1. No category

Name ______________________________ Class__________________ Date __________________
Skills Worksheet
Active Reading
Section 1: Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.
Energy from the sun enters an ecosystem when a plant uses sunlight to make
sugar molecules by a process called photosynthesis. During photosynthesis,
plants, algae, and some bacteria capture solar energy. Solar energy drives a
series of chemical reactions that require carbon dioxide and water. The
result of photosynthesis is the production of sugar molecules known as
carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are energy-rich molecules which organisms
use to carry out daily activities. As organisms consume other plants or
animals, energy is transferred from one organism to another. Plants produce
carbohydrates in their leaves. When an animal eats a plant, some energy is
transferred from the plant to the animal. Organisms use this energy to move,
grow, and reproduce.
IDENTIFYING MAIN IDEAS
One reading skill is the ability to identify the main idea of a passage. The main
idea is the main focus or key idea. Frequently a main idea is accompanied by supporting information that offers detailed facts about main ideas.
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
_____ 1. Plants, algae, and some bacteria capture
______________________during photosynthesis.
a. solar energy
c. carbon dioxide
b. carbohydrates
d. organisms
_____ 2. The chemical reactions driven by solar energy require
a. carbon dioxide and water.
c. organisms and water.
b. plants and algae.
d. carbon dioxide and sugar
molecules.
_____ 3. During photosynthesis, plants make
a. carbohydrates.
c. water.
b. carbon dioxide.
d. None of the above
_____ 4. Where does the production of carbohydrates in a plant take place?
a. in the carbohydrates
c. in the ecosystem
b. in the leaves
d. in the stems
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Environmental Science
1
How Ecosystems Work
Name ______________________________ Class__________________ Date __________________
Active Reading continued
VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT
Read each question and write the answer in the space provided.
5. Energy-rich molecules that organisms use to carry out daily activities are.
______________________
6. The process by which a plant uses sunlight to make sugar molecules is called
______________________
SEQUENCING INFORMATION
One reading skill is the ability to sequence information, or to logically place items
or events in the order in which they occur.
Sequence the statements below to show the steps in the process of energy
production and consumption. Write “1” on the line in front of the first step, “2” on
the line in front of the second step, and so on.
_____ 7. Photosynthesis produces carbohydrates.
_____ 8. Plants, algae, and some bacteria capture solar energy.
_____ 9. Energy is transferred from one organism to another.
_____ 10. Solar energy drives a series of chemical reactions.
_____ 11. Other organisms consume carbohydrates found in plants, algae, and
some bacteria.
RECOGNIZING CAUSE AND EFFECT
One reading skill is the ability to recognize cause and effect.
In the space provided, write the letter of the effect that best matches the cause.
a. Carbohydrates are produced.
b. Energy is transferred from one
organism to another.
c. Energy from the plant is
transferred and used to move,
grow, and reproduce.
_____ 12. Organisms consume food
and use energy from
carbohydrates.
_____ 13. A plant uses sunlight for
photosynthesis.
_____ 14. An animal eats a plant.
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Holt McDougal Environmental Science
2
How Ecosystems Work
Name ______________________________ Class___________________ Date __________________
Skills Worksheet
Critical Thinking
ANALOGIES
Mark the letter of the pair of terms that best completes the analogy shown. An
analogy is a relationship between two pairs of words or phrases written as a : b ::
c : d. The symbol : is read “is to,” and the symbol :: is read “as.”
______ 1. producer : consumer ::
a.
b.
c.
d.
car : driver
factory : shopper
deer : wolf
photosynthesis : decomposition
______ 2. herbivores : omnivores ::
a.
b.
c.
d.
photosynthesis : respiration
elephant : ocean
fruit : bird
deer : bear
______ 3. carbon dioxide : carbon cycle ::
a.
b.
c.
d.
fertilizer : phosphorus cycle
atmospheric nitrogen : nitrogen cycle
decomposers : carbon cycle
limestone : carbon cycle
______ 4. deep ocean : hydrogen sulfide ::
a.
b.
c.
d.
sunlight : deep ocean
darkness : sunlight
surface : carbon dioxide
photosynthesis : sunlight
______ 5. oxygen : cellular respiration ::
a.
b.
c.
d.
cup : saucer
carbon dioxide : photosynthesis
plants : adaptation
needle : thread
______ 6. climax forest : clear-cut forest ::
a.
b.
c.
d.
plants : animals
food web : food chain
sun : fire
full : empty
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Environmental Science
1
How Ecosystems Work
Name ______________________________ Class___________________ Date __________________
Critical Thinking continued
INTERPRETING OBSERVATIONS
Read the following passage, and then answer the questions below.
