RELACIÓN SALUD- ENFERMEDAD: EL SIDA EN EL CONTEXTO

RELACIÓN SALUD- ENFERMEDAD:
EL SIDA EN EL CONTEXTO DE UNA
SOCIEDAD DE RIESGO. CRITERIOS ÉTICOS.
(RESUMEN DE TRABAJO DE FIN DE MÁSTER).
1RA PARTE.
Lic. Ronald Manuel Matos Somohano.
Lic. en Tecnología de la Salud. Especialidad: Microbiología.
Máster en Bioética, 2012.
ODSURWHFFLyQGHVDOXGS~EOLFD6HGHPXHVWUDODQHFHVLGDG
GHXQGHEDWHpWLFRTXHFRQMXJXHORVLQWHUHVHVVRFLDOHVFRQ
ODGHIHQVDGHODVOLEHUWDGHVFLYLOHVLUUHQXQFLDEOHVSDUDXQD
VRFLHGDGDOH[SOLFDUFyPRODGLPHQVLyQVRFLDO\pWLFDGH
XQDHQIHUPHGDG9,+6,'$UHVSRQGHDXQDE~VTXHGDGH
Resumen.
VHQWLGRGHODYLGD\DODE~VTXHGDGHOVDEHU
6HUHDOL]yXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQKLVWyULFDDQDOtWLFDGHODUH6DOXG\HQIHUPHGDGMDPiVSXHGHQVHUH[SHULPHQWDGDV
ODFLyQ6DOXG(QIHUPHGDGFRPRYLVLRQHVGHOPXQGR8Q DOPDUJHQGHODDFRPRGDFLyQVLPEyOLFDTXHOOHYDQDFDER
WUDWDPLHQWRLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULRGHODPLVPDGHVGHODSHUV- ORV LQGLYLGXRV TXH YLYHQ HQ XQD VRFLHGDG UHOLJLRVD FXOSHFWLYDTXHVXJLHUHODQXHYDVRFLHGDGGHULHVJRJOREDOL]D- WXUDO \ SROtWLFD FRQFUHWD \ TXH VH VLUYHQ FUtWLFDPHQWH GH
GDHLQWHUQDFLRQDOL]DGDGRQGHORVSURFHVRVGHVDQDFLyQIt- ORV DUWHIDFWRV VLPEyOLFRV \ D[LROyJLFRV TXH OHV RIUHFH OD
VLFD\PHQWDODGTXLHUHQXQDQXHYDGLPHQVLyQLQWHUFXOWXUDO WUDGLFLyQHQODTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQDVHQWDGRVVXVHVWDGRVGH
$O FRQVLGHUDU DO PXQGR DFWXDO FRPR XQD VRFLHGDG GH iQLPRVFROHFWLYRV
ULHVJR LOXVWUDPRV FyPR HO PXQGR GDGR SRU JDUDQWL]DGR
SDVDDVHUDOWDPHQWHSROpPLFR'RQGHVHSURGXFHODGHVIntroducción.
FRORFDFLyQHIHFWLYD\DIHFWLYDGHOVXMHWRKLVWyULFRUHVSHFWR
/DVDOXG\VXQHJDFLyQODHQIHUPHGDGKDQVLGRORVREDVXRULJHQ\DVXPHWD/DH[SOLFDFLyQGHODH[SHULHQFLD MHWRVGHSUHRFXSDFLyQ\GHGLFDFLyQPiVJUDQGHVGHVGHTXH
SDVDGDVHFRQYLHUWHHQXQSUREOHPDGHVDOXG\GHXQUHWR H[LVWHODVRFLHGDGKXPDQD
D HQIUHQWDU SRU ORV SRUWDGRUHV GH DOJXQD HQIHUPHGDG WDO
5HVXOWDPX\VLJQL¿FDWLYRTXHXQRGHORVYRFDEORVJULHFRPRHO9,+6,'$
JRVXWLOL]DGRVSDUDH[SUHVDUHOKHFKRGHGLVIUXWDUGHEXHQD
3URSRQHPRV XQ QXHYR ethos pWLFR TXH SXHGD LQWHJUDU VDOXGVHDholon HOWRGRTXHSRVHHXQDFLHUWDFRUUHVSRQGLDOpFWLFDPHQWH ORV GHUHFKRV \ OLEHUWDGHV LQGLYLGXDOHV \ GHQFLDFRQHOWpUPLQRiUDEHSalam, TXHWDPELpQVLUYHSDUD
