1. No category

Climatic anomalies and harmful
flagellates blooms in Southern
Chile
Prepare by :
Alejandro Clément L. Lincoqueo, M. Saldivia, C. G. Brito, F. Muñoz, C. Fernandez, F. Perez, C.P.
Maluje, N. Correa Serra Martins Silva, V. Moncada, G. Contreras & R. Crescini
[email protected]
Plancton Andino SpA.
Phone : + 56 - 65 - 223 5046
Puerto Varas, Castro & Coyhaique, Chile.
Florianopolis
October 13, 2016
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NOAA: Warmest year on Record 2015
https://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/no-surprise-2015-sets-newglobal-temperature-record
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Calbuco volcano
eruption 2015
Rivers flux
Glacial field
Source: NASA/GSFC
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(Silva & Neshyba, 1977)
WEST WIND DRIFT
CURRENT
(Sievers & Silva, 2006)
South Pacific
Anticyclone
or Anti-ciclon
del Pacifico
Sur (APS)
Surface isothermal temperature distribution and the
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divergence of the WWDC at Chiloé Island latitude.
Objective
To analyze the
photo-autotrophic flagellates
summer-fall blooms in Southern
Chile with more emphasis
in P. cf. verruculosa
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Basic Conceptual Model of key Water Column
interactions with aquacultures activities in fjords
systems (Clément 2013)
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INTRODUCTION
1. Exceptional summer-fall climatic anomalies and/or
“El Niño” signals during 2016.
2. Several HABs in fjords & oceanic coastal waters with
enormous social & economic impacts.
3. These blooms have been the most damaging in
South America with losses > than US$ 600 M.
4. Main species were Pseudochattonella cf.
verruculosa, and Alexandrium catenella, among
others flagellates.
5. Blooms were independently on a spatial and
temporal scale
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Milestones during 2016 HABs
1.
2.
3.
During 2009 we detect A. catenella cells in the coastal ocean
Pseudochattonella cf. verruculosa first time 2004 and 2009.
Jan. 21, 2016 we observed first salmon kill Chiloe Archipelago due to
Pseudochattonella cf. verruculosa.
Nice weather, high temperature and solar radiation.
http://agromet.inia.cl/estaciones.php?watch=2022
1.
During mid summer we observe usual temporal-spatial pattern of A.
catenella in southern Chiloe and Chonos Archipelago.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Same pattern as previous events. 2002 and 2009
Late February & first week of March occurred massive salmon kills
(40000 ton) due to a bloom ( aprox 5000 cel/mL) of
Pseudochattonella cf. verruculosa (Clément et al 2016).
End of March PSP outbreak coastal ocean (Data Minister of Health
available at http://seremi10.redsalud.gob.cl/?p=6034
April 14 A. catenella Chacao channel & max cell abundance April 28.
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METHODOLOGY
• Climatological data www.meteochile.cl NOAA
• Data base analysis http://sispal.plancton.cl/clientes/
• During the bloom Biological, Optical & Physical
variables.
– Fast Repetition Rate Fluorometry (FRRf3). Chelsea Tech
Group
• Active chlor a fluorescence (Fo, Fm, Fv, Absorption Cross Section,
among other photochemical parameters at PSII).
– Seabird Electronic CTD-O profile,
– Ecotriplet Fluorometer, WetLabs Inc. in situ chlor a,
Backscattering Bb(460 & 660 nm)
• Phytoplankton composition and abundance.
• More than 35 d during Summer-Fall of 2016.
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MAIN RESULTS
1. Patches P. cf. verruculosa, with record (>5000
cells/mL).
2. High chlor a > 38,4 mg/m3 & high photosynthetic
efficiency rates [(Fv/Fm)]= Ef.
Fv = Fm – Fo
3. Sub-surface max, above the pycnocline based on cells
counts, in situ Chlor a, Bb (λ),
Fo (> 10) ; Fm (> 20) & Ef
1. Essential features of P. cf. verruculosa bloom were
1. remarkable thin layer formation and
2. an extremely Ichthyo-toxic cells.
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Inter-annual ONI El Niño Index region 3.4.
ONI NOAA, Climate Prediction Center.
http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ensoyears.shtml
2015
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
2016
2.2
2.0
1.6
1.1
0.6
0.1
-0.3
-0.5
1.7
2.0
2.2
2.3
Positive Air Temperature Anomaly, last 10
years warmer than the past Fuente: Dir. Meteorología de Chile.
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Precipitation Anomaly; after 2008 important
change 10 years in a row with less rain fall
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Salmon farms mortality due to Pseudochattonella blooms January and first half of March 2016.
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Phytoplankton Abundance, Pseudochattonella, In situ
Chlor a Fluorescent, Temp, & Sigma-t. 7-3-16, 14:51
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Thin layer formation and decay
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Water Column Profiles Reloncabvi Soun march 2016. 2.3.15
0
0,000
0
5
5
10
10
12
16
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Profundidad (m)
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Profundidad (m)
Particulate Backscattering
Temp (°C)
14
15
20
25
30
0,010
0,020
0,030
15
Bbp470
20
Bbp660
25
35
30
40
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DO (mg/L)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
Profundidad (m)
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
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* > [chlor a] thin layers above pycnocline 10 m.
• Max [chlor a] near the 7 to 10 m Deep.
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• .
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Fast Repetition Rate Fluorometry ( 3)
Induction Curve.
Pseudochattonella
A. catenella
Skeletonema
.
Financiamiento Proyecto FONDEF
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Photochemical profile HAB features
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Thin layer dynamics of Pseudochatonella during peak & decay of BLOOM
* > concentración clor a en capa finas cerca de los 10 m de profundidad.
• Valores de clor a máximos se han encontrado cercanos a los 10 m de profundidad.
• Estas capas han aumentado Clor a el Domingo 6 y Lunes 7, comparado con semana pasada.
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Final Remark
1. Thin layer chlor a max was coherent with the highest temporal peak of
the active photosynthetically cells during the P. cf. verruculosa bloom.
The climatic anomalies & vertical dynamics of thin layer are key issues
in the formation and decay of P. cf. verruculosa bloom. Changes in
water column structure implies HAB decay.
2. Synergistic effects in gill damage and impact L. danicus &
Pseudochattonella
3. Climatic anomaly largely explains the HABs observed in southern Chile
in summer and autumn 2016.
4. West Wind Drift (WWDC) shift south due to position of High Pressure in
the South East Pacific Ocean implies northward transport of cells from
coastal Chiloe.
1. agrad
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