDOVXSRQtDODHQWURQL]DFLyQGHOD³FLHQFLDDSOLFDGD´HQGHWULPHQWR
GH OD ³FLHQFLD EiVLFD´" ¢/D DSDULFLyQ GH XQ FRQMXQWR GH UROHV SURIHVLRQDOHV QR DFDGpPLFRV
SDUD ORV VRFLyORJRV HQ HO (VWDGR R HQ ODV HPSUHVDV GHEtD KDFHU GH ODV HVFXHODV \ FDUUHUDV
HVSDFLRV GH IRUPDFLyQ FHQWUDGRV HQ HO HQWUHQDPLHQWR H[FOXVLYR HQ ³VRFLRORJtD DSOLFDGD´" (Q
DEVROXWR FRPR *HUPDQL GHVWDFy HQ UHLWHUDGDV RSRUWXQLGDGHV OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ EiVLFD GHEtD
VLHPSUH WHQHU SULRULGDG VREUH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ DSOLFDGD \D TXH VHJ~Q SHQVDED ORV JUDQGHV
DYDQFHVHQODKLVWRULDGHODFLHQFLDVyORSXGLHURQKDFHUVHFXDQGRORVFLHQWt¿FRVGHVDUUROODURQXQ
WUDEDMRDXWRQRPL]DGRGHODVXUJHQFLDV\GHPDQGDVSXQWXDOHVRFRQFUHWDVGHVXVRFLHGDG3RU
VXSXHVWRHOFRQRFLPLHQWRDVtSURGXFLGRFRPRVHLQGLFyDQWHVQRWHQGUtDVHQWLGRVLQRIXHUD
LQFRUSRUDGRSRVWHULRUPHQWHHQORVSURFHVRVGHDFFLyQVRFLDO\HQODVROXFLyQGHORV³DQJXVWLRVRV
SUREOHPDVGHRUGHQSUiFWLFR´6LVHUHTXHUtDXQDPD\RUDXWRQRPtDHUDSRUTXHODVXUJHQFLDVGH
OD SUiFWLFD LPSDFLHQWH DQWH ORV SOD]RV TXH WRGD FRQTXLVWD FLHQWt¿FD UHTXLHUH SRGtDQ OLPLWDU R
SRQHUHVWUHFKRVPDUFRVDODLPDJLQDFLyQ\DXGDFLDGHORVFLHQWt¿FRV
/DVFLHQFLDVSXUDVVRQODIXHQWHYLYDGHGRQGHEURWDHOPDQDQWLDOGHORVGHVFXEULPLHQWRV
WpFQLFRV HOOR RFXUUH SRUTXH VRODPHQWH HO SHQVDPLHQWR OLEUH GH SUHRFXSDFLRQHV GH
RUGHQLQPHGLDWRGLVIUXWDGHODHODVWLFLGDGVX¿FLHQWHSDUDHOHYDUVHDHVD³FRPSUHQVLyQ
FUHDGRUD´TXHHVHOprimum movensGHODFLHQFLD*HUPDQL>@
3RU VXSXHVWR OD FHQWUDOLGDG DFRUGDGD D OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ EiVLFD QR LPSOLFDED OD
GHVYDORUL]DFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDDSOLFDGD6HJ~Q*HUPDQLFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHOSURFHVRGH
FUHFLPLHQWR\FRPSOHML]DFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDVHKDEtDQFRQ¿JXUDGRWUHV³VXEGLYLVLRQHV´RFDPSRV
GLVFLSOLQDULRV3RUXQODGRHVWDEDOD³VRFLRORJtDWHyULFD´TXHFRQXQDRULHQWDFLyQQRPRWpWLFD
HVWXGLDED ORV KHFKRV VRFLDOHV SDUD IRUPXODU SURSRVLFLRQHV GH YDOLGH] JHQHUDO 3RU RWUR ODGR
HVWDEDODVRFLRORJtDGHVFULSWLYDORTXHSRUHQWRQFHVHUDFRP~QUHIHULUFRPR³VRFLRJUDItD´TXH
FRQ XQD RULHQWDFLyQ LGLRJUi¿FD WHQtD SRU REMHWR FRQRFHU XQD VRFLHGDG SDUWLFXODU )LQDOPHQWH
HVWDEDODVRFLRORJtDDSOLFDGDFX\RSURSyVLWRSULQFLSDOHUDSUHSDUDUVROXFLRQHVLQPHGLDWDVSDUD
ORV ³SUREOHPDV VRFLDOHV´ *HUPDQL 6L ODV SULPHUDV GRV VXEGLYLVLRQHV WHQtDQ FRPR
GHVWLQDWDULRV SULQFLSDOHV D ORV SURSLRV VRFLyORJRV \ FLHQWLVWDV VRFLDOHV OD ~OWLPD WHQtD FRPR
S~EOLFRSULQFLSDODODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVGHODVRFLHGDGFLYLO\GHPDQHUDSURWDJyQLFDDO(VWDGR
$KRUDELHQHVD³GLYLVLyQGHOWUDEDMR´HQWUHORVVRFLyORJRV\VXVGLIHUHQWHVUROHVQRDIHFWDED
QLGHEtDDIHFWDUOD³XQLGDGGHODVRFLRORJtD´3HVHDVXVGLVWLQWDVRULHQWDFLRQHV\HVSDFLRVGH
LQVHUFLyQ ODV GLIHUHQWHV VXEGLYLVLRQHV FRPSDUWtDQ VHJ~Q *HUPDQL ORV PLVPRV IXQGDPHQWRV
HSLVWHPROyJLFRV \ PHWRGROyJLFRV DTXHOORV SURSLRV GH OD ³FLHQFLD HQ JHQHUDO´ *HUPDQL
0LHQWUDV ORV VRFLyORJRV RULHQWDVHQ VXV DFFLRQHV GH DFXHUGR D HVRV SULQFLSLRV \ QR
VHLGHQWL¿FDVHQSRUHOORFRQORVLQWHUHVHVLQPHGLDWRVGHVXVFOLHQWHVVXODERUFRQVWLWXLUtDXQ
YDOLRVRLQVXPRSDUDODGLVFLSOLQDHQVXFRQMXQWR3RUHOORDQWHVTXHHVIHUDVFRPSDUWLPHQWDGDVR
HVFLQGLGDVORTXHGHEtDKDEHUHUDQUHODFLRQHVGHPXWXDFRODERUDFLyQHLQWHUFDPELRHQHOPDUFR
GH OD ³FRQH[LyQ PiV HVWUHFKD SRVLEOH´ 'DU VROXFLRQHV D XQ S~EOLFR R FOLHQWH GHWHUPLQDGR QR
/DYLVLyQGH*HUPDQLVREUHODQDWXUDOH]DGHODGLVFLSOLQDWRPyFXHUSRHQODRULHQWDFLyQTXHGLRDOD&DUUHUDGH
6RFLRORJtDGHOD8%$0LHQWUDVHOpQIDVLVHQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHPStULFDHVWXYRH[SUHVDGRSRUODIXHUWHSUHVHQFLDGH
PDWHULDV PHWRGROyJLFDV DVt FRPR SRU OD LQWURGXFFLyQ GH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV HQ OD WDUHD FRQFUHWD GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ OD
GLPHQVLyQSUiFWLFDDSDUHFtDHQWUHRWURVDVSHFWRVUHÀHMDGDHQODRIHUWDGHXQ³&HUWL¿FDGRGHHVSHFLDOLVWDHQ6RFLRORJtD
DSOLFDGD´SDUDORVJUDGXDGRV0LHQWUDVHOSODQGHMDEDDELHUWDODSRVLELOLGDGGHHVWDEOHFHUGLVWLQWDVHVSHFLDOLGDGHVOD
SULPHUDRULHQWDFLyQGLVSRQLEOHIXH³3VLFRORJtDVRFLDO´RIHUWDTXHDSURYHFKDEDODVPDWHULDVGHOÀDPDQWH'HSDUWDPHQWR
GH3VLFRORJtDFUHDGRHQDTXHOPRPHQWR
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
15
JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
FRQVWLWXtDXQDGHVYLDFLyQXREVWiFXORSDUDHOHMHUFLFLRGHODGLVFLSOLQD$VtDVRFLRORJtDDSOLFDGD
QR VH KDOOD HQ FRQWUDVWH FRQ OD SRVLELOLGDG GH DSURYHFKDU VXV UHVXOWDGRV R VX
PHWRGRORJtDGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDWHRUpWLFR$OFRQWUDULRHVWHWLSRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
SXHGHRIUHFHURSRUWXQLGDGHVSDUDUHDOL]DUREVHUYDFLRQHVHLQFOXVRH[SHULPHQWRVHQ
FRQGLFLRQHVSDUWLFXODUPHQWHIDYRUDEOHV$TXtFRPRSDUDODVRFLRJUDItDORLPSRUWDQWH
HVPDQWHQHUXQDHVWUHFKDFRQH[LyQFRQODWHRUtDVRFLROyJLFDTXHKDEUiGHSURSRUFLRQDU
WRGRHOHQFXDGUHGHVXVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV´*HUPDQL
6LODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHPStULFDFRQVWLWXtDHOFULWHULRIXQGDPHQWDOFRQHOTXH*HUPDQLWUD]DED
ORVOtPLWHVHQWUHVRFLRORJtD\ORVRWURVGLVFXUVRVVREUHORVRFLDOHOFOLYDMHHQWUH³FLHQFLDEiVLFD´
\ ³FLHQFLD DSOLFDGD´ QR GHMDED GH VHxDODU GLIHUHQFLDV SHUR OR KDFtD HQ HO VHQR GH XQ ³PLVPR
WHUULWRULR´XQL¿FDGRHQWRUQRDFULWHULRVGHFLHQWL¿FLGDGFRPSDUWLGRV6LODVRFLRORJtDGHVDUUROODGD
HQODDFDGHPLDHQWDQWRFLHQFLD³EiVLFD´SRGtDDSDUHFHUJUDFLDVDVXDPSOLDDXWRQRPtDFRPR
ODSULQFLSDOIXHQWHGHORVKDOOD]JRV\GHVDUUROORVFLHQWt¿FRVODVRFLRORJtDDSOLFDGDVLHPSUHHQ
GLiORJRFRQODDFDGpPLFDHUDXQHOHPHQWRLQGLVSHQVDEOHSDUDTXHHVRVKDOOD]JRV\GHVDUUROORV
WXYLHUDQ DOJ~Q HIHFWR FRQFUHWR HQ OD UHDOLGDG VRFLDO YHUGDGHUD UD]yQ GH VHU GH OD VRFLRORJtD
HQ VX FRQMXQWR &DEtD SXHV D OD VRFLRORJtD DSOLFDGD XQD WDUHD FHQWUDO DVHJXUDU TXH HO VDEHU
GLVFLSOLQDULR RULHQWDUD \ PROGHDUD HIHFWLYDPHQWH OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH ODV LQVWLWXFLRQHV VRFLDOHV
HYLWDQGRFXDOTXLHUDXWRQRPL]DFLyQH[FHVLYDGHORVVRFLyORJRVGHVXVRFLHGDG\DOJRQRPHQRV
IXQGDPHQWDO UHFRUGDU HQ WRGR PRPHQWR TXH OD E~VTXHGD GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR VREUH OR VRFLDO
HPSUHQGLGDSRUODVRFLRORJtDQRGHEtDQXQFDDVXPLUVHFRPRXQ¿QHQVtPLVPR
/RV³SURIHVLRQDOHV´\ODVRFLRORJtDFRPRSUiFWLFDDSOLFDGD
/D LGHD GH XQ PXWXR VRSRUWH R FRODERUDFLyQ HQWUH OD VRFLRORJtD GHVDUUROODGD GHQWUR \
IXHUDGHODDFDGHPLDIXHUHWRPDGDSRUXQFRQMXQWRGHVRFLyORJRVTXHGHVGHPHGLDGRVGHORV
DxRVVHVHQWDGHIHQGLHURQODQHFHVLGDGGHSURPRYHUXQDUHODFLyQPiVHVWUHFKDHQWUHODODERUGH
ORVVRFLyORJRV\ODVQHFHVLGDGHV³FRQFUHWDV´GHODVRFLHGDG\VXVGLYHUVDVLQVWLWXFLRQHV6HJ~Q
VXYLVLyQHUDSUHFLVRHYLWDUTXHHQVXDIiQSRUFRQVROLGDUVHFRPRXQDGLVFLSOLQDXQLYHUVLWDULDOD
VRFLRORJtDDUJHQWLQDWHUPLQDUDDGRSWDQGRXQPDUFDGRVHVJR³DFDGHPLFLVWD´TXHODGLVRFLDUDGH
ORVSUREOHPDVVRFLDOHV
$ WUDYpV GH GLYHUVDV QRWDV \ DUWtFXORV SXEOLFDGRV HQ UHFRQRFLGRV PHGLRV LQWHOHFWXDOHV
SHURWDPELpQDWUDYpVGHODRUJDQL]DFLyQGHHQFXHQWURV\VHPLQDULRVHVWRVVRFLyORJRVUHDOL]DURQ
XQDHQFHQGLGDGHIHQVDGHODVRFLRORJtDDSOLFDGD3URPRYLHURQGHHVHPRGRHOGHEDWHVREUHOD
FXHVWLyQODERUDOTXHVHJ~QHOORVHUDSUHFLVRSODQWHDUDQWHXQHVFHQDULRHQHOTXHHOQ~PHUR
GH JUDGXDGRV VH DPSOLDED YHOR]PHQWH 6HJ~Q VX SDUHFHU OD E~VTXHGD GH UHVSXHVWDV D ODV
GHPDQGDV SRWHQFLDOHV GH GLYHUVRV S~EOLFRV R FOLHQWHODV QR DFDGpPLFDV QR VyOR DPSOLDUtD ODV
(QWUHHOORVFDEHPHQFLRQDUXQRFRRUGLQDGRHQSRU-RVp/XLV'HËPD]TXHUHXQLyDVRFLyORJRVFRQGLVWLQWDV
LQVHUFLRQHVHQYLVWDVDUHÀH[LRQDUVREUHODVSUiFWLFDVSURIHVLRQDOHVGHORVJUDGXDGRVFRQHMHFHQWUDOHQODFXHVWLyQ
GHO ³FRPSURPLVR´ (QWUH ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV HVWXYLHURQ *HUDUGR$QG~MDU SURIHVRU GH OD &DUUHUD GH 6RFLRORJtD GH OD
8%$\HPSOHDGRGHO&),$GROIR&ULWWRPLHPEURGHO,QVWLWXWRGH6RFLRORJtDGHOD81&\FRQVXOWRUGHO&21$'(
)ORUHDO)RUQLLQYHVWLJDGRUGHO&HQWURGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQ$SOLFDGDGHOD8%$\FRQVXOWRUGHO,17$)UDQFLVFR6XiUH]
LQYHVWLJDGRUGHO,7'7\SURIHVRUGHOD8&$-XDQ&DUORV$JXOODSURIHVRUGHOD81&-RVp0LJXHQVGLUHFWRUGHO
'HSDUWDPHQWRGH6RFLRORJtDGHOD8&$&DEHUHVDOWDUTXHVHJ~QFRQVLJQDHOFRRUGLQDUGHOHYHQWR*HUPDQLKDEtD
DFHSWDGRVXLQYLWDFLyQSHURQRSXGRFRQFXUULUSRUQRHVWDUHQHOSDtV&I'HËPD]et al.