BIOÉTICA / 15
GHVLJQDUHOGLVIUXWHGHXQSHUIHFWRHVWDGRGHVDOXGHVGHFLU GH VDOYDFLyQ SOHQD WDQWR HQ HO RUGHQ WHPSRUDO FRPR
HVSLULWXDO1 /D (VFROiVWLFD ODWLQD H[SUHVDUi SOiVWLFDPHQWH
HOHVWDGRVDOXGDEOH\GHSOHQLWXGFRUSRUDO\HVSLULWXDOGHO
VHU KXPDQR SRU PHGLR GHO FRQFHSWR integritas<D HQ HO
VLJOR ;9, 3DUDFHOVR WUDGXFLUi HVWH YRFDEOR ODWLQR SRU OD
H[SUHVLyQDOHPDQDGesund und Gänze VDOXGDEOH\FRPSOHWR2WURVVHPDQWHPDVYLQFXODGRVPiVRPHQRVGHFHUFDFRQODVDOXGFRPRSRUHMHPSORsoteria, salus, salvus,
svastha, whole, Heil, health, saludWDPELpQVRQGHULYDGRV
GHXQVLJQL¿FDGRRULJLQDOTXHSRQHGHPDQL¿HVWRODLQGLYLVLELOLGDGGHOFRQFHSWRGHVDOXGVDOYDFLyQDOXGLHQGRDOD
LQWHJULGDGGHODSHUVRQDKXPDQD\DOPLVPRWLHPSRLGHQWL¿FDQGR ³OR TXH VDOYD´ FRQ ³OR VDJUDGR´ KRO\ KHLOLJ2.
7RGRHVRQRVSHUPLWHVXEUD\DUTXHHQODFXOWXUDRFFLGHQWDO±ORPLVPRVHSRGUtDD¿UPDUGHODJUDQPD\RUtDGHODV
RWUDVVHKDHQWHQGLGRODVDOXGFRPRXQDVLWXDFLyQGHDUPRQtDFRPSOHWDTXHXQtDFUHDGRUDPHQWHORVGLYHUVRV\D
PHQXGRRSXHVWRVHOHPHQWRVTXHFRQ¿JXUDQDHVWHespíritu
encarnado TXHHVHOVHUKXPDQRHQHOVHQRGHXQPXQGR
TXHFRQWLQXDPHQWHKDGHVHUUHVFDWDGRGHO³FDRV´\KDGH
LUFRQYLUWLpQGRVHHQHOPXQGRGHOKRPEUH/DVDOXG\OD
HQIHUPHGDGWLHQHQPXFKRTXHYHUUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHFRQOD
³EXHQDRPDODVLWXDFLyQGHOKRPEUHHQVXPXQGR´
(QHOIRQGRVDOXG\HQIHUPHGDGH[SUHVDQUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH XQDV EXHQDV R PDODV UHODFLRQHV GHO KRPEUH FRQVLJR PLVPR FRQ ORV RWURV \ FRQ OD QDWXUDOH]D 6DOXG \
HQIHUPHGDGSRUWDQWRSRQHQGHUHOLHYHTXHHOKRPEUHHV
SULPRUGLDOPHQWH XQD XQLyQ GH FRQWUDULRV IXQGDPHQWDGD
en la relacionalidad. 'HHVWDPDQHUDVHVXEUD\DHOKHFKR
GHTXHVHWUDWDGHXQVHUTXHFRQVWUX\HVXSUHVHQFLDHQHO
PXQGR SRU PHGLDFLyQ GH XQD UHG GH EXHQDV R GH PDODV
UHODFLRQHVGHEXHQDRGHPDODFRPXQLFDFLyQGHEXHQDR
PDODVDOXGGHEXHQRPDOXVRGHOVtPEROR
+DFH \D DOJXQRV DxRV VH KDFtD QRWDU TXH OD WHUDSLD
FRPRXQFRQFHSWRJHQHUDOGHODYLGDKDSDVDGRGHVHUOD
SRVLFLyQGHXQDHOLWHUHVWULQJLGD\FXOWDDFRQVWLWXLUODDFWLWXGPD\RULWDULDGHODFODVHPHGLD/DWHUDSLDSXHGHD\XGDU
DTXHORVLQGLYLGXRVOOHJXHQDVHUDXWyQRPRVPHGLDQWHOD
UHSHWLGDD¿UPDFLyQGHTXHPHUHFHQVHUDFHSWDGRVWDOFRPR
VRQ´ 6H OOHJD D D¿UPDU TXH LQFOXVR OD FDVL WRWDOLGDG GH
OD SURSDJDQGD HPLWLGD SRU OD WHOHYLVLyQ VH KD FRQYHUWLGR
