1. No category

FUNDACIÓ RAFAEL CAMPALANS / FRIEDRICH EBERT Stiftung
CONVENCIÓ FEDERALISTA
Barcelona, 18 de septiembre de 2015
Alberto LÓPEZ BASAGUREN
Catedrático de Derecho Constitucional
Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU)
1
“Catalunya és una
nació. (…) Una nació
que no ha renunciat
mai als seus drets
inherents com a
poble, ni tampoc al
dret a
l’autodeterminació, i
que sempre ha
anhelat les màximes
cotes d’autogovern”
2
Tratados de Paz (Versalles, 1919):
¿principio de las nacionalidades?
3
4
5
Los Tratados de Minorías
6
Nación y homogeneidad
“Thanks to war,
occupation, boundary
adjustments, expulsions
and genocide, almost
everybody now lived in
their own country,
among their own people”
7
Declaration on the Granting of
Independence to Colonial
Countries and Peoples (UN GA
Resolution 1514 (XV) 14.12.1960)
Declaration on Principles of
International Law concerning
Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in
accordance with the Charter of
the United Nations (UN GA,
Resolution 2625 (XXV)
24.10.1970)
8
“(…) the international law right to self-determination only
generates, at best, a right to external self-determination in
situations of former colonies; where a people is oppressed,
as for example under foreign military occupation; or where a
definable group is
denied meaningful
access to
government to
pursue their political,
economic, social
and cultural
development”
9
“In all three situations, the people in question are entitled to a
right to external self-determination because they have been
denied the ability to
exert internally their
right to selfdetermination.
Such exceptional
circumstances are
manifestly
inapplicable to
Quebec under
existing conditions”
10
Consejo de Europa – Asamblea Parlamentaria
The concept of “nation” (13.12.2005)
“… a rethought and
modernised concept of
nation…”
“…difficult, not to say
impossible, to arrive to
a common definition of
the concept of
nation…”
11
Consejo de Europa – Asamblea Parlamentaria
The concept of “nation” (13.12.2005)
“… groups of people who are at the same time
citizens of the same state or civic nation, but who
belong to or are part of different cultural nations.
As compared with the biggest group of citizens
having the same ethnocultural background, those
group, who are relatively
smaller, constitute and
are called national
minorities”
12
Consejo de Europa – Asamblea Parlamentaria
The concept of “nation” (13.12.2005)
“These national minorities or communities (…)
which represent a constitutive part and a co-founding
entity of the nation-state of which their members are
subjects as
citizens, enjoy
their rights in
order to preserve,
express and
foster their
national identity”
13
Consejo de Europa – Asamblea Parlamentaria
The concept of “nation” (13.12.2005)
“… necessary to strengthen recognition of every
European citizen’s links with his identity, culture,
traditions and history, to allow any individual to
define himself as member of a cultural ‘nation’,
irrespective of his country of citizenship or the civic
nation whose he belongs as a
citizen, and more specifically,
to satisfy the growing
aspirations of minorities which
have a heightened sense of
belonging to a certain cultural
nation”
14
Consejo de Europa – Asamblea Parlamentaria
The concept of “nation” (13.12.2005)
“What is important, from both a political and a legal
standpoint, is to encourage a more tolerant approach
to the issue of relation between the State and national
minorities, culminating in genuine acceptance of every
individual’s right to
belong to the nation
he feels he belongs
to, whether in terms of
citizenship or
language, culture and
traditions”
15
Consejo de Europa
Convenio Marco para la
Protección de las
Minorías Nacionales
(1995)
- Ratificado por España:
1995
- Entrada en vigor: 1998
16
… protect within their
respective territories
the existence of national
minorities;
… the upheavals of
European history have
shown that the protection
of national minorities is essential to stability, democratic
security and peace…;
… a pluralistic and genuinely democratic society should
not only respect the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and
religious identity of each person belonging to a national
minority, but also create appropriate conditions
enabling them to express, preserve and develop this
17
identity;
… the principles to be respected and the obligations
which flow from them, in order to ensure, in the
member States (…) the effective protection of national
minorities and of the rights and freedoms of persons
belonging to those
minorities, within the
rule of law,
respecting the
territorial integrity
and national
sovereignty of
states;
18
Article 3
1. Every person
belonging to a
national minority
shall have the right
freely to choose to
be treated or not to
be treated as such
and no disadvantage shall result from this choice or
from the exercise of the rights which are connected to
that choice.
19
Article 5
1 … to promote the
conditions necessary for
persons belonging to
national minorities to
maintain and develop
their culture, and to
preserve the essential elements of their identity
namely their religion, language, traditions and
cultural heritage.