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
16
JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
SRVLELOLGDGHVODERUDOHVGHORVVRFLyORJRVVLQRTXHVHUtDXQIDFWRUIDYRUDEOHSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGH
ODGLVFLSOLQDHQVXFRQMXQWR
6X pQIDVLV IXH WDO TXH FRPSDUWLHQGR OD GH¿QLFLyQ JHUPDQLDQD GH OD VRFLRORJtD FRPR
XQD FLHQFLD \ XQD SURIHVLyQ LQYHUWtDQ OD UHODFLyQ TXH HO VRFLyORJR LWDOLDQR KDEtD HVWDEOHFLGR
HQWUH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ EiVLFD H LQYHVWLJDFLyQ DSOLFDGD 6L DTXpO OH DFRUGDED XQD FLHUWD SULRULGDG
D OD SULPHUD ±³primum movens´ GH WRGD HPSUHVD FLHQWt¿FD± SDUD HVWD PLUDGD HQ FRQWUDVWH
ORTXHKDEtDLPSXOVDGRORVJUDQGHVDYDQFHVGHODFLHQFLDDORODUJRGHOWLHPSRKDEtDVLGROD
QHFHVLGDG GH GDU UHVSXHVWDV D ODV GHPDQGDV SUiFWLFDV GH OD VRFLHGDG (Q HVH VHQWLGR VL VH
TXHUtD SURPRYHU HO DYDQFH GH OD VRFLRORJtD FRPR FLHQFLD HUD SUHFLVR HVWLPXODU OD VRFLRORJtD
FRPRSURIHVLyQDSOLFDGD
6HJ~QVXPLUDGDHOH[FHVLYRpQIDVLVHQHOFXOWLYRDFDGpPLFRGHODGLVFLSOLQD\HOGHVFXLGR
GHVXGLPHQVLyQSUiFWLFDVyORSRGUtDSURGXFLUXQDVRFLRORJtD³HVWpULO´VLJQDGDSRUXQDHVFDVD
UHOHYDQFLDVRFLDOXQDSURIXQGDPDUJLQDOLGDGLQVWLWXFLRQDO\XQDRVWHQVLEOHGHSHQGHQFLDGHORV
FHQWURVPXQGLDOHV7RGRVPDOHVDVRFLDGRVDXQH[FHVLYRHLQMXVWL¿FDEOH³HQVLPLVPDPLHQWR´GH
ORVVRFLyORJRVTXHROYLGDEDQTXHODVRFLRORJtDHUD\GHEtDVHUXQ³LQVWUXPHQWR~WLO´SDUDFDPELDU
ODVRFLHGDG
$VXPLGD FRPR XQD SUiFWLFD HPLQHQWHPHQWH DFDGpPLFD OD GLVFLSOLQD VH WUDQVIRUPDED
VHJ~QHVWDYLVLyQHQXQPLFURFRVPRVHVFLQGLGRGHOPXQGR³UHDO´FDUHQWHGHFXDOTXLHULQFLGHQFLD
VRFLDOGRQGHORVVRFLyORJRVQRUHFRQRFtDQRWUDPHWDRPRWLYDFLyQTXHODE~VTXHGDGHOSUHVWLJLR
LQWHOHFWXDOUHFRQRFLGRSRUVXVSURSLRVSDUHV(QHVDVFRQGLFLRQHVODGLVFLSOLQDSRGUtDVDWLVIDFHU
GHWHUPLQDGDVLQTXLHWXGHVLQWHOHFWXDOHVRYDQLGDGHVSHUVRQDOHVSHURQXQFD³PHMRUDU´ODVRFLHGDG
3UXHEDGHHOORORVWHPDV\HQIRTXHVGHEXHQDSDUWHGHODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVHVWDEDQHVFRJLGRV
VHJ~QVHGHFtDFRQODLGHDGHVHGXFLUDORVFROHJDV±SRUODVUHIHUHQFLDVDODV~OWLPDVWHRUtDVR
SRUHOXVRGHLQVWUXPHQWRVPHWRGROyJLFRVPX\VR¿VWLFDGRV±DQWHVTXHPRWLYDGRVSRUGDUFXHQWD
GH ODV ³UHDOLGDGHV DSUHPLDQWHV´ TXH FRQYXOVLRQDEDQ OD VRFLHGDG DUJHQWLQD \ ODWLQRDPHULFDQD
(VWRV ³UH¿QDPLHQWRV´ PRVWUDEDQ VHJ~Q VH GHQXQFLDED PiV FRPSURPLVR FRQ OD SURIHVLyQ \
HOJUXSRGHUHIHUHQFLDSURIHVLRQDOTXHFRQODVRFLHGDGHQVXFRQMXQWR6HJ~QUHIHUtDGHPRGR
VDUFiVWLFR'HËPD]FLWDQGRDXQFROHJDVX\R³KHOOHJDGRDODFRQFOXVLyQGHTXHHQHOIRQGRD
PXFKRVHVSHFLDOLVWDVOHVLQWHUHVDPiVHOGHVDUUROORGHODVRFLRORJtDTXHHOGHODVRFLHGDG´'H
ËPD]et al.
/RDQWHULRUSURGXFtDVHJ~QVHxDODEDQXQDIXHUWHPDUJLQDOLGDG\GHELOLGDGLQVWLWXFLRQDO
/D MHUDUTXL]DFLyQ GH OD SUiFWLFD DFDGpPLFD \ HO FRUUHODWLYR GHVSUHFLR GH ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV
DSOLFDGDVSURSLFLDEDQVHJ~QHVWDYLVLyQXQFtUFXORYLFLRVRGRQGHODGHVFRQH[LyQHQWUHVRFLRORJtD
(QHVHPDUFR'HËPD]DOHUWDEDFRQWUDXQD¿JXUDSDUWLFXODUHO³FRORFDGRUGHpapers´6LELHQUHFRQRFtDTXHKDVWDHO
PRPHQWRGDGDHOUHFLHQWHGHVDUUROORGHODGLVFLSOLQDQRKDEtDDSDUHFLGRHQHOPHGLRORFDOHQVXRSLQLyQHUDSUHFLVR
DGYHUWLUDOUHVSHFWRSDUDGHVDOHQWDUIXWXUDV³WHQWDFLRQHV´TXHSXGLHUDQDWHQWDUFRQWUDHOLUUHQXQFLDEOHFRPSURPLVRGHO
VRFLyORJRFRQVXVRFLHGDG³1RVpVLXVWHGHVVDEHQTXpHVSpFLPHQHVpVWH(VWHHVXQVHxRUTXHSHUPDQHQWHPHQWH
YLDMDWRPDXQDYLyQ\OOHJDD&H\OiQGHVSXpVVHYDD%RJRWiGHSDVRWLHQHXQFRQJUHVRHQ5tR\DVtYDGHFLXGDG
HQFLXGDGFRORFDQGRVXVpapers5RWDYDULDVYHFHVDODxRPX\ELHQSDJDGRFRQYLiWLFRVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVGHMDQGRVX
SHTXHxDFRVLWDSRUDTXt\SRUDOOiHQFXDQWROXJDUKD\DXQDUHXQLyQGHHVSHFLDOLVWDV>«@(VWRVVRQORVLQGLYLGXRVVLQ
UDtFHVTXHQRHVWiQDGVFULSWRVDQLQJXQDFRPXQLGDGTXHQRWLHQHQQLQJ~QFRQWDFWRUHDOFRQQLQJ~QSUREOHPDUHDO´
'HËPD]et al.
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
17
JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
\VRFLHGDGHUDSHUPDQHQWHPHQWHUHIRU]DGD(QODPHGLGDHQTXHORVVRFLyORJRVQRWHQtDQ±QL
EXVFDEDQ±RWURVGHVWLQDWDULRVTXHVXVSURSLRVSDUHVODVRFLHGDG\VXVGLYHUVDVLQVWLWXFLRQHV
QRSRGtDQFRQRFHUORVVHUYLFLRV~WLOHVTXHODGLVFLSOLQDWHQtDSDUDRIUHFHUOHV(QODPHGLGDHQ
TXH OD VRFLHGDG QR FRQRFtD OR TXH OD VRFLRORJtD SRGUtD KDFHU SRU HOOD QR SRGtD DWUDHU KDFLD
VXVSUHRFXSDFLRQHV\SUREOHPDVPiV³FRQFUHWRV´DORVVRFLyORJRV(QHVDVFRQGLFLRQHVVHJ~Q
0DQXHO0RUD\$UDXMRXQRGHORVPiVGHFLGLGRVSURPRWRUHVGHODVRFLRORJtDDSOLFDGD
SRU XQ ODGR OD VRFLRORJtD JLUD FRPR XQD EROD HQ HO YDFtR QR VH DOLPHQWD GHO UHVWR
GH OD VRFLHGDG QL OD DOLPHQWD QR FRQWULEX\HQGR SRU OR WDQWR D FDPELDUOD SRU RWUR
ODGRODVRFLHGDGLJQRUDODVRFLRORJtDQRODDFHSWDHQWHUDPHQWHFRPRXQDDFWLYLGDG
OHJtWLPDFRQWULEX\HQGRDTXHODGLVFLSOLQDUHVXOWHLQVWLWXFLRQDOPHQWHLQHVWDEOHFDUH]FD
GHUHFXUVRVVHDPDUJLQDO0RUD\$UDXMR
&ODURHQHVDVFRQGLFLRQHVORVVRFLyORJRVSRGUtDQJR]DUGHXQDHOHYDGD³DXWRQRPtD´
VLHQGR FDSDFHV GH HVFRJHU OLEUHPHQWH VXV WHPDV \ OD IRUPD GH DERUGDUORV /DV GHPDQGDV R
QHFHVLGDGHV GH XQD FOLHQWHOD QR DFDGpPLFD QR HVWDEDQ DOOt SDUD PRULJHUDU VXV PiUJHQHV GH
GHFLVLyQOLPLWDUHO³YXHOR´WHyULFRGHVXVLGHDVRFRQGLFLRQDUVXRULHQWDFLyQ³FUtWLFD´$KRUDELHQ
HVD DXWRQRPtD VXSRQtD FRPR FRQWUDSDUWH QHFHVDULD XQD GHSHQGHQFLD D ODV IXQGDFLRQHV \
RUJDQLVPRV H[WUDQMHURV TXH ¿QDQFLDEDQ ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV DFDGpPLFDV$Vt KDFLpQGRVH HFR
GH ODV FUtWLFDV FDGD YH] PiV IXHUWHV FRQWUD OD DFHSWDFLyQ GH ORV UHFXUVRV R VXEVLGLRV SDUD OD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQSURYHQLHQWHVGHOH[WHULRU\HQXQPDUFRGRQGHHOJUXHVRGHO¿QDQFLDPLHQWRWHQtD
HVHRULJHQ0RUD\$UDXMRVHxDODEDTXHXQDVRFLHGDGTXHGHVFRQRFLHUDODGLVFLSOLQD±\TXHSRUOR
PLVPRQRHVWXYLHUDLQWHUHVDGDHQ¿QDQFLDUOD±SURGXFLUtDXQDLQHYLWDEOHVLWXDFLyQGHGHSHQGHQFLD
(VD GHSHQGHQFLD HUD GH GRV FODVHV HFRQyPLFD SRU VXSXHVWR SHUR WDPELpQ FXOWXUDO \D TXH
HVRV FHQWURV VyOR UHFRQRFtDQ FRPR PHUHFHGRUDV GH ¿QDQFLDPLHQWR DTXHOODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV
TXHDVXPtDQFRPRSURSLRVORVFiQRQHVWHyULFRV\PHWRGROyJLFRVSRUHOORVGH¿QLGRVGHMDQGRXQ
FRQMXQWRGHiUHDVGHJUDQLQWHUpV\UHOHYDQFLDVRFLDOFRPRWHUUHQRVSUiFWLFDPHQWHLQH[SORUDGRV
)UHQWHDHVWDVLWXDFLyQODSURSXHVWDGHHVWRVVRFLyORJRVHUDFODUDEXVFDUHPSOHRVHQODV
GLVWLQWDVLQVWLWXFLRQHVGHODVRFLHGDG$VXPLpQGRVHFRPR³WpFQLFRV´R³H[SHUWRV´ORVVRFLyORJRV
GHEtDQRIUHFHUVXVFRQRFLPLHQWRV\GHVWUH]DVDORVVLQGLFDWRVFRRSHUDWLYDVSDUWLGRVSROtWLFRV
HPSUHVDV PHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ JRELHUQRV PXQLFLSDOHV \ SURYLQFLDOHV GHSHQGHQFLDV GHO
(VWDGRQDFLRQDOHQ¿QXQFRQMXQWRKHWHURJpQHRGHRUJDQL]DFLRQHVTXHVLSHUVHJXtDQGLVWLQWDV
¿QDOLGDGHV \ UHYHVWtDQ GLYHUVDV HVWUXFWXUDV RUJDQL]DWLYDV FRPSDUWtDQ HO KHFKR GH QHFHVLWDU
±DXQ FXDQGR QR VLHPSUH OR VXSLHUDQ± ³DVHVRUDPLHQWR VRFLROyJLFR´ 6L VHJ~Q UHFRQRFtDQ
HVWDVLQVWLWXFLRQHVQRQHFHVDULDPHQWHHVWDEDQLQWHUHVDGDVHQSURPRYHUHOHVWXGLRSURIXQGR\
VLVWHPiWLFRGHORVHQWRUQRVRDPELHQWHVGRQGHRSHUDEDQ\VHUtDULGtFXORSURSRQHUOHHVWXGLRV
R LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV TXH QR FRQHFWDVHQ GH PDQHUD RVWHQVLEOH FRQ VXV QHFHVLGDGHV SUiFWLFDV
LQPHGLDWDV Vt SRGUtDQ DSUHFLDU XQ DVHVRUDPLHQWR TXH HQ EDVH D FLHUWDV LQIRUPDFLRQHV \
GLDJQyVWLFRVSXGLHUDQVHUYLUOHVSDUDXQDE~VTXHGDUDFLRQDOGHVXVPHWDV
6L HQ VX SUpGLFD HQ IDYRU GH OD VRFLRORJtD DSOLFDGD 0RUD \$UDXMR QR GXGDED HQ UHIHULU D TXLHQHV VRVWHQtDQ
OD SRVLELOLGDG GH XQD ³VRFLRORJtD QDFLRQDO´ UiSLGDPHQWH WRPDED GLVWDQFLD DO GHIHQGHU HO FDUiFWHU ³XQLYHUVDO´ GH OD
FLHQFLD\D¿UPDUTXH³VLODDOWHUQDWLYDWXYLHUDTXHSODQWHDUVHHQWpUPLQRVH[WUHPRVHQWUHODGHSHQGHQFLDFXOWXUDO\HO
µDQDOIDEHWLVPRFLHQWt¿FR¶PHLQFOLQDUtDSRUODGHSHQGHQFLD´0RUD\$UDXMR
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
18
JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
0LHQWUDVDOJXQRVFRPR7RUFXDWR'L7HOODUHIHUtDQODGLYHUVLGDGGHLQVWLWXFLRQHVVXVFHSWLEOHV
GHLQFRUSRUDUORVVHUYLFLRVGHODGLVFLSOLQDRWURVVLQGHVFRQRFHUHVDGLYHUVLGDGHLQVSLUDGRVHQ
*HUPDQLFRQ¿DEDQHQTXHHOSULQFLSDOFRQVXPLGRU\¿QDQFLDGRUGHODVRFLRORJtDVHUtDHO(VWDGR
GDGDV VXV LQFUHPHQWDGDV QHFHVLGDGHV GH SODQL¿FDFLyQ \ FRQWURO VREUH XQD VRFLHGDG FDGD
YH]PiVFRPSOHMD6LHVFLHUWRTXHDHVDVDOWXUDVQRIDOWDEDQPXHVWUDVGHOSHUMXLFLRTXHHVWD
LQVWLWXFLyQSRGtDRFDVLRQDUDODLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDFRPRODLQWHUYHQFLyQGH
KDEtDGHMDGRFODURSDUDPXFKRVHUDSUHFLVRQRSHUGHUODVHVSHUDQ]DV(QHVHVHQWLGR0RUD\
$UDXMRVHxDODEDTXHODWUDPDHVWDWDORIUHFtDVLHPSUHLQWHUORFXWRUHVLQWHUHVDGRVHQSURPRYHUHO
GHVDUUROORGHXQDGLVFLSOLQDFDSD]GHRULHQWDUVXVSROtWLFDVHLQLFLDWLYDV&RQWUDORVUHSDURVTXH