HQORV(VWDGRV8QLGRVHQXQDFXUDWHUDSpXWLFDFX\RVSDFLHQWHVVRQORVSRVLEOHVFRQVXPLGRUHV(OQHJRFLRGHORV
QHJRFLRVHVDKRUDXQDSVHXGRWHUDSLD(OFRQVXPLGRUHVXQ
SDFLHQWH UHFRQIRUWDGR SRU SVLFRGUDPDV´5 (Q DTXHOOD VRFLHGDGSDUDXQQ~PHURFUHFLHQWHGHFLXGDGDQRVODSUD[LV
WHUDSpXWLFDKDOOHJDGRDVHUFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRXQD³UHODFLyQPRGHOR´RXQ³WLSRHVHQFLDOGHUHODFLyQ´HQWUHORVVHUHVKXPDQRV6TXHHQJUDQSDUWHKDVXEVWLWXLGRODVIRUPDV
WUDGLFLRQDOHV GH LQWHUFDPELR VRFLDO /D UHODFLyQ WHUDSpXWLFD WDPELpQ HVWi H[SHULPHQWDQGR HQRUPHV SURJUHVRV HQ
QXHVWURSDtV/DJLJDQWHVFDPRYLOLGDGVRFLDOHODQRQLPDWR
GHODUHGGHUHODFLRQHVODFUHFLHQWHDFHOHUDFLyQGHODYLYHQFLDGHOWLHPSR\ODSURJUHVLYDGHVWUXFFLyQGHOHVSDFLR
QDWXUDOKDQSURYRFDGRORTXH1LNODV/XKPDQQKDGHVLJQDGRFRQODH[SUHVLyQ³SURFHVRVGHFRPSOH[L¿FDFLyQGHORV
16 / mayo-agosto / 2015
VLVWHPDV\VXEVLVWHPDVVRFLDOHV´WDQFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHODV
VRFLHGDGHVPRGHUQDV
(VWRVIDFWRUHVVRFLDOHVTXHHQDTXHOSDtVKDQVLGRORV
SULQFLSDOHVSURPRWRUHVGHOUHFXUVRDODSUD[LVWHUDSpXWLFD
FRPRLQJUHGLHQWHQRUPDOGHODYLGDFRWLGLDQDWDPELpQ
VHHVWiQLPSRQLHQGRHQODVUHODFLRQHVIDPLOLDUHV
ODERUDOHV\FXOWXUDOHVGHQXHVWUDVRFLHGDG7DO
YH]GHEDDSUHFLDUVHHQHVWDVLWXDFLyQXQRGH
ORVHIHFWRVPiVFDUDFWHUtVWLFRVGHODOODPDGDPXQGLDOL]DFLyQTXHDOFDQ]DGH
PDQHUDSDUHFLGD±DOPHQRVpVWDHV
ODSULPHUDLPSUHVLyQ²DWRGDVODV
FXOWXUDV\VRFLHGDGHVGHOSODQHWD &UHR TXH SXHGH D¿UPDUVH
FRQUD]yQTXHDOJXQDVSUD[LV
WHUDSpXWLFDV DFWXDOHV ±ODV
FXDOHVHQRFDVLRQHVVHGHQRPLQDQ ³PHGLFLQDV GXOFHV´²FRQVWLWX\HQWDOYH]
FRPRXQDHVSHFLHGHUHDFFLyQGHIHQVLYDODIRUPDGH
UHODFLyQ TXH FRUUHVSRQGH
DO FRQWH[WR EXURFUiWLFR \
HQRUPHPHQWH FRPSHWLWLYR
HQ TXH DFWXDOPHQWH DFRVWXPEUD D GHVHQYROYHUVH OD
H[LVWHQFLD FRWLGLDQD GH ORV
LQGLYLGXRV GH ODV VRFLHGDGHVRFFLGHQWDOHVFRQVLGHUDGDVSRUDOJXQRV1LNODV
/XKPDQQ 8OULFK
%HFN $QWKRQ\
* L G G H Q V FRPR ³VRFLHGDGHVGHDOWRULHVJR´/DWHUDSLDQRVyORHVXQDSRGHURVDD\XGDSDUDUHDOL]DUFRQp[LWRHODXWRFRQWURO SHUVRQDO VLQR TXH DGHPiV VLUYH SDUD DFRPRGDU ORV
SURSLRVGHVHRV\VDWLVIDFFLRQHVDO³FiOFXORGHFRVWRV\EHQH¿FLRV´TXHLQHYLWDEOH\ODPHQWDEOHPHQWHDFRVWXPEUDQ
D DFRPSDxDU WRGDV ODV RSHUDFLRQHV KXPDQDV /D SUD[LV
WHUDSpXWLFDWLHQHFRPRREMHWLYR±QRVLHPSUHORFRQVLJXH²