20
Congress of Local and Regional
Authorities
Chamber of Regions
CPR(25)2FINAL - 30 October
2013
Regions and territories with special status in Europe
RESOLUTION 361 (2013)
“…special regional autonomy status can be an
effective counterbalance to secessionist tendencies
(…) This will require the political will to pursue
peaceful political dialogue to identify and negotiate
suitable legal and constitutional solutions and
develop satisfactory models of decentralised
democratic governance for the regions concerned”
21
Congress of Local and Regional
Authorities
Chamber of Regions
CPR(25)2FINAL - 30 October 2013
Regions and territories with special status in Europe
RECOMMENDATION 346 (2013)
“…much of the future of the European space, its future
peaceful and prosperous development will depend on making
greater progress in conflict prevention and resolution, which will
require the political will to pursue peaceful political dialogue
and to move forward on identifying and negotiating legal and
constitutional solutions, to develop satisfactory models of
decentralised democratic governance for regions with specific
issues and identities”
22
Preámbulo:
Proteger a todos los
españoles y pueblos de
España en el ejercicio de
los derechos humanos,
sus culturas y
tradiciones, lenguas e
instituciones.
23
Artículo 2.
La Constitución se
fundamenta en la
indisoluble unidad de la
Nación española, patria
común e indivisible de
todos los españoles,
y reconoce y garantiza el
derecho a la autonomía
de las nacionalidades
y regiones que la
integran y la solidaridad
entre todas ellas.
24
The Advisory Committee
notes that Spain continues
to view Roma as the only
group to be protected
under the Framework
Convention. (…) has not
been informed of specific
demands from other groups
whose culture, language and traditions are different to
that of the majority, even though it considers that the
Framework Convention may also benefit them (…)
It encourages the authorities to make a determined
effort to promote awareness of the Framework
Convention throughout the population.
25
Sentencia del Tribunal
Constitucional 31/2010,
de 28 de junio, sobre la
reforma del Estatuto de
Autonomía de Cataluña
“De la nación puede, en efecto, hablarse como una
realidad cultural, histórica, lingüística, sociológica y
hasta religiosa. Pero la nación que aquí importa es
única y exclusivamente la nación en sentido
jurídico-constitucional. Y en ese específico sentido
la Constitución no conoce otra que la Nación
española”
26
Sentencia del Tribunal
Constitucional 31/2010,
de 28 de junio, sobre la
reforma del Estatuto de
Autonomía de Cataluña
“… ni pueden tampoco, al amparo de una polisemia
por completo irrelevante en el contexto jurídicoconstitucional que para este Tribunal es el único que
debe atender, referir el término «nación» a otro
sujeto que no sea el pueblo titular de la
soberanía”
27
Giles DUCEPPE, Bloc québecois
22.11.2006
Cámara de los Comunes
Parlamento Federal de Canadá
Motion: Que cette Chambre
reconnaisse que les Québécoises
et les Québécois forment une
nation
“Nous allons demander aux élus de cette Chambre
de voter sur une motion qui reconnaît la nation
québécoise (…) Les nations ont des droits, dont
celui d'orienter elles-mêmes leur développement”.
28
Stephen HARPER, 22.11.2006
Cámara de los Comunes
Parlamento Federal de Canadá
“The true intention of the Bloc leader and the
sovereignist camp is perfectly clear. It is not to
recognize what the Québécois are, but what the
sovereignists would like them to be. For the Bloc, this
is not about Quebec as a nation; the National
Assembly has already pronounced on that. This is
about separation. To them, nation means separation”.
29
Lucienne ROBILLARD, 22.11.2006
Cámara de los Comunes
Parlamento Federal de Canadá
“…tout ce que le Bloc québécois tente de faire, c'est
de nous diviser (…) Au fond, encore une fois, en
essayant de s'approprier ce débat, les bloquistes
tentent de nous dire qu'ils sont les seuls à défendre
les intérêts québécois. Pourquoi le Bloc et le Parti
québécois essaient-ils de nous demander de choisir
entre nos deux identités? (…) Pourquoi?”