DOJXQRV VRFLyORJRV SXGLHUDQ VHxDODU HVWH VRFLyORJR HUD HQIiWLFR OD ³VRFLRORJtD SXHGH JDQDU
JUDFLDV DO HVWtPXOR TXH SXHGD UHFLELU GHO HVWDGR PXFKR PiV GH OR TXH SXHGH SHUGHU 3XHGH
JDQDUHOFRQYHUWLUVHHQXQLQVWUXPHQWR~WLOSDUDPRGL¿FDUODVRFLHGDG´0RUD\$UDXMR
$KRUDELHQODLPSOLFDFLyQGHFLGLGDFRQODVGHPDQGDVSUiFWLFDVGHODVGLYHUVDVFOLHQWHODV
QRVXSRQtDODUHQXQFLDDOGHVDUUROORGHODVRFLRORJtDFRPRXQDGLVFLSOLQDFLHQWt¿FDRDFDGpPLFD
VLQPD\RUHVKRUL]RQWHVTXHDTXHOORVGH¿QLGRVSRUVXVFOLHQWHODV/HMRVGHHOORHOÀXMRGHUHFXUVRV
PDWHULDOHV SURYLVWRV SRU XQD UHQRYDGD UHODFLyQ FRQ ODV LQVWLWXFLRQHV ORFDOHV SHUR VREUH WRGR
ORV SUHJXQWDV \ GHVDItRV LQWHOHFWXDOHV VXJHULGRV SRU VXV SUREOHPiWLFDV ³FRQFUHWDV´ RSHUDUtDQ
FRPR HVWtPXORV PXFKR PiV HIHFWLYRV TXH OD OHFWXUD GH ORV VLVWHPDV WHyULFRV R PDQXDOHV GH
PHWRGRORJtDSURYHQLHQWHVGHRWURVSDtVHV6LSRUXQODGRHO¿QDQFLDPLHQWRORFDOGHELOLWDUtDOD
GHSHQGHQFLDH[WHUQDSURPRYLHQGRGHHVDIRUPDODVFRQGLFLRQHVLQVWLWXFLRQDOHVRPDWHULDOHVSDUD
XQGHVDUUROORPiVDXWyQRPR\FUHDWLYRSRUHORWURODFRQH[LyQFRQODUHDOLGDGVRFLDOHVWLPXODUtD
OD³LPDJLQDFLyQFLHQWt¿FD´\ODJHQHUDFLyQGHFRQRFLPLHQWRV\HQIRTXHVRULJLQDOHV
(QHVHVHQWLGRWRPDQGRFRPRHMHPSORVHOGHVDUUROORGHOSVLFRDQiOLVLVHONH\QHVLDQLVPR
\HOPDU[LVPR'L7HOODUHFRUGDEDTXHODVUHYROXFLRQHVFLHQWt¿FDV\ORVJUDQGHVDYDQFHV
GHOFRQRFLPLHQWRQRVHKDEtDQSURGXFLGRHQHOPDUFRGHODVXQLYHUVLGDGHVRODERUDWRULRVVLQRTXH
VyORVHKDEtDQGDGRFXDQGRXQD³WUDGLFLyQFLHQWt¿FD´KDEtDHQFRQWUDGR\SURFXUDGRUHVSRQGHU
D XQD ³QHFHVLGDG SUiFWLFD´ GH OD VRFLHGDG (V GHFLU FXDQGR ORV FLHQWt¿FRV DEDQGRQDQGR VX
³WRUUHGHPDU¿O´VHKDEtDQFRPSURPHWLGRFRQODVXHUWHGHVXVFRQWHPSRUiQHRV/DDXGLHQFLDR
FOLHQWHODSRUVXSXHVWRKDEtDYDULDGRFRQHOWLHPSR\ODGLVFLSOLQDHQFXHVWLyQ(QXQFDVRKDEtDQ
VLGRSDFLHQWHVLQGLYLGXDOHVFRQGLYHUVDVGROHQFLDVHQRWURODSURIXQGDFULVLVGHOFDSLWDOLVPR\HO
GHVHPSOHRPDVLYRHQHO~OWLPRODOXFKDSRUPHMRUDUODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHYLGDGHXQDQXHYDFODVH
VRFLDO$VtHQODE~VTXHGDGHVXV³SDFLHQWHV´ODVRFLRORJtDVHJ~QVHD¿UPDEDFRQpQIDVLVVH
MXJDEDPXFKRPiVTXHXQDGHFXDGR¿QDQFLDPLHQWRRXQDDPSOLDFLyQGHVXPHUFDGRODERUDO
(QHVHPDUFRORVSURPRWRUHVGHODVRFLRORJtDDSOLFDGDFXHVWLRQDEDQFXDOTXLHUMHUDUTXtD
R YDORUDFLyQ GLIHUHQFLDO HQWUH VRFLyORJRV GH ³SULPHUD FODVH´ DTXHOORV TXH SHUPDQHFtDQ HQ
OD DFDGHPLD \ VRFLyORJRV GH ³VHJXQGD FODVH´ DTXHOORV TXH GHEtDQ HPSUHQGHU DFWLYLGDGHV
SURIHVLRQDOHVHQLQVWLWXFLRQHVQRDFDGpPLFDV&RQWUDODIDOWDGHUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHpVWDV~OWLPDV
&DEH VHxDODU TXH OD )XQGDFLyQ %DULORFKH LQVWLWXFLyQ GH GH¿QLGD YRFDFLyQ GHVDUUROOLVWD \ GRQGH HVWH VRFLyORJR
GHVDUUROODED VXV ODERUHV KDEtD VXVFULSWR XQ DFXHUGR FRQ HO JRELHUQR GH 2QJDQtD SDUD GHVDUUROODU XQD VHULH GH
LQYHVWLJDFLRQHVVRFLDOHV6LQGXGDVHOGHUURWHURSURIHVLRQDOTXH0RUD\$UDXMRFRQVWUX\ySRVWHULRUPHQWHHQHOPXQGR
GHODVHPSUHVDVQRSXHGHVHUGHVYLQFXODGRGHODUHODFLyQDFFLGHQWDGDGHODVRFLRORJtDFRQHO(VWDGR)XHDQWHOD
IDOWDGHRSFLRQHVODERUDOHVDSDUWLUGHTXHGHFLGLySUREDUVXHUWHHQODFRQVXOWRUtDSULYDGDHQWUHYLVWDFRQFHGLGD
DODXWRU
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
19
JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
SURSRQtDQ XQD GH¿QLFLyQ HFXPpQLFD GH OD VRFLRORJtD \ GH OR TXH XQ VRFLyORJR KDFtD \ GHEtD
KDFHUGRQGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQGHVDUUROODGDHQHOPHGLRDFDGpPLFRDSDUHFtDHQHOPLVPRSODQR
TXHSDUDFLWDUORVHMHPSORVGDGRVSRUXQRGHHOORVWUDEDMDUSDUDXQDPD\RUSDUWLFLSDFLyQGH
ORVD¿OLDGRVHQODVDVDPEOHDVGHXQSDUWLGRSROtWLFRORJUDUXQPHMRUXVRGHODVDJXDVSRUORV
DJULFXOWRUHVGHXQD]RQDSURSLFLDUXQDPD\RUFRQFXUUHQFLDGHOHFWRUHVDXQDELEOLRWHFDGLVHxDU
XQDSROtWLFDGHUHIRUPDDJUDULD³UHDOL]DEOH´'L7HOOD7RGDVHOODVHUDQWDUHDVTXHORV
VRFLyORJRVSRGtDQDVXPLUVLQFRPSOHMRV\HQODVTXHHUDSUHFLVRYROFDUHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHVX
GLVFLSOLQD3DUDHVWRVVRFLyORJRVFRPRSDUD*HUPDQLDQWHVVLHOWUDEDMRHUDDVXPLGRFRQODV
KHUUDPLHQWDVGLVFLSOLQDULDV\HOULJRUQHFHVDULRODVRFLRORJtDSRGUtDGHVDUUROODUVHHQFXDOTXLHU
iPELWRRLQVWLWXFLyQ
$KRUDELHQHOORVXSRQtDXQDFRQFHSFLyQVHJ~QODFXDOODVRFLRORJtDGHEtDFRQVWLWXLUVH
FRPRXQFRQRFLPLHQWRneutralVXVFHSWLEOHGHVHUYLUORV¿QHVPiVGLYHUVRV(VGHFLUHQVtPLVPD
ODGLVFLSOLQDQRGDEDHOHPHQWRVSDUDFDPELDUODVRFLHGDGHQXQGHWHUPLQDGRVHQWLGRXRWUR/R
TXHHOODSRGtDKDFHUHUD³UDFLRQDOL]DU´ODDFFLyQHQXQVHQWLGRLQVWUXPHQWDOIDYRUHFHUODHOHFFLyQ
GHORVPHGLRVPiVDGHFXDGRVSDUDFLHUWRV¿QHVVHxDODUODLQYLDELOLGDGGHFLHUWDVGHFLVLRQHV
DPSOLDU HO PDUJHQ GH RSFLRQHV GLVSRQLEOHV SDUD HO GHFLVRU 3HUR QDGD PiV /D VRFLRORJtD
VHJ~QODPHWiIRUDTXHKDFtDGHODFLHQFLDXQ³FXFKLOOR´SRGtDXWLOL]DUVHSDUDHO³ELHQ´±SURGXFLU
DOLPHQWRV±WDQWRFRPRSDUDHO³PDO´±PDWDUDXQLQGLYLGXR±(OODSRGtDHPSOHDUVHSDUDDVHJXUDU
ODGRPLQDFLyQWDQWRFRPRSDUDSURPRYHUORVREMHWLYRVPiVUDGLFDOL]DGRVGHFDPELRVRFLDO
([LVWH XQD WHQGHQFLD D FUHHU TXH VL OD VRFLRORJtD SXHGH VHU ~WLO D DOJR HV D OD
GHIHQVD GHO VWDWX TXR (VWD FUHHQFLD PX\ GLIXQGLGD HQ ORV VHFWRUHV GH ³L]TXLHUGD´
HVWDQSUHMXLFLRVDFRPRODFUHHQFLDGLIXQGLGDHQORVVHFWRUHVGH³GHUHFKD´GHTXHOD
VRFLRORJtDQRHVPiVTXHXQSUHWH[WRSDUDSURGXFLUPHQWDOLGDGHVVXEYHUVLYDV&UHR
TXHODVRFLRORJtDSXHGHVHU~WLOSDUDVHUYLUREMHWLYRVSURVWDWXTXRFRPRDQWLVWDWXTXR
REMHWLYRVUHIRUPLVWDVFRPRUHYROXFLRQDULRVGHGHUHFKDWDQWRFRPRGHL]TXLHUGD/D
VRFLRORJtDSXHGHVHUYLUSDUDSUHGHFLUODRFXUUHQFLDGHJXHUULOODV\FRQWURODUODVPHMRU
SHUR SXHGH VHU LJXDOPHQWH ~WLO D ODV JXHUULOODV SDUD HVWDEOHFHU VL VXV REMHWLYRV VRQ
SODXVLEOHVRGHVFDEHOODGRVVLORVHIHFWRVHVSHUDGRVRFXUULUiQRQR0RUD\$UDXMR
6LQ HPEDUJR HVD SUHVFLQGHQFLD QR LPSOLFDED XQD VXPLVLyQ LQPHGLDWD D ORV GLFWDGRV
GH OD FOLHQWHOD /HMRV GH HOOR VHJ~Q VHxDODEDQ XQD \ RWUD YH] YROFDU OD DFWLYLGDG VRFLROyJLFD
KDFLDHODVHVRUDPLHQWRGHLQVWLWXFLRQHVGHGLYHUVRWLSRQRKDFtDGHOVRFLyORJRXQLQGLYLGXRVLQ
PDUJHQ GH PDQLREUD TXH D OD PDQHUD GH XQ PHUFHQDULR GHEtD DVXPLU OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH VXV
HQFDUJRVHQODVFRQGLFLRQHV\ULWPRVSRUHOODV¿MDGDV6LSRUVXSXHVWRQRSRGtDGHVFRQRFHU
VXVQHFHVLGDGHVHLQWHUHVHVVXWUDEDMRGHEtDVLHPSUHWHQHUXQDDXWRQRPtDUHODWLYDIUHQWHDOD
GHPDQGD/DVRFLRORJtDFRPRFXDOTXLHUSURIHVLyQLPSOLFDEDHQHVHVHQWLGRXQ³FRPSURPLVR´
FRQXQFRQMXQWRGHQRUPDVRSULQFLSLRVHVSHFt¿FRVTXHWRGRVRFLyORJRGHEtDUHVSHWDU(UDGH
KHFKR HQ EDVH D HVRV SULQFLSLRV TXH HO SURIHVLRQDO GHEtD LPSRQHU FLHUWDV FRQGLFLRQHV HQ VX
WUDEDMRHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHWLHPSRVRSOD]RVPtQLPRVTXHJDUDQWL]DUDQFLHUWRHVWiQGDUHVGH
FDOLGDGODUHDOL]DFLyQGHLQGDJDFLRQHVGHPD\RUDOFDQFHVXVFHSWLEOHVGHSRQHUHQMXHJRLGHDV
WHyULFDVPiVFRPSOHMDV\GHSURSLFLDUXQPXWXRVRSRUWHFRQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQEiVLFDGHVDUUROODGD
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
20
JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
HQ OD DFDGHPLD HWFpWHUD 3DUD HVWRV VRFLyORJRV WDOHV LPSRVLFLRQHV FRQVWLWXtDQ XQ ³GHEHU
SURIHVLRQDO´
$~Q PiV VL HUD FLHUWR TXH TXLHQ WUDEDMDED LPSOHPHQWDQGR ODV GLUHFWLYDV GH TXLHQ OR
FRQWUDWDED QR SRGtD GHMDU GH UHFRQRFHU VXV RULHQWDFLRQHV R LQWHUHVHV HOOR QR LPSHGtD TXH
HO VRFLyORJR ³FRQ VX FRQRFLPLHQWR UDFLRQDO GH OD VRFLHGDG´ UHRULHQWDUD R PRGL¿FDUD HVDV
RULHQWDFLRQHV³HQXQVHQWLGRGHLQWHUpVVRFLDORGHOLQWHUpVQDFLRQDO´³+D\XQSHVRTXHSXHGH
WHQHUHQHOVRFLyORJRRFXDOTXLHUWHFQyFUDWD±XQHFRQRPLVWDHWFpWHUD±TXHQRHVVyORXQSLH]D
HQHOVLVWHPD´)RUQLHQ'HËPD]et al.
(O HMHUFLFLR SURIHVLRQDO DSOLFDGR QR HVWDED SXHV HQ FRQWUDGLFFLyQ FRQ OD LGHD GH
³FRPSURPLVR´/HMRVGHHOORODFRQH[LyQGHODVRFLRORJtDDSOLFDGDFRQORVSUREOHPDV³FRQFUHWRV´
GH OD VRFLHGDG HUD SUHVHQWDGD HQ HVH VHQWLGR FRPR XQ YDORU TXH OD GLVWLQJXtD SRU XQ ODGR
GHODVRFLRORJtDDFDGpPLFDVLHPSUHSURFOLYHDO³HQVLPLVPDPLHQWR´\DXQGHVHQWHQGLPLHQWRGH
ODVXHUWHGHVXVFRQWHPSRUiQHRV\SRUHORWURGHODGLVFXVLyQLGHROyJLFDVLHPSUHSURSHQVDD
DQWHSRQHUODVGHFODUDFLRQHVGHSULQFLSLRVDODDFFLyQHIHFWLYDGHVFRQRFLHQGRGHHVHPRGRTXH
ORVHIHFWRVGHFXDOTXLHUDFFLyQSRUPiVOLPLWDGDRUHIRUPLVWDTXHVHDVXRULHQWDFLyQUHVXOWDEDQ
PiVFRQFUHWRVHQODPHMRUDGHODVRFLHGDGTXHHOPHURGLVFXUVRSRUPiVUHYROXFLRQDULRRFUtWLFR
TXHVHSUHWHQGD
¢&yPRPHFRPSURPHWRFRQODUHDOLGDGVRFLDO"¢+DFLHQGRLQYHVWLJDFLyQVRODPHQWH"
&UHR TXH QR 3RUTXH VH SXHGH KDFHU LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GH OD UHDOLGDG VRFLDO \ QR WHQHU
QLQJ~Q QLYHO GH FRPSURPLVR 2 VHD LQYHVWLJR OD UHDOLGDG VRFLDO FRPR XQ ELyORJR
TXH DSULVLRQD XQ ELFKR \ OR PLUD FRQ XQ PLFURVFRSLR VLPSOHPHQWH +DFLHQGR SXUD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQQRPHFRPSURPHWRDQDGD$QG~MDUHQ'HËPD]et al.