LQVWLWXLUXQSURFHVRTXHSHUPLWDODDXWRFODUL¿FDFLyQGHORV
LQGLYLGXRV HQ WpUPLQRV WHUDSpXWLFRV ³HO VDEHU FyPR WH
VLHQWHV´HQPHGLRGHODMXQJODTXHVHKDDSRVHQWDGRHQHO
PLVPRFHQWURGHODVRFLHGDGDFWXDOFRPSHWLWLYDDQyQLPD
\EXURFUDWL]DGD(ODPSOLR\FRQIUHFXHQFLDGLIXVR³QHUYLRVLVPR´TXHDFRVWXPEUDDSDGHFHUXQQ~PHURFRQVLGHUDEOHGHLQGLYLGXRVGHODVDFWXDOHVVRFLHGDGHVPRGHUQDVYD
DFRPSDxDGRDPHQXGRSRUXQLQFUHPHQWRPX\FRQVLVWHQWHGHO³LQGLYLGXDOLVPRXWLOLWDULVWD´SDUDXVDUODH[SUHVLyQ
GH%HUJHU10(QWRQFHVOD³UHODFLyQWHUDSpXWLFD´SULQFLSDOPHQWHHQODIRUPDGHSVLFRDQiOLVLVVHLPSRQHFDVLFRPR
XQD VXHUWH
GH KDGR D ¿Q GHELWDUHOKXQGLPLHQWRGHODSHUVRQD
VXGH¿QLWLYRHQJXOOLPLHQWRHQHO³FDRV´\HQOD
DQRPLD´11/DPD\RUtDGHODVWHUDSLDVDFWXDOHVSRUWDQWR
VHSURSRQHQGHODPLVPDPDQHUDTXHORKDFtDQORVVLVWHPDV
UHOLJLRVRVLPEyOLFRVWUDGLFLRQDOHVIDFLOLWDUDVXVDGHSWRVHO
³SDVR GHO FDRV DO FRVPRV´ GH OD DQRPLD D OD HVWUXFWXUDFLyQGHODLQGLIHUHQFLDFLyQDORUGHQ123RUUHJODJHQHUDOOD
QRYHGDGPiVLPSRUWDQWHUHVSHFWRDDTXHOODVDQWLJXDVSUD[LVFRQVLVWHHQHOKHFKRGHTXHHOSXQWRGHUHIHUHQFLD\D
QRHVHO³FXHUSRVRFLDO´ODSHUVRQDOLGDGFROHFWLYD´FRPR
WDOVLQRHOLQGLYLGXRTXHHQODVVRFLHGDGHVPRGHUQDVDOD
LQYHUVDGHORTXHDFRQWHFtDHQODVVRFLHGDGHVSUHPRGHUQDV
HVHOSURWDJRQLVWDGHODDFFLyQVRFLDO\SRUWDQWRHOVXMHWR
SDFLHQWHGHVXVQXPHURVDVSDWRORJtDV
(Q HO PRPHQWR SUHVHQWH OD SUHRFXSDFLyQ SRU OD VDOXG
SRVHHXQDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVPX\FRQFUHWDVTXHFRQUHODWLYD
IUHFXHQFLD±\HVRQRHVQXHYRHQQXHVWUDFXOWXUD²VRQXQ
HFRGHODVSDWRORJtDVTXHDTXt\DKRUDLPSHUDQHQQXHVWUR
HQWRUQRODERUDOSROtWLFR\VRFLDO3RUTXHFRQYLHQHQRROYLGDUTXHODPHGLFLQDVHHQFXHQWUDHVWUHFKDPHQWHYLQFXODGD
DOFRQMXQWRGHODFXOWXUD7RGDVODVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVHQODV
FRQFHSFLRQHV PpGLFDV HVWiQ FRQGLFLRQDGDV SRU ODV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVLPSXHVWDVSRUODVLGHDVTXHLPSHUDQHQFDGD
BIOÉTICA
É
/ 17
pSRFD´'HVGHVXSXQWRGHYLVWDSHUVRQDO/DtQ(QWUDOJR
HVFULEHTXH³HOKRPEUHGHO5HQDFLPLHQWRQRVLQWLyODHQIHUPHGDG FRPR HO KRPEUH URPiQWLFR \ HO EXUJXpV QR OD
VLHQWHFRPRHODVFHWDGHO\HUPR´+R\FRPRVLHPSUHSRU
PHGLDFLyQGHODVDOXG\GHODHQIHUPHGDGVHDFRVWXPEUD
DSRQHUGHUHOLHYHUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHHOVHQWLGRRODIDOWDGH
VHQWLGR GHO FRQMXQWR GH OD H[LVWHQFLD KXPDQD HQ UHODFLyQ
FRQ OD VLWXDFLyQ VRFLRFXOWXUDO HQ OD TXH VH KDOOD XELFDGR
HOVXMHWRTXHVHVLHQWH³ELHQ´R³PDO´156DOXG\HQIHUPHGDGKDQVLGR±\D~QORVRQ²QRWDQVyORIRUPDVJOREDOHV
FRQFX\RFRQFXUVRVHH[SUHVDODH[LVWHQFLDKXPDQDVLQR
TXHWDPELpQSHUPLWHQTXHHOVHUKXPDQRWRPHSRVHVLyQGH
VXPDQGR\GHVFXEUDHQpOUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHVXVHQWLGRR
ELHQSRUHOFRQWUDULRVXIDOWDGHVHQWLGR\GHWUDQVSDUHQFLD
(QGH¿QLWLYDVDOXG\HQIHUPHGDGVRQODVVLJODVUHSUHVHQWDWLYDVGHDTXHOODV³YLVLRQHVGHOPXQGR´FRQFX\RFRQFXUVR
HO VHU KXPDQR FRQFUHWR LQWHQWD LQVWDODUVH HQ HO PXQGR D
¿QGHTXHVHFRQYLHUWDHQsu mundo³(QWRGDVODVFXOWXUDVODGLPHQVLyQVRFLDOGHODHQIHUPHGDGUHVSRQGHDXQD
E~VTXHGDGHOsentido \VHFXQGDULDPHQWHDXQDE~VTXHGD
GHOsaber”16. (QQXHVWUDFXOWXUDDSDUWLUGHORVJULHJRV³OD
UHODFLyQVHPiQWLFDHQWUHYLGD\VDOXGHTXLYDOHGHKHFKRD
ODUHODFLyQHQWUHVDOXG\VDOYDFLyQ´7RGRHVRSXHGHUHVXPLUVH EUHYHPHQWH GLFLHQGR TXH HQ OD JUDQ PD\RUtD GH
ODVWUDGLFLRQHVGHODKXPDQLGDGODVDOXGWLHQHPXFKRTXH
YHUFRQHOsentido de la vida\FRQHOKHFKRGHLUHQFRQWUiQGRORGHLUH[SHULPHQWiQGROR(QODVRFLHGDGDFWXDO
FRQGHPDVLDGDIUHFXHQFLDHOVHQWLGRGHODYLGDVHH[SUHVD
HQ WpUPLQRV GH ³WULXQIR SHUVRQDO´ HQ OD FRPSHWHQFLD VLQ
HQWUDxDVTXHHVSURSLDGHOD³YLGDPRGHUQD´GH³VHQWLUVH
ELHQ´ HQ OD SURSLD SLHO D WUDYpV GHO SURSLR look HWF 'H
DOJXQDPDQHUDSRUFRQVLJXLHQWHORVWpUPLQRVGHODQWLJXR
GDUZLQLVPRELROyJLFRVHTXLVLHURQDSOLFDUDODH[SOLFDFLyQ
GHO WHMLGR VRFLDO ³GDUZLQLVPR VRFLDO´ \ ¿QDOPHQWH VH
KDQVLWXDGR\D¿DQ]DGRHQHO³UHGXFWRGHOHJR´HQGRQGH
VHDFRVWXPEUDDRWRUJDUODPi[LPDYDOLGH]DODHFXDFLyQ
HQWUHVDOXG\p[LWR(QWRGDVODVpSRFDVHOVHUKXPDQRVHKD
PRVWUDGRPX\FRQVFLHQWHGHODLQPHQVDIUDJLOLGDG\SUHFDULHGDGTXHHUDQLQKHUHQWHVDODFRQGLFLyQKXPDQDFRPRWDO
3RUHOORGHVGHTXHKD\VHUHVKXPDQRVVREUHHVWDWLHUUDOD
UHÀH[LyQ\ODVSUD[LVHQWRUQRDODVDOXG\ODHQIHUPHGDGVH
KDQVLWXDGRHQHOFHQWURGHODVGLIHUHQWHVFXOWXUDVKXPDQDV
(VWDRFXSDFLyQ\SUHRFXSDFLyQSRUODVDOXG\ODHQIHUPHGDGTXHVLHPSUHKDFDUDFWHUL]DGR±\FDUDFWHUL]DHOSDVR
GHO KRPEUH SRU HVWH PXQGR VH KDOODQ PX\ GLUHFWDPHQWH
YLQFXODGDVFRQHO³WUDEDMRVLPEyOLFR´TXHHVFRH[WHQVLYR
DOHMHUFLFLRGHOR¿FLRGHKRPEUHRGHPXMHU([SUHViQGROR
GHRWUDPDQHUDHQWRGRVORVWLHPSRVODH[SUHVLyQVLPEyOLFDGHODVDOXG\GHODHQIHUPHGDGKDFRQVWLWXLGRXQRGH
ORVFHQWURVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVGHODDFWLYDFLyQGHODFDSDFLGDG VLPEyOLFD GHO VHU KXPDQR MXVWDPHQWH SRUTXH FRPR
WXYLPRVRFDVLyQGHFRPSUREDUORFRQDQWHULRULGDGHOVtPERORSRQHGHPDQL¿HVWRTXHHOVHUKXPDQRFRQVWLWX\HXQD
H[WUDxDFRPELQDFLyQGHOLPLWDFLyQHVWUXFWXUDO\GHGHVHR
WDPELpQ HVWUXFWXUDO SRU WUDVSDVDU ORV OtPLWHV 'H OD PLVPDPDQHUDTXHVXFHGHHQUHODFLyQFRQORVRWURVDVSHFWRV
LPSRUWDQWHVGHODH[LVWHQFLDKXPDQDSRUTXHQRH[LVWHXQ
18 / mayo-agosto / 2015
DFFHVRLQPHGLDWRDODVDOXGRDODHQIHUPHGDGUHVXOWDLPSUHVFLQGLEOHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHXQRVGHWHUPLQDGRVDUWHIDFWRV
VLPEyOLFRVTXHVLHPSUHVHHQFXHQWUDQFXOWXUDOPHQWHPHGLDWL]DGRVSDUDH[SUHVDUHOKHFKRGHTXH³PHVLHQWDELHQ´
RSRUHOFRQWUDULR³PHVLHQWDPDO´1RSXHGHROYLGDUVH
VLQ HPEDUJR TXH ³PH VLHQWR ELHQ´ R ³PH VLHQWR PDO´ QR
DFRVWXPEUD D VHU VRODPHQWH XQD FRQVWDWDFLyQ ³REMHWLYD´
GHOEXHQIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOD³PDTXLQDULDFRUSRUDO´VLQR
TXHFDVLVLHPSUHDGHPiVHVWDVH[SUHVLRQHVSRQHQVREUHOD
PHVDHOKHFKRGHHQFRQWUDUVHUHFRQFLOLDGRRLUUHFRQFLOLDGR
DJXVWRRDGLVJXVWRSDFL¿FDGRRH[FLWDGRFRQHOFRQMXQWR
GHODH[LVWHQFLDKXPDQDFRPRWDO
¢&yPRFRUUHODFLRQDUODQXHYDYLVLyQDQWURSROyJLFDGHOD
UHODFLyQ6DOXG(QIHUPHGDGFRQORVSODQWHDPLHQWRVWHyULFRVDFWXDOHVGHXQD%LRpWLFDGHFRUWHSHUVRQDOLVWDDSOLFDGD
DORVSDFLHQWHVGH9,+6,'$"
6LPEROL]DFLyQHQXQD³VRFLHGDGGHDOWRULHVJR´
&RQJUDQSHUVSLFDFLDVHKDVHxDODGRTXH³ODPRGHUQLGDG
HVXQRUGHQSRVWUDGLFLRQDOHQHOTXHVLQHPEDUJRODVHJXULGDGGHODVWUDGLFLRQHVFRVWXPEUHVQRKDVLGRVXEVWLWXLGD
SRU OD FHUWH]D GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR UDFLRQDO (VWD VRFLHGDG
SRVWPRGHUQD HV FRQ SDODEUDV GH 8OULFK %HFN XQD ³VRFLHGDG GH ULHVJR´ 5LVLNRJHVHOOVFKDIW19 R FRPR HVFULEH
$QWKRQ\ *LGGHQV XQD VRFLHGDG TXH D GLIHUHQFLD GH ODV
VRFLHGDGHV SUHPRGHUQDV SRVHH XQD ³LQVHJXULGDGIDEULFDGD´20%HFNLQVLVWHHQHOKHFKRGHTXHODVRFLHGDGGHULHVJR
WLHQHFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGLUHFWD\HQHOIRQGRLQHYLWDEOH
XQcambio cualitativo de la comunidad(VWHFDPELRFXDOLWDWLYRVHFRQFUHWDHQHOKHFKRGHTXHVHSDVDGHXQDVRFLHGDGGHclasesFX\RdesideratumHUDODigualdad HQWUHWRGRV
VXVPLHPEURVDXQDVRFLHGDGGHULHVJRFX\Ddesideratum
HVODseguridad21.