30
Lucienne ROBILLARD, 22.11.2006
Cámara de los Comunes
Parlamento Federal de Canadá
“…en tant que Québécoise, je suis très fière de voir
que mes collègues parlementaires de partout au
pays sont prêts à reconnaître la spécificité du
Québec. Cela fait vraiment chaud au coeur à
l'ensemble des Québécois et des Québécoises. ”
31
Stéphane DION, 27.11.2006
Cámara de los Comunes
Parlamento Federal de Canadá
“ Comme d'habitude, ils [los jefes independentistas]
veulent jouer de la confusion des mots pour
introduire la confusion dans les esprits”
32
Stéphane DION, 27.09.2006
Cámara de los Comunes
Parlamento Federal de Canadá
“Cette motion ne réglera pas
le problème de l'unité, et
nous devons nous assurer
qu'elle n'entraîne pas une détérioration de l'unité
canadienne. J'implore tous ceux qui croient dans le
Canada de ne pas accorder trop d'importance à ce
genre de motion. Je ne crois pas que ce soit la
meilleure façon de promouvoir notre pays. Ce n'est
pas ce que je souhaite faire, mais (…) je dois réagir
aujourd'hui à cette motion (…)"
33
Parliament of Canada
House of Commons
27.11.2006
“That this House recognize that the Québécois form a
nation within a united Canada”
“Que cette Chambre reconnaisse que les
Québécoises et les Québécois forment une nation au
sein d'un Canada uni”
34
“És per aixó que,
sense cap més eina
que la democràcia,
defensem el dret a
decidir sense mes
límit que el que marqui
en cada moment el
poble de Catalunya”
35
“Coherents a definir
Catalunya com una
nació i a situar la
democràcia com un
valor absolut,
apostem pel dret a
decidir per assolir
l’autogovern que el
poble de Catalunya
reclama i necessita
per viure millor”
36
“The argument that the Constitution may be
legitimately circumvented by resort to a majority vote
in a province-wide referendum is superficially
persuasive, in large measure because it seems to
appeal to some of the
same principles that
underlie the
legitimacy of the
Constitution itself,
namely, democracy
and self-government.
(…)
37
“(...) However, closer analysis reveals that this
argument is unsound, because it misunderstands
the meaning of popular sovereignty
and the
essence of a
constitutional
democracy
(par. 75)”
38
The democratic vote, by however strong a majority,
would have no legal effect on its own and could not
push aside the principles of federalism and the rule of
law, the rights of individuals and minorities, or the
operation of democracy
in the other provinces or
in Canada as a whole.
Democratic rights under
the Constitution cannot
be divorced from
constitutional
obligations.
39
"a functioning democracy requires a continuous
process of discussion" (par. 68)
Reference re on the Secession of Quebec [1998] 2
SCR 217
40
“"Those who quite legitimately insist upon the
importance of upholding the rule of law cannot at the
same time be oblivious to the need to act in
conformity with constitutional principles and values,
and so do their part to contribute to the maintenance
and promotion of
an environment
in which the rule
of law may
flourish." (par.
95)
41
“The Scottish referendum had
shown the danger of ceding too
much ground to your
opponents. If you sit back and
wait till the other lot have taken
so much ground; then you’re
on the back foot” he said. “You
pay a heavy price.”
Mr. Alistair DARLING, MP
Leader of Better Together
(3.11.2014)
42
“(…) if passion alone was not enough to realise
independence, reason alone will not be enough to save
the Union in the longer term.
The idea of Union has to
find its way back into
Scots’ hearts – and that’s
going to be a long
journey. And there are big
risks to be overcome”.
Adam TOMKINS: “One year on
(…nearly)”, in Notes from North
Britain. On Law, Politics and the
British Constitution (Blog)
43
¿Es más difícil lograr la reforma de la
Constitución española que la independencia
de Cataluña?
44
45
46
Amadeu HURTADO (1875-1950)
“Catalunya no ha
produit, ni per ara pot
produir, cap altre tipus
de politic que l’agitador,
propens a la protesta
com el mateix poble i
destre en aprofitar
qualsevol motiu d’ordre
sentimental per a fer
por al adversari mentre
duri la foguerada”
47
“… la historia politica de
Catalunya s’ha
descabdellat sempre
amb aquest mateix
patró i al mateix ritme
(…) Però aquesta
vegada semblava que
pel fet de tenir el
Govern d’una
Catalunya autònoma
s’havia d’anar amb
més compte…”
48
“… materialmente el
separatismo requiere,
como obra humana,
como problema a
resolver y como plan a
ejecutar, un esfuerzo
infinitamente mayor
que el exigido por el
intento de influir en la
marcha del Estado
español y modificarlo”
49
“El separatista cree
que es imposible
entenderse con el resto
de los españoles, y
para remediar esta
situación, propone una
cosa más difícil
todavía, que es el
desentenderse
violentamente de
ellos.”
Agustí CALVET, Gaziel (1887-1964)
50
“No se siente capaz
de hacer el esfuerzo
necesario para influir
en España, y en
cambio sueña con el
gigantesco propósito
de escapar en
absoluto a su
influencia formidable”
51
“Para salir de una
dificultad crea una
mayor. Pero, ¿si faltan
fuerzas para resolver la
más pequeña cómo
van a tenerse para la
máxima?”
Agustí CALVET, Gaziel (1887-1964)
52
“el separatismo (…) no
hizo más que deshacer
lo hecho, acarreando la
anulación o destrucción
de lo conseguido, y
dejando a Cataluña
desolada e inerme, sin
la más vaga, sin la más
remota, sin la más
quimérica
compensación.”
53
54