8QDYH]KDEODQGRGHXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQVRFLDOTXH\RKDFtDHQIXQFLyQGHXQSURJUDPD
GHGHVDUUROORFRPXQLWDULRVHOHYDQWyXQHVWXGLDQWH\PHGLMRµ'RFWRUSHURHVRTXH
XVWHG HVWi KDFLHQGR HV SHUMXGLFLDO SRUTXH HVR SXHGH DOLYLDU PXFKR OD VLWXDFLyQ GH
HVD JHQWH \ HQ FRQVHFXHQFLD QR VH YD D SURGXFLU OD UHYROXFLyQ¶ <R GLUtD TXH KD\
GRVWLSRVGHFRPSURPLVRGHFDPELR\HVRORKHVHQWLGRPX\PX\YLROHQWDPHQWHHO
FRPSURPLVRGHFDPELRGHQWURGHHVWDVRFLHGDG\HOFRPSURPLVRGHFDPELRGHHVWD
VRFLHGDGSDUDKDFHURWUD>«@\RSUH¿HURFRPSURPHWHUPHFRQHVWDVRFLHGDG\FDPELDU
HVWDVRFLHGDG\HVRHVFUHRGHORTXHYDODVRFLRORJtDDSOLFDGD(VXQDVRFLRORJtDGH
PHWDVLQPHGLDWDV´&ULWWRHQ'HËPD]et al.
7RPDQGRGLVWDQFLDGHOLGHDOGHODQHXWUDOLGDGYDORUDWLYD-RUJH*UDFLDUHQDRWURHVWUHFKR
FRODERUDGRUGH*HUPDQLSURSRQtDXQDGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDGH¿QLGDSRUXQDGHFODUDGDWRPD
GHSRVLFLyQYDORUDWLYD&RPRORVVRFLyORJRVPiVLGHQWL¿FDGRVFRQHOSURFHVRGHUDGLFDOL]DFLyQ
SROtWLFDTXHDQDOL]DUHPRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQ*UDFLDUHQDSRVWXODEDODQHFHVLGDGGH³SROLWL]DU´DORV
VRFLyORJRVSHURORKDFtDGHVGHXQSXQWRGHYLVWDFLHUWDPHQWHGLIHUHQWH$QWHVTXHLQWHJUDUVHHQ
XQPRYLPLHQWRSROtWLFRUHYROXFLRQDULRVHWUDWDEDGHIRUPDUIXQFLRQDULRVSROtWLFRV(QVXRSLQLyQ
ODV HVFXHODV \ FDUUHUDV GH VRFLRORJtD DQWHV TXH ³WpFQLFRV´ R LPSOHPHQWDGRUHV GH GHFLVLRQHV
WRPDGDVSRURWURVGHEtDQSUHSDUDUDJHQWHVHVWDWDOHVFDSDFHVGHGHFLGLUVREUH¿QHV\PHWDV
DOWHUQDWLYRVSRUVXSURSLDFXHQWD\UHVSRQVDELOLGDG5HWRPDQGRXQGLDJQyVWLFRTXHKDFtDGHORV
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
21
JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
SURIHVLRQDOHVXQLYHUVLWDULRVXQDHOLWHPRGHUQL]DGRUDTXHHQHOFRQWH[WRUHJLRQDOGHEtDVXVWLWXLUOD
DFFLyQGHHPSUHVDULDGRVRSDUWLGRVSROtWLFRVQRVLHPSUHPX\GLQiPLFRV*UDFLDUHQDVRVWHQtDTXH
ODOHJLWLPLGDGVRFLDOGHODGLVFLSOLQDGHEHUtDPHGLUVHGHDFXHUGRDODFDSDFLGDGGHORVVRFLyORJRV
SDUD SDUWLFLSDU FRPR IXHU]D LQGLVRFLDEOHPHQWH FLHQWt¿FD \ SROtWLFD VXVFHSWLEOH GH LPSXOVDU HO
GHVDUUROOR\PRGHUQL]DFLyQGHQXHVWUDVQDFLRQHV/DVRFLRORJtDGHEtDDVXPLUVHVLQWHPHUXQD
DFWLYDSDUWLFLSDFLyQHQODVGLVSXWDVLGHROyJLFDVGHOPRPHQWRFRPRXQD³UHVSXHVWDLQWHOHFWXDOD
ORVSUREOHPDVGHOVXEGHVDUUROOR´*UDFLDUHQD
&RPSDUWLHQGR OD FUtWLFD DO HMHUFLFLR ³DFDGHPLFLVWD´ GLVWLQJXtD XQD ³VRFLRORJtD SXUD R
DQDOtWLFD´ TXH VyOR EXVFD HO FRQRFLPLHQWR SRU HO FRQRFLPLHQWR PLVPR GH XQD ³VRFLRORJtD GH
SUREOHPDV´TXHVHRFXSDGHOHVWXGLR\SURSRQHVROXFLRQHVSDUDORV³SUREOHPDVFRQFUHWRVGH
ODVRFLHGDG´5HFKD]DEDFRQHOORODVRULHQWDFLRQHV³FLHQWL¿FLVWDV´GHTXLHQHVUHKXtDQORVWHPDV
LPSRUWDQWHV \ FDQGHQWHV GH VX VRFLHGDG HQ EXVFD GH XQD LPSRVLEOH QHXWUDOLGDG YDORUDWLYD
3HVH D VX GHFODUDGD SUHVFLQGHQFLD HVD ³GHVLGHRORJL]DFLyQ´ WHQtD XQ VHVJR LQHOXGLEOHPHQWH
FRQVHUYDGRU
/DHYLWDFLyQGHORVSUREOHPDVUHDOHVHVHQJUDQSDUWHODFRQVHFXHQFLDGHODE~VTXHGD
GH OD HOLPLQDFLyQ GH OD FRQIURQWDFLyQ \ GH OD FRQWURYHUVLD LGHROyJLFD HQ DUDV GH XQ
µSXULVPR¶FLHQWt¿FR3HURQRHVVyORHOSUHFLRTXHVHSDJDSRUXQDQHXWUDOLGDGLQDVLEOH
0iVTXHHVRVHWUDWDGHXQDIRUPDVXLJHQHULVGHFRPSURPHWHUVHODHYDVLyQKDVLGR
VLHPSUHXQDIRUPDGHFRPSURPHWHUVHFRQHOVWDWXTXR*UDFLDUHQD
0iV DOOi GH ODV GLIHUHQFLDV R PDWLFHV TXH SXGLHUD KDEHU HQWUH ORV SURPRWRUHV GH OD
VRFLRORJtD FRPR XQD SURIHVLyQ DSOLFDGD OD RULHQWDFLyQ TXH GHIHQGtDQ SUHVHQWDED VHJ~Q VX
YLVLyQ GHFLVLYDV YHQWDMDV R YLUWXGHV (Q SULPHU OXJDU LPSOLFDED XQD GHFLGLGD LQWHUYHQFLyQ HQ
ORVSURFHVRVGHFDPELR\PHMRUDVRFLDOKDFLHQGRGHODVRFLRORJtDXQPHGLRDOVHUYLFLRGHXQ
¿QPD\RU\QRXQ¿QHQVtPLVPR(QVHJXQGROXJDU\HQUHODFLyQFRQORDQWHULRUHVWDEOHFtD
GHPDQHUD³DGHFXDGD´ODVSULRULGDGHVWHPiWLFDVHVWDEOHFLHQGRXQDDJHQGDGHLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV
FRQHFWDGD FRQ ODV QHFHVLGDGHV VRFLDOHV \ QR FRQ PRGDV R FXHVWLRQHV ³IUtYRODV´ VRODPHQWH
LQWHUHVDQWHVSDUDXQSXxDGRGHDFDGpPLFRV)LQDOPHQWHSRQtDFRWRSRUXQODGRDOSUHFLRVLVPR
RHUXGLFLyQWHyULFD\SRUHORWURDOH[FHVLYRULJRURFRPSOHMLGDGPHWRGROyJLFRVDVXPLGRVSDUD
LPSUHVLRQDUDORVSURSLRVSDUHVPiVTXHSDUDFRQWULEXLUDODPHMRUDGHODVRFLHGDG
La politización de las ciencias sociales y la sociología como forma de militancia
política
$O WLHPSR TXH HQ EXHQD PHGLGD HUD UHDSURSLDGD SRU ORV SURPRWRUHV GH OD VRFLRORJtD
DSOLFDGD OD YLVLyQ VREUH HO URO GH OD VRFLRORJtD GH *HUPDQL IXH GXUDPHQWH FXHVWLRQDGD HQ HO
FRQWH[WRGHFUHFLHQWHSROLWL]DFLyQTXHGHVGHPHGLDGRVGHORVDxRVVHVHQWDVLJQyHOHVFHQDULR
GH OD VRFLRORJtD ORFDO \ HO FDPSR FXOWXUDO PiV JHQHUDO 6L VX SUHWHQGLGR FDUiFWHU ³FLHQWt¿FR´
GHVSHUWyDJXGRVGHEDWHVLQWHOHFWXDOHVODLGHDGHODVRFLRORJtDFRPRXQD³SURIHVLyQ´FRPRXQD
RFXSDFLyQVXVFHSWLEOHGHUHFODPDUXQDMXULVGLFFLyQSURSLDRSDUWLFXODUHQHOPHUFDGRGHWUDEDMR
HQ OD DFDGHPLD R IXHUD GH HOOD FRQFLWy XQ DPSOLR UHFKD]R /D SURJUHVLYD HQWURQL]DFLyQ GH OD
SROtWLFD\ODVOXFKDVSRUOD³OLEHUDFLyQQDFLRQDO\VRFLDO´DOWHUDURQSURIXQGDPHQWHODVSULRULGDGHV
GHOHVWXGLDQWDGR\GHEXHQDSDUWHGHORVVRFLyORJRV(QHVHPDUFRPiVTXHFRPRXQDFDGpPLFR
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
22
JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
RWpFQLFRTXHIXQGDEDVXDFFLRQDUHQXQDFLHQFLDOD¿JXUDGHOVRFLyORJRIXHDVRFLDGDDODGHO
LQWHOHFWXDOFUtWLFRRDODGHOPLOLWDQWHSROtWLFR\VRFLDO6XSDSHOHQXQR\RWURFDVRHUDHOPLVPR
FRQWULEXLU DO GHVDUUROOR GH OD FRQFLHQFLD UHYROXFLRQDULD GH ORV VHFWRUHV GRPLQDGRV DSRUWDU DO
³PRPHQWRWHyULFR´GHXQD³SUD[LVUHYROXFLRQDULD´RULHQWDGDDWUDQVIRUPDUODVRFLHGDGDUJHQWLQD
&RPRHVVDELGROD¿JXUDGH*HUPDQLGHYLQRHOEODQFRSUHIHULGRGHODVFUtWLFDV'HVGH
TXLHQHV VH UHIHUHQFLDEDQ HQ HO ³SHQVDPLHQWR QDFLRQDO´ D TXLHQHV OR KDFtDQ HQ HO PDU[LVPR
WRGRVFRLQFLGtDQHQVXUHFKD]RDO³FLHQWL¿FLVPR´'RVDVSHFWRVHUDQSDUWLFXODUPHQWHUHVLVWLGRV
XQRGHFDUiFWHULQWHOHFWXDO\RWURLQVWLWXFLRQDO'HXQODGRODRULHQWDFLyQJHQHUDOGHOSURJUDPDGH
LQYHVWLJDFLRQHVEDVDGRHQXQ³IXQFLRQDOLVPRHPSLULVWD´TXHQRUHFRQRFtD±\GHKHFKREXVFDED
RFXOWDU±HOSUREOHPDGHOD³GHSHQGHQFLD´'HORWURORVQH[RVTXH*HUPDQLKDEtDDQXGDGRFRQODV
LQVWLWXFLRQHVGH¿QDQFLDPLHQWRH[WHUQRTXHVXSRQtDQVHJ~QVHFUHtDXQDLQRFXOWDEOHLQMHUHQFLD
GHODVPLVPDVHQODRULHQWDFLyQGHODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV
&RQWUDORTXHKXELHUDFUHtGR*HUPDQLRKXELHUDQVRVWHQLGRVXVVHJXLGRUHVODVRFLRORJtD
TXHVHGHVDUUROOyGHVGHOHMRVGHVHUXQDUHVSXHVWD³QHXWUD´R³WpFQLFD´DODVQHFHVLGDGHV
TXH VXUJtDQ GH OD WUDQVLFLyQ GH OD VRFLHGDG WUDGLFLRQDO D OD PRGHUQD KDEtD VLGR HQ UHDOLGDG
XQDYtDGH³SHQHWUDFLyQLPSHULDOLVWD´XQDMXVWL¿FDFLyQHQHOSODQRGHODVLGHDVGHOSUHGRPLQLR
HVWDGRXQLGHQVHHQODVRFLHGDGDUJHQWLQD(QWUHORVVHFWRUHVSROLWL]DGRVHOFRQVHQVRHUDDPSOLR\
WRGRVPiVDOOiGHVXVGLIHUHQFLDVFRQWULEX\HURQDODGHVDFUHGLWDFLyQGHOD³VRFLRORJtDFLHQWt¿FD´
\VXYLVLyQVREUHHOUROGHOVRFLyORJR
PLHQWUDVHOLPSHULDOLVPRQRUWHDPHULFDQRFRQVROLGDEDODGHSHQGHQFLDWHFQROyJLFDGHOD
HFRQRPtDDUJHQWLQDODVIXQGDFLRQHVQRUWHDPHULFDQDVLQYHUWtDQHQODFRQVROLGDFLyQGH
ODWHFQRORJtDGHODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVHQODXQLYHUVLGDGDUJHQWLQD´>(QHVDVFRQGLFLRQHV
OD VRFLRORJtD@ JHQHUD XQ GLVFXUVR GRQGH OD SHQHWUDFLyQ LPSHULDOLVWD HV WUDVPXWDGD
D QLYHO LGHROyJLFR HQ OD LPDJHQ GH XQ SURFHVR GH ³GHVDUUROOR HFRQyPLFR \ VRFLDO´
RULHQWDGR D XQD FUHFLHQWH UDFLRQDOLGDG SURSLD GH OD ³VRFLHGDG LQGXVWULDO´ GLVFXUVR
GHOTXHWRGRFXHVWLRQDPLHQWRGHODGRPLQDFLyQLQWHUQD\H[WHUQDHVWiULJXURVDPHQWH
DXVHQWH9HUyQ
/D GRPLQDFLyQ LPSHULDOLVWD HQ WRGR HO PXQGR SURYRFy HO GHVDUUROOR GH OD VRFLRORJtD
FRPR XQ PHGLR SDUD GHWHFWDU SUREOHPDV HQ VXV SDtVHV \ GHVFXEULU ORV PRGRV GH
VXSHUDU ODV WHQVLRQHV GHO PXQGR PRGHUQR /D VRFLRORJtD FLHQWt¿FD HQ OD $UJHQWLQD
UHFLELyHVWHSUHVHQWHGHORVSDtVHVLPSHULDOLVWDV\FRQWLQXySRUPHGLRVPiVUH¿QDGRV
ODWDUHDGHHQPDVFDUDPLHQWR\FRQWUROTXHORVLGHyORJRVGHOUpJLPHQYHQtDQUHDOL]DQGR
HQDOLDQ]DFRQODROLJDUTXtD3DVRDSDVRODVRFLRORJtDDUJHQWLQDVHFRQYLHUWHHQXQD
GHODVDUPDVLQWHOHFWXDOHVGHOGHVDUUROOLVPR&DUUL
(VWRVUHODWRVWDQWRFRPRHOGH*HUPDQLDQWHVDQDOL]DEDQHOVXUJLPLHQWR\GHVDUUROORGH
ODGLVFLSOLQDHQHOPDUFRGHXQDPDWUL]GHSHQVDPLHQWRTXHYLQFXODEDODVXHUWHGHODVRFLRORJtDD
ORVFDPELRVGHODVRFLHGDG$KRUDELHQORTXHH[SOLFDEDODQHFHVLGDGGHXQDFLHQFLDGHORVRFLDO