/DIXHU]DLPSXOVRUDGHODVRFLHGDGGHFODVHVVHSXHGH
UHVXPLUHQODIUDVH³£7HQJRKDPEUH´3RUHOFRQWUDULRHO
PRYLPLHQWR TXH VH SRQH HQ PDUFKD FRQ OD VRFLHGDG GHO
ULHVJRHV³£7HQJRPLHGR´(QOXJDUGHODcomunidad de la
miseriaDSDUHFHODcomunidad del miedo(QHVWHVHQWLGR
HOWLSRGHVRFLHGDGGHULHVJRPDUFDXQDpSRFDVRFLDOHQOD
TXHODsolidaridadVXUJHpor miedo\VHFRQYLHUWHHQXQD
IXHU]DSROtWLFD22
(QODVSXHUWDVGHOWHUFHUPLOHQLRFUHRTXHQRVHQFRQWUDPRVGHODQWHGHXQDLQVHJXULGDGTXHWDPELpQSRGUtD
VHU GHQRPLQDGD ³FXOWXUDO´ \D TXH QR VH WUDWD SULPRUGLDOPHQWHGHODLQVHJXULGDGRULJLQDGDSRUORVGHVDVWUHVQDWXUDOHVVLQRGHODLQVHJXULGDGVHJUHJDGDSRUODGLQiPLFDGHO
PLVPRGHVDUUROORFXOWXUDO\WHFQROyJLFR(VXQKHFKRTXH
VDOWDDODYLVWDTXHHOPXQGRPRGHUQRFDGDYH]PHQRV\D
QRVHHQFXHQWUDWDQLPSHULRVDPHQWHVRPHWLGRDORVQXPHURVRV\IDWDOHVGHVDVWUHVGHODQDWXUDOH]DGHODVKDPEUXQDV
RGHODVHSLGHPLDVWDOFRPRKDYHQLGRVXFHGLHQGRHQWRGD
ODKLVWRULDGHODKXPDQLGDGGHVGHORVRUtJHQHVKDVWDODSUHPRGHUQLGDG/DPRGHUQD³VRFLHGDGGHULHVJR´VHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUTXHREOLJDDOVHUKXPDQRDWHQHUTXHYLYLUHQXQ
iPELWRVRFLDOHFRQyPLFR\FRPXQLFDWLYRFRQXQDDFWLWXG
FRQVWDQWHGHFiOFXOR\SRQGHUDFLyQUHVSHFWRDVXVSURSLDV
SRVLELOLGDGHV\RSFLRQHV<HVSUHFLVDPHQWHHQHVRHQOR
TXH FRQVLVWH HO ULHVJR FDUDFWHUtVWLFR GH ODV VRFLHGDGHV GH
FRPLHQ]RVGHOVLJOR;;,/XKPDQQD¿UPDTXH³ODVRFLHGDGPRGHUQDYLYHVXIXWXURHQIRUPDGHOULHVJRGHODVGHFLVLRQHV´25
&RQVWDQWHPHQWH FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GLUHFWD GH OD ³VXSHUSURGXFFLyQ´GHOVDEHU\GHORVDUWHIDFWRVGHWRGRWLSR
QRVYHPRVREOLJDGRVDSRQGHUDUXQDJDPDLQDEDUFDEOHGH
SRVLEOHVSURSXHVWDV\VROXFLRQHV\GHFLGLUQRVHQWUHHOODV
WHQHPRVTXHHYDOXDUODFRPSHWHQFLDGHQXHVWUDVSRVLELOLGDGHVHQWRGRVORVyUGHQHVGHODYLGDKHPRVGHHOHJLUHQ
PHGLRGHOKLSHUPHUFDGRHQTXHVHKDFRQYHUWLGRHOPXQGR
PRGHUQRQRVYHPRVIRU]DGRVDSUHRFXSDUQRVGHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVWDOYH]LUUHYHUVLEOHVGHODFULVLVHFROyJLFDGHO
HQYHQHQDPLHQWRJHQHUDOGHODVDJXDV\GHODDPHQD]DQXFOHDUKHPRVGHKDFHUIUHQWHDXQDFRQFHSFLyQGHODVDOXG