Your family is considering buying a house near a nature preserve that has
been established to maintain a portion of the original ecosystem. You attend
a meeting in which the developer is explaining the plans for the project. One
woman in the audience complains that she does not like the natural prairie
grasses on the nature preserve. She wants the grasses removed and replanted
with an imported grass. A man in the audience suggests that exotic animals
on the preserve would make it more beautiful. One woman proposes that the
developer construct a playground in the center of the preserve and build a
paved road to it. She wants picnic tables set up throughout the preserve for
family picnics.
7. What would be your response to the woman who wants to replace the native
grasses?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8. What would be your response to the man who wants exotic animals placed on
the site?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
9. What would be your response to the woman who wants to put a playground on
the site?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Environmental Science
2
How Ecosystems Work
Name ______________________________ Class___________________ Date __________________
Critical Thinking continued
AGREE OR DISAGREE
Agree or disagree with the following statements, and support your answer.
10. There would be no life on Earth without the sun.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
11. Our activities do not affect the carbon cycle.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
12. A severe drought in a grassland will reduce the number of consumers in the
entire energy pyramid.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Environmental Science
3
How Ecosystems Work
Name ______________________________ Class___________________ Date __________________
Critical Thinking continued
REFINING CONCEPTS
The statements below challenge you to refine your understanding of concepts
covered in the chapter. Think carefully, and answer the questions that follow.
13. Explain why the difference between primary and secondary succession is not
always clear.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
14. Explain what you think would happen to the phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen
cycles if the sun were to burn out.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Environmental Science
4
How Ecosystems Work
Name ______________________________ Class___________________ Date __________________
Critical Thinking continued
15. Energy pyramids are useful for describing the energy losses in a food chain.
Describe an energy pyramid for a group of organisms in your area.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
16. Explain the importance of lichens to primary succession.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
17. Explain how a clover is part of the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Environmental Science
5
How Ecosystems Work
Name ______________________________ Class___________________ Date __________________
Skills Worksheet
GLOBAL WARMING
Map Skills
FO
Global warming is a rise in the average temperature of Earth’s atmosphere over a
long period of time. It is caused by the release of gases, especially carbon dioxide.
Harmful levels of carbon dioxide are emitted into the air by car exhaust, power
plants, and other human activities. This map shows which regions of Earth
contribute most to global warming.
Use the map above to answer the questions below.
1. Using a Key Are developed regions or developing regions responsible for the
highest percentage of carbon dioxide output from fossil fuels?
_______________________________________________________________
2. Finding Locations Which region has the highest percentage of carbon dioxide
output? the lowest?
_______________________________________________________________
3. Making Conclusions Why do you think developed regions have a higher output
of carbon dioxide?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
4. Making a Hypothesis What might explain the fact that although Australia is
developed, it has the lowest percentage of carbon dioxide output?
_______________________________________________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Environmental Science
1
How Ecosystems Work
Name ______________________________ Class___________________ Date __________________
Skills Worksheet
Study Guide
MATCHING
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best matches the
description.
_____ 1. two types of consumers
_____ 2. a diagram showing the many
feeding relationships that are in
an ecosystem
_____ 3. the process in which energy
from the sun is used by plants to
make sugar molecules
_____ 4. illustrates the loss of energy
from one trophic level to the
next
_____ 5. organisms that get their energy
by eating other organisms
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
photosynthesis
rabbit and coyote
fossil fuels
producers
food web
consumers
atmospheric CO2
energy pyramid
algal bloom
atmospheric N2
food chain
old-field
succession
m. nitrogen-fixing
bacteria
_____ 6. stored carbon from the remains
of plants and animals that died millions of years ago
_____ 7. organisms that make their own food
_____ 8. change that occurs on an abandoned farm
_____ 9. a part of the carbon cycle
_____ 10. results from excessive use of fertilizers
_____ 11. organisms that transform atmosphereic nitrogen into usable nitrogen
compounds
_____ 12. part of the nitrogen cycle
_____ 13. transfer of energy from one organism to another
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Environmental Science
1
How Ecosystems Work
Name ______________________________ Class___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide continued
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
_____ 14. What are the first
organisms to colonize any
newly available area
called?
a. climax species
b. ferns
c. pioneer species
d. mosses
_____ 19. Which of the following is
an herbivore?
a. cow
b. lion
c. bear
d. grass
_____ 20. Which of the following is
a producer?
a. oak tree
b. raccoon
c. cockroach
d. human
_____ 15. Which of the following is
a producer that breaks
down rock?
a. pioneer producer
b. fungal species
c. algae
d. lichen
_____ 21. Which of the following is
a process in the cell where
by glucose and oxygen
produce carbon dioxide,
water, and energy?
a. photosynthesis
b. cellular respiration
c. synthesis
d. decomposition
_____ 16. Humans are affecting the
balance of the carbon
cycle by
a. burning fossil fuels.
b. using carbonates at an
alarming rate.
c. using fertilizers.
d. replanting the rain
forests.