QRHUD\DOD³PRGHUQL]DFLyQ´\ODFULVLVGHODWUDGLFLyQ(QVXOXJDUODFODYHTXHSHUPLWtDHQWHQGHU
ODWUD\HFWRULDGHODVRFLRORJtDHUDHO³LPSHULDOLVPR´\OD³OXFKDGHFODVHV´
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
23
JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
(QHVHPDUFRODUHLYLQGLFDFLyQGHODQHXWUDOLGDGXREMHWLYLGDGDSDUHFLyHQWRQFHVFRPR
ODGHIHQVDLPSOtFLWDGHORUGHQVRFLDOYLJHQWH/DDXVHQFLDGHXQDFUtWLFDH[SOtFLWDGHORH[LVWHQWH
FRQOOHYDEDVHJ~QHVDVPLUDGDVXQDDFHSWDFLyQWiFLWDGHORGDGR&RQWUDODHVFLVLyQGHFLHQFLD
\YDORUHVGHVGHXQDGHODVUHYLVWDVTXHPRWRUL]DEDXQDUHQRYDFLyQGHOPDU[LVPRORFDOXQMRYHQ
VRFLyORJRVHxDODEDTXH
«HVSRVLEOHTXHODQDWXUDOH]DVHDQHXWUDO(OVROSRUHMHPSORLOXPLQDWDQWRDMXVWRV
FRPR D SHFDGRUHV 3HUR OD FXOWXUD QR OR HV 'H DOOt TXH QR H[LVWD FRPR SRVLELOLGDG
HIHFWLYDXQDFXULRVLGDGSXUDDOPDUJHQGHORVLQWHUURJDQWHV\SHUSOHMLGDGHVTXHDVLVWHQ
DODH[SHULHQFLDKXPDQD>«@$EDQGRQDUHVWHFRPSURPLVRUHQXQFLDUDSDUWLFLSDUHQOD
FRWLGLDQDDYHQWXUDGHOKRPEUHQRHVFRPRVHSUHWHQGHH[FOXLUVHGHXQDGHFLVLyQHV
RSWDUSRUODFRPSOLFLGDG7RUUH
6LQSRVLFLRQHVLQWHUPHGLDVDODYLVWDHOVRFLyORJRVHJ~QHVWDVPLUDGDVWHQtDTXHHOHJLU
VX³EDQGR´'HEtDGH¿QLUVHSRUHOPDQWHQLPLHQWR GHOVWDWXVTXR RSRUVXVXEYHUVLyQWUDEDMDU
SRUOD³GRPLQDFLyQ´RSRUOD³OLEHUDFLyQ´GHOODGRGHORVSRGHURVRVRGHORVVHFWRUHVSRSXODUHV
1LQJXQDFRQGLFLyQSURIHVLRQDOXREMHWLYLGDGFLHQWt¿FDSRGtDDSDUWDUORGHXQDLPSOLFDFLyQGLUHFWD
HQODVFRQWURYHUVLDVLGHROyJLFDV\OXFKDVFRQFUHWDVTXHDJLWDEDQVXVRFLHGDG(OHMHUFLFLRGHOD
VRFLRORJtDLPSOLFDEDVLHPSUHXQDWRPDGHSRVLFLyQSROtWLFDTXHHUDLQ~WLOSUHWHQGHUHVTXLYDU
(Q HVH PDUFR HO HMHUFLFLR GHO VRFLyORJR DFDGpPLFR ¿QDQFLDGR SRU ODV IXQGDFLRQHV
LQWHUQDFLRQDOHVIXHUHFXVDGRWDQWRFRPRHOWUDEDMRFRPR³WpFQLFR´HQHO(VWDGRRHOVHFWRUSULYDGR
(QULJRUHQODPHGLGDHQTXHVHJ~QDGYHUWtDQWRGDVHVDVLQVHUFLRQHVPRWRUL]DEDQXQDFRP~Q
DGKHVLyQ DO RUGHQ YLJHQWH ORV VRFLyORJRV SROLWL]DGRV QR WUD]DEDQ XQD GLYLVRULD WDMDQWH HQWUH
HOORV(VTXHODLGHDGHSURIHVLyQGHDFXHUGRDHVWDPLUDGDQRHUDPiVTXHXQDFRDUWDGDTXH
EXVFDQGRSRQHU³ODGLVFLSOLQDDFXELHUWRGHODSROtWLFD\ODLGHRORJtD´RFXOWDEDVXFRPSURPLVRFRQ
ORVVHFWRUHVGRPLQDQWHV\ODVHVWUXFWXUDVGHSRGHUYLJHQWHV9HUyQ
)UHQWH D HOOR HO VRFLyORJR VHJ~Q HVWD PLUDGD GHEtD DVXPLU VX WUDEDMR FRPR XQ
HMHUFLFLRFUtWLFRGHWRGRSRGHUH[SORWDGRU\FRPSURPHWHUVHFRQODHPDQFLSDFLyQGHORVVHFWRUHV
GRPLQDGRV6X~QLFDDXGLHQFLDGHEtDQVHUTXLHQHVHVWDEDQLPSOLFDGRVHQXQDWUDQVIRUPDFLyQ
UDGLFDOGHODVRFLHGDG(QODPHGLGDHQTXHHO(VWDGRODVHPSUHVDVSULYDGDV\ODVIXQGDFLRQHV
LQWHUQDFLRQDOHVQRHVWDEDQFRQVXVWDQFLDGDVFRQWDOPHWDODVRFLRORJtDGHEtDFRQVWUXLUVHcontra
HOORV6HJ~QHVWDVPLUDGDVHOGHVDUUROORGHODVRFLRORJtDFRPRSUiFWLFDSURIHVLRQDOVXSRQtDSHVH
DODSUpGLFDGHORVGHIHQVRUHVGHODVRFLRORJtDFRPRXQD³SURIHVLyQ´ODSHUPDQHQWHDGHFXDFLyQ
/DV YLVLRQHV SROLWL]DGDV VREUH OD VRFLRORJtD QR FRQVWLWXtDQ XQD SHFXOLDULGDG ORFDO /HMRV GH HOOR FRQVWLWXtDQ XQ
IHQyPHQR JOREDO /D FUtWLFD D OD ³VRFLRORJtD FLHQWt¿FD´ VH QXWULy HQ HVH VHQWLGR GH ODV RULHQWDFLRQHV UDGLFDOL]DGDV
TXH OOHJDEDQ GH (XURSD \ (VWDGRV 8QLGRV &RPR WHVWLPRQLR GH HVH LQÀXMR HV LQWHUHVDQWH GHVWDFDU OD SXEOLFDFLyQ
HQHOSULPHUQ~PHURGH$QWURSRORJtDGHO7HUFHU0XQGRUHYLVWDDVRFLDGDDODVGHQRPLQDGDV³FiWHGUDVQDFLRQDOHV´
GH XQ DUWtFXOR GH XQD GH ODV ¿JXUDV PiV YLVLEOHV GHO 0D\R IUDQFpV 'DQLHO &RKQ %HQGLW$OOt HO DXWRU GHQXQFLDED
XQDVRFLRORJtDGHYHQLGD³SHUURJXDUGLiQ´¿HOVHUYLGRUDGH³WRGRVORVSRGHUHVGHOPXQGREXUJXpV´TXHQRGXGDED
HQ³DOTXLODUVXVVHUYLFLRV´HQYLVWDVGHDVHJXUDUODJDQDQFLD\HOPDQWHQLPLHQWRGHORUGHQFDSLWDOLVWDV³/DVSUXHEDV
>DUJtD@VRQDEXQGDQWHVODVRFLRORJtDLQGXVWULDOEXVFDDQWHWRGRODDGDSWDFLyQGHOWUDEDMDGRUDVXWUDEDMRODSHUVSHFWLYD
LQYHUVDHVPX\OLPLWDGD\DTXHHOVRFLyORJRSDJDGRSRUODGLUHFFLyQGHEHUHVSHWDUOD¿QDOLGDGGHOVLVWHPDHFRQyPLFR
SURGXFLUORPiVSRVLEOHSDUDREWHQHUORVPD\RUHVLQJUHVRVSRVLEOHV/DVRFLRORJtDSROtWLFDSUHFRQL]DYDVWDVHQFXHVWDV
JHQHUDOPHQWHPLVWL¿FDGRUDVTXHSUHVXSRQHQTXHODGLV\XQWLYDHOHFWRUDOHVKR\HOOXJDUGHODSROtWLFDVLQSUHJXQWDUVH
QXQFD VL pVD QR VH VLWXDUtD IXHUD GH HVWH WHUUHQR´ &RKQ %HQGLW (Q VX YLVLyQ HUD SUHFLVR GHQXQFLDU OD
³VLJQL¿FDFLyQJHQHUDOPHQWHUHSUHVLYDGHODSURIHVLyQGHVRFLyORJR´DVtFRPROD³KLSRFUHVtDGHODREMHWLYLGDG>«@GHO
DSROLWLFLVPR´&RKQ%HQGLW
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
24
JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
GHODVRULHQWDFLRQHVHLQLFLDWLYDVGHORVVRFLyORJRVDODVGHPDQGDVGHTXLHQHVORVFRQWUDWDUDQ
&RQWUD0RUD\$UDXMR(OLVHR9HUyQVHxDODEDiFLGDPHQWH
(OVRFLyORJRRIUHFHDKRUDVXVVHUYLFLRVHQXQPHUFDGRPiVDPSOLR(OFRQRFLPLHQWR
VRFLROyJLFRSXHGHEHQH¿FLDUDWRGRVSHUPLWHLPSOHPHQWDUFXDOTXLHUSROtWLFD\FXDOTXLHU
LGHRORJtD (O VRFLyORJR GHMD VX WDUMHWD FRQ OD HVSHUDQ]D GH FRQVHJXLU WUDEDMR /D
D¿UPDFLyQH[SOtFLWD\FRQVFLHQWHGHODVRFLRORJtDFRPRXQDWHFQRORJtDTXHHVWiPiV
DOOiRPiVDFiGHORVFRQÀLFWRV\ODOXFKDLGHROyJLFD\TXHFXDOTXLHUDSXHGHFRPSUDU
>YXHOYH DO VRFLyORJR@ XQ WHFQyFUDWD TXH FRQ¿HVD DELHUWDPHQWH TXH DO KDEODU GHO
³FDPELR´QRSLHQVDHQXQFDPELRGHWHUPLQDGRKDFHUORSRGUtDDWHPRUL]DUDPXFKRV
FOLHQWHVSRWHQFLDOHV9HUyQ
$~QPiVDXQFXDQGRVHDFHSWDUDODLGHDGHODQHXWUDOLGDGYDORUDWLYDGHIHQGLGDSRUORV
SURPRWRUHVGHODVRFLRORJtDDSOLFDGDVXSURSXHVWDDGROHFtDVHJ~QHVWDPLUDGDGHXQÀDQFR
GpELO /RV DFWRUHV R JUXSRV HQ FRQGLFLRQHV GH ¿QDQFLDU OD VRFLRORJtD OD FRQWUDSDUWH TXH WRGD
GLVFLSOLQD QHFHVLWD SDUD FRQVWLWXLUVH FRPR XQD ³SURIHVLyQ´ HUDQ TXLHQHV GDGD VX SRVLFLyQ HQ
OD VRFLHGDG FDUHFtDQ GH WRGR LQWHUpV SRU SURPRYHU FDPELRV SURIXQGRV /D SUHVFLQGHQFLD GH
XQDVRFLRORJtDTXHVHSUHVHQWDEDFRPRXQDKHUUDPLHQWDFDSD]GHVHUYLUFXDOTXLHU¿QVRFLDOVH
UHYHODEDIDOVD/RVFDPELRVTXHEHQH¿FLDUtDQDORVVHFWRUHVLQFDSDFHVGHDGTXLULUVXVVHUYLFLRV
±ORVVHFWRUHVGRPLQDGRV±TXHGDUtDQH[FOXLGRVHQWDQWRQXQFDSRGUtDQVHUVROYHQWDGRV(QHO
H[WUHPR ORV VRFLyORJRV GHEtDQ GHVLVWLU GH FXDOTXLHU HMHUFLFLR SURIHVLRQDO \D TXH HOOR VXSRQtD
SRQHUODVKHUUDPLHQWDV\FRQRFLPLHQWRVGHODGLVFLSOLQDDIDYRUGHORVSRGHURVRV~QLFRVFDSDFHV
GH¿QDQFLDUVXVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV
6LORVGHIHQVRUHVGHODVRFLRORJtDDSOLFDGDODKDEtDQFRQFHELGRFRPRXQDPDQHUDHQOD
TXHHOVRFLyORJRSRGtDFRPSURPHWHUVHFRQVXVRFLHGDGWDOWHQWDWLYDUHVXOWDEDDTXtIXHUWHPHQWH
FHQVXUDGD/D³WHFQRORJtDVRFLROyJLFD´QRHUDRWUDFRVDTXHXQD³WHFQRORJtDGHODGRPLQDFLyQ´
&DUUL TXH HQ OXJDU GH YLQFXODUVH FRQ ORV VHFWRUHV VXEDOWHUQRV \ DFRPSDxDUORV HQ
VX RUJDQL]DFLyQ \ OXFKD FRQWUD OD GRPLQDFLyQ VH FRQVDJUDED KDFLHQGR GH ORV VRFLyORJRV
³FRQVHMHURV GHO SUtQFLSH´ D OD ³HODERUDFLyQ GH UHFHWDV WpFQLFDV´ SDUD DOLYLDU ODV WHQVLRQHV
VRFLDOHV\JDUDQWL]DUODSHUYLYHQFLDGHXQRUGHQLQMXVWR(ODIiQUDFLRQDOL]DGRUGHODVRFLRORJtD
DVXPtDHQHVWHPDUFRXQDFRQQRWDFLyQIXHUWHPHQWHFRQVHUYDGRUD&XDOTXLHUFDPELRJUDGXDOR
UHIRUPLVWDDTXHOUHLYLQGLFDGRSRUTXLHQHVGHIHQGtDQODVRFLRORJtDDSOLFDGDHUDUHFXVDGRFRPR
XQDSRVWHUJDFLyQ\REVWiFXORSDUDORVFDPELRVIXQGDPHQWDOHVTXHODKRUDH[LJtD
0LHQWUDVTXHODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDFRPRXQD³SURIHVLyQ´±HQODDFDGHPLD\
HQ ODV LQVWLWXFLRQHV QR DFDGpPLFDV± VXSRQtD HO WUD]DGR GH XQD IURQWHUD TXH OD GHVOLQGDED GH
ORVamateurs RD¿FLRQDGRVDVtFRPRGHODVRWUDVSURIHVLRQHVLQVWLWX\HQGRXQDFRPXQLGDGGH
VRFLyORJRVFX\DVGLVWLQWDVRSFLRQHVSROtWLFDVHLGHROyJLFDVQRGHEHUtDQHOLPLQDUVXVHQWLGRGH
SHUWHQHQFLD\UHXQLyQHQWRUQRDOFRQMXQWRGHFRQFHSWRV\GHVWUH]DVSURSLRVGHODGLVFLSOLQDOD
³SULPDFtDGHODSROtWLFD´GLOXtDHQHVWHFDVRODLGHQWLGDGGHVRFLyORJR/RTXHLPSRUWDEDDKRUD
HUDQORVFOLYDMHV\IURQWHUDVTXHGHVOLQGDEDQGLIHUHQFLDVGHRUGHQSROtWLFRFRQVHUYDFLyQUHIRUPD
RUHYROXFLyQ
(VHQHVWHVHQWLGRTXHVHKDOODPDGRODDWHQFLyQVREUHOD³GLVROXFLyQ´GHODVRFLRORJtDHQODSROtWLFD\ODFULVLVGHO
³FDPSR´FLHQWt¿FR\SURIHVLRQDOTXHODHPSUHVDOLGHUDGDSRU*HUPDQLVHKDEtDSURSXHVWRIXQGDU$OUHVSHFWRSXHGHQ
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
25
JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
«IUHQWHDOSUREOHPDJHQHUDOGHOD6RFLRORJtD\RTXLVLHUDGHFLUTXHHQSULPHUOXJDU
\R QR PH GH¿QR FRPR VRFLyORJR VLQR FRPR VRFLDOLVWD UHYROXFLRQDULR TXH SRU OD
GLYLVLyQGHOWUDEDMRTXHVHGDHQHVWDVRFLHGDG\TXH\RQRLQVWDXUpVHPHDFXHUGD
ODSRVLELOLGDGGHVHUXQLQWHOHFWXDOGHVHUXQSURIHVRUXQLYHUVLWDULR>«@/DUHVSXHVWD
HVVLPSOH\OyJLFDROD6RFLRORJtDVLUYHFRPRLQVWUXPHQWRFDSD]GHDSR\DUFDPELRV
GH WLSR SROtWLFR R QR PH LQWHUHVD FRPR SURIHVLyQ 3RUWDQWLHUR FLWDGR HQ Panorama
6L*HUPDQLKDEtDFRQ¿DGRDODVRFLRORJtDXQDWDUHDFLHUWDPHQWHWUDVFHQGHQWDOORKDEtD
KHFKRFRPRORVSURPRWRUHVGHODVRFLRORJtDDSOLFDGDHQHOPDUFRGHXQDDFFLyQSDXWDGDSRU
ORV OtPLWHV GH XQD ³SURIHVLyQ´ (O FRPSURPLVR GHO VRFLyORJR VH HMHUFtD FRPR WDO$TXt SRU HO
FRQWUDULRHVHFRPSURPLVRGHEtDDVXPLUVHDSDUWLUGHXQDHQWUHJD³GHVLQWHUHVDGD´DXQDFDXVD
SROtWLFD(QHVWHPDUFRHQODVYHUVLRQHVPiVH[WUHPDVHVFLQGLpQGRVHGHODFXHVWLyQODERUDOOD
VRFLRORJtDQRHUDGHPDQHUDSUHGRPLQDQWHQLGHEtDVHUXQPHGLRGHYLGD1RIDOWDURQTXLHQHV
UHFKD]DQGRHOSUHVWLJLRXKRQRUFRP~QPHQWHUHFRQRFLGRVDODVSURIHVLRQHVVHxDODEDQTXHHO
PDQHMRGHORV³LQVWUXPHQWRVFLHQWt¿FRV´QRGHEtDFRORFDUDVXSRVHHGRUHQXQ³SODQRGHVWDFDGR´
(OVRFLyORJRHYLWDQGRODWHQWDFLyQGHO³H[FOXVLYLVPR´WHQtDTXHVHU³XQVHUYLGRULQFRQGLFLRQDO
GH ORV UHTXHULPLHQWRV TXH >ODV@ PDVDV SRSXODUHV KDFHQ SHUPDQHQWHPHQWH´ &DUUL 9HDPRVDKRUDDWUDYpVGHODFpOHEUHSROpPLFDVXVFLWDGDSRUHO3UR\HFWR0DUJLQDOLGDGFyPR
VHPRYLOL]DEDQORVDUJXPHQWRVGHTXLHQHVEXVFDEDQXQQH[RPiVLQPHGLDWRHQWUHVRFLRORJtD\
SROtWLFD
8QDLOXVWUDFLyQGHORTXHDQWHFHGH(O3UR\HFWR0DUJLQDOLGDG
(O 3UR\HFWR 0DUJLQDOLGDG HUD XQD DPELFLRVD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ TXH EXVFDED HVWXGLDU ORV
VHFWRUHVHPSREUHFLGRVGHXQFRQMXQWRGHVRFLHGDGHVODWLQRDPHULFDQDVTXHVHJ~QODVLQWHQFLRQHV
GHFODUDGDVGHVXVSDWURFLQDGRUHVXQRGHHOORVOD)XQGDFLyQ)RUGGHEtDSURGXFLUXQcorpus
HPStULFR FDSD] GH LQIRUPDU OD DFFLyQ GH JRELHUQRV H LQVWDQFLDV S~EOLFDV SDUD ³LQWHJUDU´ D ORV
VHFWRUHVTXHSHUPDQHFtDQDO³PDUJHQ´GHOGHVDUUROOR'DGRORVHQVLEOHGHOWHPD±HOHVWXGLR
GHDTXHOODVSREODFLRQHVGHODTXHEXHQDSDUWHGHODLQWHOHFWXDOLGDGORFDOHVSHUDEDXQDDFFLyQ
SROtWLFDSRWHQFLDOPHQWHUHYROXFLRQDULD±\ODQDWXUDOH]DGHODLQVWLWXFLyQ¿QDQFLDGRUD±TXHPXFKRV
FUHtDQ HUD UHSUHVHQWDQWH GH ORV LQWHUHVHV GHO ³LPSHULDOLVPR QRUWHDPHULFDQR´± ODV GHQXQFLDV
SRU XQ VXSXHVWR ³HVSLRQDMH VRFLROyJLFR´ QR VH KLFLHURQ HVSHUDU 1L OD HQFHQGLGD GHIHQVD GH
TXLHQHVGHVDUUROODEDQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQQLVXV³FUHGHQFLDOHV´PDU[LVWDVQLHOHQIRTXHFUtWLFRTXH
KDEtDQ DGRSWDGR SDUD VX HVWXGLR PRULJHUDURQ ODV VRVSHFKDV (Q XQD SROpPLFD TXH DOFDQ]y
XQD GLPHQVLyQ UHJLRQDO ORV VRFLyORJRV ±\ XQ FRQMXQWR GH LQWHOHFWXDOHV PiV DPSOLR± SXVLHURQ
HQMXHJRXQFRQMXQWRGHGH¿QLFLRQHVVREUHODVRFLRORJtD\HOUROGHORVLQWHOHFWXDOHVIXHUWHPHQWH
FRQWUDVWDQWHVTXHPiVDOOiGHORVGLVWLQWRVDUJXPHQWRVPRYLOL]DGRVSODQWHDEDFRPRWHOyQGH
IRQGRODFXHVWLyQGHODDXWRQRPtDGHORVVRFLyORJRVIUHQWHDVXVFOLHQWHODVVXUHODFLyQFRQOD
SUiFWLFDSROtWLFD\VXFRQGLFLyQRQRFRPR³SURIHVLRQDOHV´
YHUVH5XELQLFK\6LGLFDUR
6REUHHO3UR\HFWR0DUJLQDOLGDGSXHGHQYHUVHHQWUHRWURV*LO3HWUD3ORWNLQ$TXtDQWHV
TXH XQD UHFRQVWUXFFLyQ JHQHUDO R H[KDXVWLYD GH HVH HSLVRGLR TXHUHPRV DERUGDU DOJXQDV GH ODV YLVLRQHV VREUH OD
VRFLRORJtDTXHVHPRYLOL]DURQHQWRUQRVX\R
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
26
JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
$FXVDGRGHVHUYLUORVLQWHUHVHVGHOLPSHULDOLVPRQRUWHDPHULFDQR-RVp1XQHOGLUHFWRUGHO
SUR\HFWRDVXPLyXQDHQFHQGLGDGHIHQVDGHVXVLQLFLDWLYDV6XVHVIXHU]RVHVWXYLHURQFHQWUDGRV
HQGHVWDFDUODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHDPSOLDDXWRQRPtDSDUD¿MDUODIRUPDGHKDFHUODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
TXH pO \ VX JUXSR GH FRODERUDGRUHV KDEtDQ SXHVWR FRPR UHTXLVLWRV SDUD KDFHUVH FDUJR GH OD
WDUHD 6HJ~Q 1XQ TXLHQ FRPSDUWtD FRQ VXV FUtWLFRV OD LGHD GH TXH ³OD SROtWLFD GH VXEVLGLRV D
OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FLHQWt¿FD IRUPD SDUWH GH XQD HVWUDWHJLD JOREDO GH SHQHWUDFLyQ LPSHULDOLVWD´ OD
DFHSWDFLyQ GH XQ VXEVLGLR QR FRQYHUWtD D VXV EHQH¿FLDULRV HQ LQPHGLDWRV VHUYLGRUHV GH VXV
SDWURFLQDGRUHV3RUHOFRQWUDULRKDEtDWDOFRPRVHJ~QVXSDUHFHUHO3UR\HFWR0DUJLQDOLGDGOR
GHPRVWUDEDXQPDUJHQRHVSDFLRGHDFFLyQDELHUWRDODVLQLFLDWLYDVGHORVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVVLHPSUH
\ FXDQGR HVWRV VXSLHUDQ ¿MDU FRQGLFLRQHV TXH OHV DVHJXUDUDQ XQD LQGHSHQGHQFLD GH FULWHULR
'H KHFKR KDEtD VLGR HO DSURYHFKDPLHQWR GH HVH PDUJHQ HO TXH OHV KDEtD SHUPLWLGR DGRSWDU
XQ HQIRTXH FUtWLFR TXH HPSOHDED ORV UHFXUVRV ¿QDQFLHURV GHO ³LPSHULR´ HQ XQD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ
TXHHVWDED³ELHQOHMRVGHDVHJXUDUORVIDYRUHVGHO(VWDEOLVKPHQW´(QEDVHDHVDDXWRQRPtD
VHJ~QD¿UPDEDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQFXHVWLRQDEDHOUROGHO³LPSHULDOLVPR´HQODUHJLyQ\H[SOLFDEDOD
PDUJLQDOLGDGFRPRXQDUHDOLGDGLQHVFLQGLEOHGHODGHSHQGHQFLDHFRQyPLFDGHODVVRFLHGDGHV
ODWLQRDPHULFDQDV(QHVHVHQWLGR\FRQXQDSUpGLFDTXHEXVFDEDGLVWLQJXLUVHGHO³FLHQWL¿FLVPR´
\VXSUHVFLQGHQFLDYDORUDWLYDVXLQYHVWLJDFLyQQRVHSUHWHQGtDQHXWUDO3RUHOFRQWUDULRDVXPtD
XQFRPSURPLVRH[SOtFLWRFRQHOSURFHVRGH³OLEHUDFLyQVRFLDO\QDFLRQDO´TXHVHJ~QSHQVDED
HVWDEDHQPDUFKD
)UHQWHDHVRVDUJXPHQWRVORVFUtWLFRVLQVLVWLHURQXQD\RWUDYH]TXHTXLHQSURYHtDORV
IRQGRVHUDTXLHQ¿MDEDORVREMHWLYRVGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ\SRUHVDYtDLPSRQtDVXVLQWHUHVHV(Q
XQFRQWH[WRVHQVLELOL]DGRSRUODVUHYHODFLRQHVGHO3UR\HFWR&DPHORWVRVWXYLHURQTXHFXDOTXLHU
YLQFXODFLyQFRQORVUHFXUVRVRIUHFLGRVSRUHO³LPSHULR´FRQYHUWtDDORVVRFLyORJRVQRLPSRUWDTXp
FRQGLFLRQHVRUHTXLVLWRVSXVLHUDQDODKRUDGHGLVHxDUODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVHQLQVWUXPHQWRVGH
VXSROtWLFD³QHRFRORQLDO´/DSURFHGHQFLDGHORVUHFXUVRVHUDSDUDHVWDVPLUDGDVGH¿QLWRULD6L
WUDEDMDEDSDUDXQDIXQGDFLyQQRLPSRUWDFyPRORKLFLHUDWUDEDMDEDDIDYRUGHODGRPLQDFLyQ
1R KDEtD VDOLGD (O FDUiFWHU PDU[LVWD R SUHWHQGLGDPHQWH FUtWLFR GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ QR
DOWHUDEDODVLWXDFLyQ'HKHFKRUHVXOWDEDIXQFLRQDODORVLQWHUHVHVGHO³LPSHULR´HQXQFRQWH[WR
HQHOTXHODSHUVSHFWLYDIXQFLRQDOLVWDVHKDOODEDGHVDFUHGLWDGD(OWUDEDMRGH1XQ\VXVFROHJDV
QRHUDPiVTXHXQDQXHYDYHUVLyQDGDSWDGDDORVQXHYRVWLHPSRVGHUDGLFDOL]DFLyQSROtWLFD
GHO ³FLHQWL¿FLVPR WUDGLFLRQDO´ YHKtFXOR XQR \ RWUR GH OD ³SHQHWUDFLyQ LPSHULDOLVWD´ HQ$PpULFD
ODWLQD)XHUDQFXDOHVIXHUDQODVLQWHQFLRQHVGH1XQVXVFUtWLFRVVRVWHQtDQTXH³REMHWLYDPHQWH´
VXLQYHVWLJDFLyQVHUtDXQDIXHQWHGHGDWRVLQGLVSHQVDEOHSDUDTXHVHSXGLHUDQSODQHDU\SRQHU
HQPDUFKD³ODVWtSLFDVRSHUDFLRQHVGHD\XGDQRUWHDPHULFDQD´WHQGLHQWHVD³LQWHJUDU´DOVLVWHPD
DDTXHOORVVHFWRUHVTXHVHFRQVLGHUDQVXVFHSWLEOHVGHSURGXFLU³UHEHOGtDV´
3HURODSUpGLFDGHORVFUtWLFRVQRVHGHWHQtDDOOt(QVXYLVLyQORTXHH[SOLFDEDODDFWLWXG
GHTXLHQHVGHFLGtDQWUDEDMDUFRQORVVXEVLGLRVSURYHQLHQWHVGHOQRUWHHUDQORVIXHUWHVLQFHQWLYRV
PDWHULDOHV \ VLPEyOLFRV RIUHFLGRV JUDQGHV FRQWUDWRV SRVLFLRQHV DFDGpPLFDV HQ SUHVWLJLRVDV
XQLYHUVLGDGHVRSRUWXQLGDGHVSDUDSXEOLFDUHQODVUHYLVWDVGHUHQRPEUHLQWHUQDFLRQDOUHFXUVRV
3URQWDPHQWHFDQFHODGRDQWHODSUHVLyQGHODRSLQLyQS~EOLFDHVWHSODQLGHDGRSRUODVIXHU]DVDUPDGDVGH((88
EXVFDEDRIUHFHUSDUiPHWURVTXHSHUPLWLHUDQSUHGHFLU\FRQWURODUHOVXUJLPLHQWRGHPRYLPLHQWRVDUPDGRVHQGLVWLQWRV
SDtVHVGH$PpULFDODWLQD&I1DYDUUR\4XHVDGD
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
27
JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
SDUDFRQWUDWDUDPSOLRVHTXLSRVGHDVLVWHQWHVHWF/RVFUtWLFRVQRGXGDEDQHQHVWHVHQWLGRHQ
YLQFXODUVXDFFLRQDUFRQXQDLQRFXOWDEOHSUHRFXSDFLyQSRUORVLQWHUHVHVSHUVRQDOHV3DUWLFLSDUHQ
FXDOTXLHULQLFLDWLYD¿QDQFLDGDSRU(VWDGRV8QLGRVLPSOLFDEDVHJ~QHVWDPLUDGDXQDLQHYLWDEOH
FRUUXSFLyQGHOLQYHVWLJDGRU
1XQ\ORVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVTXHORDFRPSDxDEDQKDQVRVWHQLGRHQORVGHEDWHVTXHHVWD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ WDPELpQ DUURMDUi UHVXOWDGRV ~WLOHV SDUD OD L]TXLHUGD 1R OR GXGDPRV
VRVWHQHPRVTXHXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQVHPHMDQWHSRGUtDKDEHUVHUHDOL]DGRLJXDOPHQWHVLQ
GHSHQGHUGHIRQGRVGHOLPSHULDOLVPR\VLQQHFHVLGDGGHSRQHUDGLVSRVLFLyQGHpVWH
VHPHMDQWHWLSRGHGDWRV&ODURHVWiHVRH[LJHWUDEDMDUHQFRQGLFLRQHVPiVSUHFDULDV
VHJXUDPHQWHVLQUHFLELUQLQJXQDSDJDSRUHOOR>«@<MXVWDPHQWHDTXtVHSODQWHDXQR
GHORVHOHPHQWRVLQVRVOD\DEOHVGHORVGHEHUHVGHOLQWHOHFWXDOODWLQRDPHULFDQRTXHVH
OODPDGH,]TXLHUGDVLSXHGHRQRSUHWHQGHUVHUSDJDGRHQGyODUHVRVLGHEHFRPSDUWLU