_____ 22. Which of the following
organisms would be found
at the top of an energy
pyramid?
a. alga
b. krill
c. leopard seal
d. killer whale
_____ 17. What is a pattern of
change that occurs on a
surface where an
ecosystem has previously
existed?
a. primary succession
b. secondary succession
c. tertiary succession
d. climax community
_____ 23. Humans usually get the
phosphorus that their
bodies need from
a. eating plants and
animals that contain
phosphorus.
b. mining.
c. food additives.
d. drinking water.
_____ 18. What do deep-ocean
bacteria use to make their
food?
a. the sun
b. hydrogen sulfide
c. carbon dioxide
d. sugar molecules
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Environmental Science
2
How Ecosystems Work
Nombre
Clase
Fecha
Hoja de destrezas
Guía de estudio
RELACIONAR
En el espacio en blanco, escribe la letra de la palabra o frase que corresponda mejor con
la descripción.
a. fotosíntesis
______ 1. dos tipos de consumidores
______ 2. diagrama que muestra las múltiples
relaciones alimenticias que existen en
un ecosistema
b. conejo y coyote
c. combustibles fósiles
d. productores
______ 3. proceso en el cual las plantas usan la
energía del Sol para fabricar moléculas
de azúcar
e. red alimenticia
______ 4. ilustra la pérdida de energía de un nivel
trófico al siguiente
h. pirámide de energía
______ 5. organismos que obtienen su energía al
comerse otros organismos
______ 6. carbono almacenado a partir de los
restos de plantas y animales que
murieron hace millones de años
______ 7. organismos que producen su propio
alimento
f. consumidores
g. CO2 atmosférico
i. proliferación desmedida
de algas
j. N2 atmosférico
k. cadena alimenticia
l. sucesión en terreno
anterior
m. bacterias fijadoras de
nitrógeno
______ 8. cambio que ocurre en una granja
abandonada
______ 9. parte del ciclo del carbono
______ 10. se produce por el uso excesivo de
fertilizantes
______ 11. organismos que transforman el
nitrógeno atmosférico en compuestos
utilizables de nitrógeno
______ 12. parte del ciclo del nitrógeno
______ 13. transferencia de energía de un
organismo a otro
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Environmental Science
1
Cómo funcionan los ecosistemas
Nombre
*XtDGHHVWXGLR
Clase
Fecha
(continuación)
OPCIÓN MÚLTIPLE
En el espacio en blanco, escribe la letra de la palabra o frase que complete mejor la
oración o que sea la mejor respuesta a la pregunta.
______ 14. ¿Cómo se llaman los
primeros organismos que
colonizan un área
recientemente disponible?
a. especie clímax
b. helechos
c. especie pionera
d. musgos
______ 19. ¿Cuál de los siguientes es un
herbívoro?
a. la vaca
b. el león
c. el oso
d. el pasto
______15. ¿Cuál de estos es un productor
degradador de roca?
a. productor pionero
b. especie de hongo
c. alga
d. liquen
______ 16. Los seres humanos afectan el
equilibrio del ciclo del
carbono al
a. quemar combustibles
fósiles.
b. usar carbonatos a una tasa
alarmante.
c. usar fertilizantes.
d. replantar los bosques
tropicales.
______ 17. Un tipo común de sucesión
que ocurre en una superficie
donde anteriormente hubo
un ecosistema es una
a. sucesión primaria
b. sucesión secundaria
c. sucesión terciaria
d. comunidad clímax
______20. ¿Cuál de los siguientes es un
productor?
a. el roble
b. el mapache
c. la cucaracha
d. el ser humano
______21. ¿Cuál de los siguientes es un
proceso de la célula en el que
la glucosa y el oxígeno
producen dióxido de
carbono, agua y energía?
a. la fotosíntesis
b. la respiración celular
c. la síntesis
d. la descomposición
______22. ¿Cuál de los siguientes
organismos se encontraría en
la punta de la pirámide de
energía?
a. el alga
b. el krill antártico
c. el leopardo de mar
d. la orca
______23. Los seres humanos generalmente obtienen el fósforo
que necesitan a partir de
a. la ingestión de plantas y
animales que contienen
fósforo.
b. la minería.
c. los aditivos alimenticios.
d. el agua potable.
______ 18. ¿Qué usan las bacterias de
las profundidades del océano
para producir su alimento?
a. el Sol
b. el sulfuro de hidrógeno
c. el dióxido de carbono
d. las moléculas de azúcar
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Environmental Science
2
Cómo funcionan los ecosistemas