HOGHVWLQRGHQXHVWURVSXHEORVSREUHV\³VXEGHVDUUROODGRV´9LxDV\RWURV
'HHVHPRGRORTXHVHFXHVWLRQDEDHUDODFRQVWLWXFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDFRPRXQDSURIHVLyQ
\HQHOIRQGRFRPRXQPHGLRGHYLGD6LHOVRFLyORJRWHQtDXQJHQXLQRFRPSURPLVRFRQODVXHUWH
GHVX³SXHEOR´VXWUDEDMRGHEtDDVXPLUVHFRPRXQDYRFDFLyQDOWUXLVWDFRPRXQDRSFLyQSRUORV
SREUHV\GRPLQDGRV(Op[LWRHFRQyPLFRDSDUHFtDFRPRXQFRQÀLFWRpWLFRPDOUHVXHOWRIUXWRGH
ODFRUUXSFLyQGHXQLQWHOHFWXDOTXHKDEtDVLGR³WHQWDGR´\SRUHVDYtDGLVRFLDGRGHODVRFLHGDGD
ODTXHSHUWHQHFtD(OFRPSURPLVRGHOVRFLyORJRDOPHQRVVHJ~QHVWDYHUVLyQVXSRQtDXQDIXHUWH
FHQVXUDGHODSUHRFXSDFLyQSRUORVLQWHUHVHVLQGLYLGXDOHVRHFRQyPLFRV
'DGDODDVRFLDFLyQHQWUHVRFLyORJR\PLOLWDQWHSROtWLFRHVWDVPLUDGDVWUD]DEDQXQSURIXQGR
FRUWHHQWUHVRFLRORJtD\GLQHUR1LQJXQDVRFLRORJtD³RSXOHQWD´HQODPHGLGDHQTXHVXVUHFXUVRV
QRSRGtDQWHQHURWURRULJHQTXHHO³LPSHULR´RORVJUXSRVGRPLQDQWHVORFDOHVSRGUtDVHUDXWyQRPD
\YHUGDGHUDPHQWHFUtWLFD(OVRFLyORJRFRPRVXSXHEORGHEtDVHUSREUH6RFLRORJtD\GLQHUR
FRPR ODV HVIHUDV GH OD PRGHUQLGDG ZHEHULDQDV HQ FRQÀLFWR LUUHGXFWLEOH GHEtDQ PDQWHQHUVH
VHSDUDGDV \ HQ WHQVLyQ 6X LPEULFDFLyQ VyOR KDEODUtD GH XQD VRFLRORJtD \ XQ VRFLyORJR TXH
VHGXFLGR SRU ORV UHFXUVRV GH ORV SRGHURVRV KDEUtDQ WUDLFLRQDGR VX FRPSURPLVR 3DUD HVWDV
PLUDGDVHOVRFLyORJRGHEtDHOHJLUVXEDQGR/DDXWRQRPtDQRSDVDEDSRUODVFRQGLFLRQHVTXHVH
SXGLHUDQLPSRQHUHQODUHDOL]DFLyQGHXQWUDEDMRVLQRSRUURPSHUFXDOTXLHUUHODFLyQFRQTXLHQHV
GHWHQWDEDQHOSRGHU
5HÀH[LRQHV¿QDOHV
&RPRYLPRVODVGLVSXWDVHQWRUQRDODQDWXUDOH]D\OtPLWHVGHODVRFLRORJtDIXHURQPRQHGD
FRUULHQWHHQHOSDVDGRHQQXHVWURSDtV(QHIHFWRHQHOSHUtRGRTXHYDGHVGHODIXQGDFLyQGH
/DHQFHQGLGDUHVSXHVWDGH1XQTXHQRHYLWDEDORVQRPEUHVSURSLRV\ODVDFXVDFLRQHVSHUVRQDOHVUHSURGXFtD
HO DUJXPHQWR GH OD DXWRQRPtD FRPR HVFXGR SURWHFWRU IUHQWH D ODV GHPDQGDV GH ODV IXQGDFLRQHV 5HVSRQGLHQGR
ORVDUJXPHQWRVHVJULPLGRVVREUHODFRUUXSFLyQGHORVLQWHOHFWXDOHVVRVWHQtD³6XSRQJRTXHKDEODQSRUH[SHULHQFLD
SURSLDYDULRVGHORV¿UPDQWHV%DVWLDQHV&RODEHOOD+RSHQ0HQpQGH]5DSRSRUWKDQYHQLGRWUDEDMDQGRPLHQWUDV
KDQSRGLGRFRQIRQGRVLPSHULDOLVWDVVLQQLQJXQDGHODVJDUDQWtDVGHTXHVHKDURGHDGRHO3UR\HFWR0DUJLQDOLGDG
\ HQ LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV QR GHVWLQDGDV SUHFLVDPHQWH FRPR OD QXHVWUD D H[DPLQDU ORV PHFDQLVPRV GH H[SORWDFLyQ
QHRFRORQLDOLVWD TXH RSHUDQ HQ $PpULFD /DWLQD >«@ )LQDOPHQWH PXHYH XQ SRFR D ULVD TXH DOJXQRV SUyVSHURV
LQYHVWLJDGRUHVGHPHUFDGRGHJUDQGHVHPSUHVDVQDFLRQDOHV\H[WUDQMHUDVSRU(M+RSHQ¿UPHQVLQUXERUXQDFDUWD
FRPRODTXHFRPHQWRKDFLHQGRXQSDWpWLFR\GHPDJyJLFROODPDGRDµFRPSDUWLU¶HOGHVWLQRGHQXHVWURVSXHEORVSREUHV
\µVXEGHVDUUROODGRV¶´1XQ
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
28
JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
OD SULPHUD FDUUHUD KDVWD OD LQVWDODFLyQ GH OD ~OWLPD GLFWDGXUD PLOLWDU TXLHQHV VH UHFRQRFtDQ \
HUDQUHFRQRFLGRVFRPRVRFLyORJRVVHHPEDUFDURQGHVGHGLIHUHQWHVRULHQWDFLRQHV\IRUPDVGH
HQWHQGHU VX GLVFLSOLQD HQ DJXGRV GHEDWHV \ FRQWURYHUVLDV$XQ FXDQGR ODV SRVLFLRQHV IXHUDQ
D YHFHV LUUHFRQFLOLDEOHV HQ ORV KHFKRV WRGRV UHD¿UPDEDQ FRQ VX SDUWLFLSDFLyQ HO YDORU R OD
LPSRUWDQFLDGHODGLVSXWDSRUODVRFLRORJtD
3DUD *HUPDQL OD VRFLRORJtD HUD XQD ³SURIHVLyQ FLHQWt¿FD´ TXH GHEtD HMHUFHUVH HQ OD
DFDGHPLD SHUR WDPELpQ HQ RWUDV LQVWLWXFLRQHV HQ SDUWLFXODU HQ HO (VWDGR (Q VX RSLQLyQ HO
GHVDUUROORGHOD³VRFLRORJtDDSOLFDGD´FRQVWLWXtDXQDQHFHVLGDGLPSHULRVDTXHDOWLHPSRTXHSRGUtD
GRWDUGHLQIRUPDFLyQ\UDFLRQDOLGDGDODVLQVWLWXFLRQHV\DFWRUHVTXHODFRQWUDWDUDQGHEtDLPSHGLU
TXHORVVRFLyORJRVUHFD\HVHQHQXQDSUiFWLFD³HQVLPLVPDGD´GHVXGLVFLSOLQDXQDSUiFWLFDHQ
ODTXHVXV~QLFRVGHVWLQDWDULRVIXHUDQVXVDOXPQRV\SDUHV/RVVRFLyORJRVSRGtDQ±\GHKHFKR
GHEtDQ± RIUHFHU VXV VHUYLFLRV HQ ODV PiV YDULDGDV HVIHUDV D FRQGLFLyQ GH RULHQWDU VX WUDEDMR
HLQLFLDWLYDVGHDFXHUGRDORVSULQFLSLRVGHVXJUXSRGHSHUWHQHQFLDGLVFLSOLQDULRLPSRQLHQGR
WDO FRPR OR KDFtDQ RWUDV SURIHVLRQHV PiV FRQVROLGDGDV XQD LQGHSHQGHQFLD GH FULWHULR HQ OD
IRUPDGHGDUUHVSXHVWDVDODVGHPDQGDVGHVXVFOLHQWHODV$KRUDELHQHQWUHODODERUGHHVWRV
VRFLyORJRV \ GH VXV SDUHV LQVHUWRV HQ OD DFDGHPLD OHMRV GH FXDOTXLHU UXSWXUD R GLVRFLDFLyQ
GHEtDSULPDUVHJ~Q*HUPDQLODFRODERUDFLyQ\PXWXRUHIRU]DPLHQWR(OGHVDUUROORGHXQIXHUWH
³VHFWRUDSOLFDGR´EHQH¿FLDUtDODODERUGHOD³LQYHVWLJDFLyQEiVLFD´FRQXQÀXMRGHLQIRUPDFLRQHV
SUREOHPDV\GHVDItRVPX\YDOLRVRV
5HWRPDQGREXHQDSDUWHGHHVWRVDUJXPHQWRV\HQDOJXQRVFDVRVUDGLFDOL]iQGRORVIXHURQ
YDULRVTXLHQHVGHIHQGLHURQXQDDFWLYDLPSOLFDFLyQGHORVVRFLyORJRVHQODVGLYHUVDVLQVWLWXFLRQHV
TXH IRUPDEDQ SDUWH GH OD VRFLHGDG DUJHQWLQD SDUWLGRV SROtWLFRV VLQGLFDWRV FRRSHUDWLYDV
HPSUHVDV GHSHQGHQFLDV HVWDWDOHV HWF 0iV R PHQRV SUy[LPRV GHO LGHDO GH OD QHXWUDOLGDG
YDORUDWLYDVRFLyORJRVFRPR0RUD\$UDXMR'L7HOODR'H,PD]FULWLFDURQGHFLGLGDPHQWHSRUXQ
ODGRHOHMHUFLFLRSXUDPHQWHDFDGpPLFRGHODGLVFLSOLQDDOTXHYHtDQFRQGHQDGRDXQDSHUGXUDEOH
HLQMXVWL¿FDEOH³LUUHOHYDQFLDVRFLDO´VLQDUUDLJRHQODVSUHRFXSDFLRQHVFRQFUHWDVGHODVRFLHGDG
SHURSRURWURODGRWRPDURQGLVWDQFLDWDPELpQGHODGLVFXVLyQPiVDELHUWDPHQWH³LGHROyJLFD´TXH
VHJ~QVXVPLUDGDVSULYLOHJLDEDODE~VTXHGDGHXQLQFLHUWRFDPELRUHYROXFLRQDULRHQGHWULPHQWR
GHOFRPSURPLVRFRQXQDSROtWLFDGHFDPELRV³IDFWLEOHV´(QODGH¿QLFLyQ\RULHQWDFLyQGHHVRV
FDPELRVORVVRFLyORJRVHQWDQWR³SURIHVLRQDOHV´UHFRQRFLGRVWHQtDQPXFKRSDUDRIUHFHUDXQD
VRFLHGDGTXHD~QGHVFRQRFtDWRGRORTXHODVRFLRORJtDSRGUtDEHQH¿FLDUOD
)LQDOPHQWHKXERTXLHQHVLGHQWL¿FDGRVFRQHOSURFHVRGHIXHUWHUDGLFDOL]DFLyQSROtWLFD
EXVFDURQKDFHUGHODVRFLRORJtDXQDSUiFWLFDPiVFHUFDQDDODPLOLWDQFLDSROtWLFD$XQFXDQGR
GHQWURGHHVWHVHFWRUQRIDOWDEDQODVGLIHUHQFLDVWRGRVFRPSDUWtDQXQFRP~QUHFKD]RDOLGHDO
GH OD QHXWUDOLGDG YDORUDWLYD UHFXVDQGR XQD \ RWUD YH] HO URO GHO VRFLyORJR FRPR ³WpFQLFR´ R
³H[SHUWR´FDSD]GHRIUHFHUVXVVHUYLFLRV³UDFLRQDOL]DGRUHV´GHODDFFLyQDXQDYDULDGDFOLHQWHOD
6L FRPR EXVFDPRV PRVWUDU D SDUWLU GH OD UHFRQVWUXFFLyQ GH OD SROpPLFD HQ WRUQR DO 3UR\HFWR
0DUJLQDOLGDG QR IDOWDEDQ TXLHQHV GHIHQGtDQ GHVGH SRVWXUDV SROLWL]DGDV OD FDSDFLGDG GH ORV
VRFLyORJRV SDUD LPSRQHU XQD DXWRQRPtD PtQLPD D OD KRUD GH OLGLDU FRQ ORV HQFDUJRV GH VXV
FOLHQWHVRHPSOHDGRUHVKXERWDPELpQTXLHQHVUHFKD]DEDQHVDSRVLELOLGDGVRVWHQLHQGRTXHODV
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
29
JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
FRQGLFLRQHVHUDQGHPDQHUDLQVDOYDEOH¿MDGDVSRUDTXpOORVTXHRIUHFtDQORVUHFXUVRV(QHVH
PDUFRKXERLQFOXVRTXLHQHVFXHVWLRQDEDQHQIXQFLyQGHODPLOLWDQFLDSROtWLFDODFRQVWUXFFLyQGH
XQDFDUUHUDFRPRVRFLyORJR\ODE~VTXHGDGHOELHQHVWDUPDWHULDOHQWDQWRSURIHVLRQDO(OGLQHUR
WDOFRPRRFXUUtDHQHOiPELWRODSROtWLFD\ODPLOLWDQFLDHUDXQDIXHU]DFDSD]GH³FRUURPSHU´OD
ODERUGHORVVRFLyORJRV/DLGHDGH³SURIHVLyQ´FRQWUDULDPHQWHDORTXHRFXUUtDFRQ*HUPDQL\ORV
SURPRWRUHVGHODVRFLRORJtDDSOLFDGDHUDDTXtGLVRFLDGD\RSXHVWDDODLGHDGH³FRPSURPLVR´
$KRUDELHQPiVDOOiGHODVSURIXQGDVGLIHUHQFLDVHQWRUQRDODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtD
TXHKDEtDHQWUHODVFRQFHSFLRQHVDTXtUHFRQVWUXLGDVQRHVGLItFLOHQFRQWUDUXQSXQWRGHDFXHUGR
\ FRQÀXHQFLD ELHQ FODUR OD FUtWLFD D OD VRFLRORJtD FRPR SUiFWLFD HVWULFWDPHQWH DFDGpPLFD (Q
HIHFWRWDQWRSDUDXQRVFRPRSDUDRWURVODGLVFLSOLQDQRGHEtDDVXPLUVHQXQFDFRPRXQ¿QHQ
Vt PLVPR FRPR XQD SXUD HPSUHVD LQWHOHFWXDO 3RU HO FRQWUDULR OD VRFLRORJtD HUD \ GHEtD VHU
SHQVDGDVLHPSUHFRPRXQPHGLRRLQVWUXPHQWRDOVHUYLFLRGHXQDPHWDTXHODWUDVFHQGtDLPSXOVDU
FDPELRV HQ OD VRFLHGDG VHD FRPR VHD TXH VH ORV GH¿QLHUD (Q HVD OtQHD VL XQRV DOHUWDEDQ
VREUHORVULHVJRVGHOHQVLPLVPDPLHQWRH[FHVLYRORVRWURVGHQXQFLDEDQODV³FRPRGLGDGHV´TXH
VXSRQtDHQWpUPLQRVLQGLYLGXDOHVYLDMHVFRQJUHVRVHWFpWHUD7RGRVVLQHPEDUJRSURPRYtDQ
XQDIXHUWHFRQH[LyQFRQODVDXGLHQFLDV\S~EOLFRVQRDFDGpPLFRV\VXVSUREOHPDVPiVXUJHQWHV
\ ³FRQFUHWRV´ 6HJ~Q XQ GLDJQyVWLFR FRP~Q RFXOWR WUDV ODV RVWHQVLEOHV GLIHUHQFLDV VL ORV
VRFLyORJRVTXHUtDQGHVHPSHxDUXQUROGHSHVRHQODSURGXFFLyQ\RULHQWDFLyQGHODVRFLHGDG
GHEtDQWUDVFHQGHUORVPXURVXQLYHUVLWDULRV
&RPRLQGLFDPRVHQODLQWURGXFFLyQIUHQWHDHVDVSROpPLFDV\FRQWURYHUVLDVHOSHUtRGR
TXHVHDEUHFRQODYXHOWDGHODGHPRFUDFLDDPHGLDGRVGHORVDxRVRFKHQWDLQDXJXUyXQSHUtRGR
HQHOTXHODVGLVFXVLRQHVVREUHODVRFLRORJtD\HOSDSHOGHOVRFLyORJRIXHURQPHQRVQXPHURVDVR
YLVLEOHV(OORDXQFXDQGRODODERUGHORVVRFLyORJRVIUXWRGHODGHPDQGDGHXQFRQMXQWRYDULDGR
GH LQVWLWXFLRQHV H[SHULPHQWy XQ SURFHVR GH SURIXQGDV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV TXH HQ ORV KHFKRV
SODQWHDEDYDULDVGHODVFXHVWLRQHVTXHKDEtDQPRWRUL]DGRORVGHEDWHVHQHOSDVDGRODLQVHUFLyQ
HQLQVWLWXFLRQHVQRDFDGpPLFDVODDXWRQRPtDSURIHVLRQDOODFRQVWLWXFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDFRPR
XQD³SURIHVLyQ´HOFRQGLFLRQDPLHQWRGHTXLHQHV¿QDQFLDQODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVODUHODFLyQHQWUH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQDFDGpPLFD\DSOLFDGDHOYtQFXORGHORVVRFLyORJRVFRQHOGLQHURHWF
6LQHPEDUJRFRPRPHQFLRQDPRVORVHVSDFLRVGHIRUPDFLyQ\HQSDUWLFXODUOD&DUUHUD
GH6RFLRORJtDGHOD8%$VHPDQWXYLHURQUHODWLYDPHQWH³HQFDSVXODGRV´IUHQWHDODVSURIXQGDV
WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHOPHUFDGRODERUDO6LQSURSLFLDUODUHÀH[LyQVREUHODVGLYHUVDVSRVLELOLGDGHV
\GHVDItRVTXHVHOHVSUHVHQWDEDQDORVJUDGXDGRVSULYLOHJLDURQHOPRGHORGHOVRFLyORJRFRPR
GRFHQWH XQLYHUVLWDULR R LQYHVWLJDGRU DFDGpPLFR DTXHO TXH HQ EXHQD PHGLGD ODV PLUDGDV \
SRVLFLRQHV GHO SDVDGR KDEtDQ UHFXVDGR 3RU VX SDUWH ORV FROHJLRV GH SURIHVLRQDOHV SHVH D
TXH DOFDQ]DURQ FLHUWR GHVDUUROOR ORJUDQGR SRU HMHPSOR OD SURPXOJDFLyQ GH OH\HV TXH UHJXODQ
HOHMHUFLFLRSURIHVLRQDOGHOVRFLyORJRFDUHFLHURQGHODIXHU]DQHFHVDULDSDUDLPSRQHUODVHQOD
SUiFWLFD VLQ OOHJDU SRU OR GHPiV D FRQYHUWLUVH HQ HVSDFLRV GH LQWHUFDPELR SURIHVLRQDO SDUD
EXHQDSDUWHGHORVJUDGXDGRV
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
30
JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
(QHVDVFRQGLFLRQHVSDUDPXFKRVVRFLyORJRVHQSDUWLFXODUSDUDDTXHOORVTXHWHUPLQDQ
WUDEDMDQGR HQ LQVWLWXFLRQHV QR DFDGpPLFDV VH SURGXFH XQ IXHUWH GHVIDVDMH HQWUH OD LGHD GH
VRFLRORJtDLQFRUSRUDGDGXUDQWHODUHDOL]DFLyQGHVXVHVWXGLRVYLQFXODGDDXQHMHUFLFLRDFDGpPLFR
GHODGLVFLSOLQD\XQDSUiFWLFDSURIHVLRQDOTXHUHVXOWDFODUDPHQWHGLVFRUGDQWH$KRUDELHQHQOD
PHGLGDHQTXHODVLQVWDQFLDVLQVWLWXFLRQDOHVRFROHFWLYDVGHGLVFXVLyQVRQGpELOHVHOWUDEDMRGH
UHGH¿QLFLyQGHOVHQWLGRROtPLWHVGHODVRFLRORJtDDVtFRPRODUHVSXHVWDDODSUHJXQWDGHVLORTXH
KDFHQHVSDUWHRQRGHODGLVFLSOLQDUHFDHHQXQDEXHQDFDQWLGDGGHFDVRVVREUHODVHVSDOGDV
GHHVRVJUDGXDGRV6RQHOORVTXLHQHVGHEHQSURFHVDUSRUVtVRORV\HQHOPDUFRGHVXVHVSDFLRV
GHWUDEDMRODVWHQVLRQHVGHULYDGDVGHDTXHOGHVIDVDMHVLHQGRODV³FULVLVYRFDFLRQDOHV´PRQHGD
FRUULHQWH %ORLV (Q HVWH FRQWH[WR FDEH SUHJXQWDUVH VL OD SURPRFLyQ GH ORV GHEDWHV
HQWRUQRDOSDSHO\UROGHODVRFLRORJtDDVtFRPRHOUHIRU]DPLHQWRGHHVSDFLRVTXHIHGHUHQR
SRVLELOLWHQXQDPD\RUFRPXQLFDFLyQHQWUHODVGLYHUVDVSUiFWLFDVSURIHVLRQDOHVQRIRUWDOHFHUtDOD
SRVLFLyQGHORVVRFLyORJRVLQVHUWRVHQODVGLVWLQWDVHVIHUDVODERUDOHVVXPLQLVWUiQGROHVHOHPHQWRV
\KHUUDPLHQWDVFDSDFHVGHSURSLFLDUXQDLQWHUYHQFLyQPiVUHÀH[LYD\DItQDOFRPSURPLVRGHOD
VRFLRORJtDFRQODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHODVLQVWLWXFLRQHV\ODVRFLHGDG
Bibliografía
%DXPDQ=\JPXQW3DUDTXHVLUYHUHDOPHQWHXQVRFLyORJR"%XHQRV$LUHV3DLGRV
%ORLV 3HGUR 2EOLJDGRV D HOHJLU ³HQWUH HO VDFHUGRFLR \ OD SURVWLWXFLyQ´ 6RFLDOL]DFLyQ
XQLYHUVLWDULD\SUiFWLFDVSURIHVLRQDOHVGHORVVRFLyORJRVGHOD8%$%XHQRV$LUHV8%$WHVLVGH
GRFWRUDGR
%ORLV3HGUR³(QWUHODDXWRQRPtD\ODKHWHURQRPtD6RFLDOL]DFLyQXQLYHUVLWDULD\SUiFWLFDV
SURIHVLRQDOHVGHORVVRFLyORJRVHQOD$UJHQWLQD´5HYLVWDGH&LHQFLDV3ROtWLFDV\6RFLDOHVDxR
/9,,,Q~P
%ORLV3HGUR³¢3DUDTXpVLUYHQORVVRFLyORJRV"/DGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDOHJtWLPDHQ
WH[WRVFDQyQLFRVGHODGLVFLSOLQD\ODH[SDQVLyQGHODVLQVHUFLRQHVODERUDOHVGHORVVRFLyORJRV"´
(VSDFLR$ELHUWRYROQž
%ORLV 3HGUR ³/D VRFLRORJtD HQ %UDVLO \$UJHQWLQD HQ SHUVSHFWLYD FRPSDUDGD´ 5HYLVWD
ODWLQRDPHULFDQDGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQFUtWLFDQž
%RQDOGL3DEOR$SUHQGLHQGRVRFLRORJtD%XHQRV$LUHV/DJRPHUD
%RQDOGL 3DEOR \ %ORLV 3HGUR ³,QWHOHFWXDOHV H[SHUWRV R DFDGpPLFRV /D VRFLDOL]DFLyQ
XQLYHUVLWDULDGHORVVRFLyORJRVGHOD8%$´VirajesYROQž
%XUDZR\0LFKDHO³3RUXQDVRFLRORJtDS~EOLFD´3ROtWLFD\VRFLHGDGYROQž
&DOKRXQ&UDLJ\:,(59,25.$0LFKHO³0DQL¿HVWRSRUODV FLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV´ 5HYLVWD
0H[LFDQDGH&LHQFLDV3ROtWLFDV\6RFLDOHVQž
&DUUL 5REHUWR ³(O IRUPDOLVPR HQ ODV FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV GD SDUWH´ $QWURSRORJtD GHO
tercer mundoQƒ
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
31
JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
'HËPD]-RVp/XLVet al.'HOVRFLyORJR\VXFRPSURPLVR%XHQRV$LUHV/LEHUD
'L7HOOD7RUFXDWR³/DVRFLRORJtD\ODSUD[LVVRFLDO´5HYLVWD/DWLQRDPHULFDQDGH6RFLRORJtD
9ROQž%XHQRV$LUHV
'L7HOOD7RUFXDWR³/DVRFLRORJtDDUJHQWLQDHQXQDSHUVSHFWLYDGHYHLQWHDxRV´Desarrollo
EconómicoYROQž
'XEDU&ODXGH³3UpIDFH´HQ3,5,282GLOH/DIDFHFDFKpHGHODVRFLRORJLH3DUtV%HOLQ
'XEHW)UDQoRLV¢3DUDTXpVLUYHXQVRFLyORJR"%XHQRV$LUHV6LJOR;;,
*HUPDQL*LQR/DVRFLRORJtDFLHQWt¿FD0p[LFR81$0
*HUPDQL*LQR/DVRFLRORJtDHQ$PpULFD/DWLQDSUREOHPDV\SHUVSHFWLYD%XHQRV$LUHV
(XGHED
*LO*DVWyQ/DVVRPEUDVGHO&DPHORW/DVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV\OD)XQGDFLyQ)RUGHQOD
$UJHQWLQDGHORV0DUGHO3ODWD(XGHP
*UDFLDUHQD -RUJH ³6RFLRORJtD H ,GHRORJtD$OJXQRV SUREOHPDV HQ OD RULHQWDFLyQ GH OD
IRUPDFLyQGHVRFLyORJRVHQ$PpULFD/DWLQD´5HYLVWD0H[LFDQDGH6RFLRORJtDYROQƒ
.LUVKDN 5D\ ³6RFLRORJLFDO 3UDFWLFH LWV PHDQLQJ DQG YDOXH´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI
6RFLRORJ\DQG6RFLDO3ROLF\YROQƒ
/$2)DFXOWDGGH&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV,QIRUPH
/DKLUH%HUQDUGGLU¢3DUDTXpVLUYHODVRFLRORJtD"%XHQRV$LUHV6LJOR;;,
0RUD \ $UDXMR 0DQXHO ³/D VRFLHGDG \ OD SUD[LV VRFLROyJLFD´ Desarrollo Económico
YROQž
1LFRODXV0DUWLQ>@³2EVHUYDFLyQHQODFRQYHQFLyQGHHO$6$´HQ7RXUDLQH$et al.
&LHQFLDVVRFLDOHV,GHRORJtD\UHDOLGDGQDFLRQDO7LHPSR&RQWHPSRUiQHR%XHQRV$LUHV
3HWUD $GULDQD ³(O µ3UR\HFWR 0DUJLQDOLGDG¶ ORV LQWHOHFWXDOHV ODWLQRDPHULFDQRV \ HO
LPSHULDOLVPRFXOWXUDO´3ROtWLFDVGHODPHPRULDQƒ±
3LULRX2GLOH/DIDFHFDFKpHGHODVRFLRORJLH3DUtV%HOLQ
3ORWNLQ0DULDQR³)XQGDFLRQHVLPSHULDOLVPRFXOWXUDO\PDORVHQWHQGLGRVWUDQVQDFLRQDOHV
HOFDVRGHO3UR\HFWR0DUJLQDOLGDG´7UDEDMRSUHVHQWDGRHQHO&RQJUHVR/$6$5LRGH-DQHLUR
5XELQLFK /XFDV ³/RV VRFLyORJRV LQWHOHFWXDOHV FXDWUR QRWDV VREUH OD VRFLRORJtD HQ ORV
´$SXQWHVGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQGHO&(&\3Qƒ
5XELQLFK /XFDV \ %HOWUiQ *DVWyQ HGV ¢4Xp KDFHQ ORV VRFLyORJRV" %XHQRV$LUHV
$XUHOLD
6LGLFDUR 5LFDUGR ³5HÀH[LRQHV VREUH OD DFFLGHQWDGD WUD\HFWRULD GH OD VRFLRORJtD HQ OD
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
32
JUAN PEDRO BLOIS
3URIHVLyQFRPSURPLVR\PLOLWDQFLD/DVGLVSXWDVSRUODGH¿QLFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHQOD$UJHQWLQD
$UJHQWLQD´Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos
7RUUH-XDQ&DUORV³5REHUW/\QG\ODFUtWLFDGHODVRFLRORJtD´Pasado y PresenteQƒ±
Sobre el autor
Juan Pedro Blois: 'RFWRU HQ &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV \ /LFHQFLDGR HQ 6RFLRORJtD SRU OD 8%$
,QYHVWLJDGRU GHO &21,&(7 \ 3URIHVRU GH WHRUtD VRFLROyJLFD GHO ,&,81*6 )XH ,QYHVWLJDGRU
9LVLWDQWH GHO ,(638(5- H[ ,83(5- \ EHFDULR SRVGRFWRUDO GHO &13T %UDVLO )XH GRFHQWH
GH³6RFLRORJtD6LVWHPiWLFD´HQOD&DUUHUDGH6RFLRORJtDGHOD8%$\EHFDULRGHSRVJUDGRGHO
&21,&(77DPELpQIXHEHFDULRGH&RQVROLGDFLyQ$FDGpPLFD&/$&62$VGL\GH0RYLOLGDGHQ
HO 3RVJUDGR GH OD 5HG GH 0DFURXQLYHUVLGDGHV GH $PpULFD /DWLQD \ HO &DULEH D SDUWLU GH OR
FXDOUHDOL]yXQDHVWDQFLDGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQOD81$00p[LFR(VDXWRUGHYDULRVDUWtFXORV
SXEOLFDGRV HQ UHYLVWDV DUJHQWLQDV \ H[WUDQMHUDV HQ HVSDxRO \ SRUWXJXpV &RUUHR HOHFWUyQLFR:
SHGUREORLV#JPDLOFRP
&RPRFLWDUHVWHDUWtFXOR
%ORLV - 3 3URIHVLyQ FRPSURPLVR \ PLOLWDQFLD /DV GLVSXWDV GH OD VRFLRORJtD HQ OD
$UJHQWLQD5HYLVWD+RUL]RQWHV6RFLROyJLFRV
HS- Horizontes Sociológicos | AAS | Buenos Aires | Año 4 | Número 8 | Julio-Diciembre 2016 | ISSN 2346-8645 | pp. 10-33
33