\GHODHQIHUPHGDGWHFQL¿FDGDLPSHUVRQDO\DOHMDGDGH
WRGD SUHRFXSDFLyQ KXPDQLVWD HVWDPRV REOLJDGRV D FRPSHWLUVLQHQWUDxDVFRQORVGHPiVSRUHOOXJDUGHWUDEDMR
HOSUHVWLJLRVRFLDOODD¿UPDFLyQGHOSURSLR\R7RGRQRV
LQGXFHDSHQVDUTXHQRVHQFRQWUDPRVVLWXDGRVWDOYH]VHFXHVWUDGRVHQHOPDUFRGHXQ³HVWLORGDUYLQLDQRGHYLYLU\
GHFRPSHWLU´HWF26
&UHR TXH FRQ PXFKR DFLHUWR ORV DQiOLVLV GH$QWKRQ\
*LGGHQVKDQSXHVWRGHPDQL¿HVWRTXHDFWXDOPHQWHODSHOLJURVLGDGGHQXHVWUDVRFLHGDGORTXHQRVREOLJDDFRQVLGHUDUOD FRPR XQD ³VRFLHGDG GH DOWR ULHVJR´ VH GHULYD GH
XQDWUiJLFDH[SHULHQFLDFRWLGLDQDTXHHVHQUHDOLGDGODTXH
SURYRFDODVHQVDFLyQGHSHOLJURODIUDFWXUDGHODFRQ¿DQ]D
TXHKDWHQLGROXJDUHQPHGLRGHODVUXWLQDVGHODYLGDFRWLGLDQD&RQYLHQHQRROYLGDUTXHHQQXHVWUDYLGDFRWLGLDQD³ODFRQFLHQFLDSUiFWLFDHVHOiQFRUDFRJQLWLYD\HPRWLYD
GH ORV VHQWLPLHQWRV GH VHJXULGDG RQWROyJLFD OD FXDO HQ
WRGDVODVFXOWXUDVFDUDFWHUL]DFDVLWRGDVODVSDUFHODVGHOD
DFWLYLGDGKXPDQD´
(QQXHVWUDVRFLHGDGKDWHQLGROXJDUXQDLQWHQVDIUDFWXUD
GHODFRQ¿DQ]DUHVSHFWRDDTXHOODVFRVDVFRQDQWHULRULGDG
³GDGDVSRUJDUDQWL]DGDVHQODYLGDFRWLGLDQD´ORFXDOVLJQL¿FDTXHHOVHQWLPLHQWRGHUHDOLGDGFRPSDUWLGD\DQRH[LVWH
RDOPHQRVVHHQFXHQWUDHQXQDVLWXDFLyQGHH[WUHPDSUHFDULHGDG GDQGR OXJDU HQWRQFHV D WRGD VXHUWH GH SDWRORJtDVGHDEHUUDFLRQHV\GHGLVIXQFLRQHV'HDFXHUGRFRQOD
RSLQLyQGH(ULFN(ULFNVRQTXHVHKDFHHFRGHOSHQVDPLHQWRGH'::LQQLFRW³ODFRQ¿DQ]DEiVLFD´TXHpODQDOL]D
VREUH WRGR HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ ORV UHFLpQ QDFLGRV FRQVWLWX\H
DTXHOQH[RRULJLQDOTXHHVXQDFRPELQDFLyQGHORHPRWLYR
\GHORFRJQLWLYRDSDUWLUGHOFXDOVXUJHODLGHQWLGDGGHO\R
\ODRULHQWDFLyQKDFLDORVRWURV\KDFLDHOPXQGRREMHWLYR
9DOHODSHQDFLWDUin extensoHOWH[WRGH(ULFNVRQ
6yOR XQD VRFLHGDG UHODWLYDPHQWH ³tQWHJUD´ SXHGH RWRUJDUDOODFWDQWHDWUDYpVGHODPDGUHXQDtQWLPDFRQYLFFLyQ
GH TXH WRGDV ODV GLIXVDV H[SHULHQFLDV VRPiWLFDV \ WRGDV
ODVFRQIXVDVFODYHVVRFLDOHVGHODSULPHUDHWDSDGHODYLGD
SXHGHQDMXVWDUVHGHQWURGHXQVHQWLPLHQWRGHFRQWLQXLGDG
HLJXDOGDGDXQRPLVPRTXHYDXQLHQGRJUDGXDOPHQWHHO
PXQGRLQWHULRU\HOH[WHULRU/DIXHQWHRQWROyJLFDGHIH\
GHHVSHUDQ]DTXHHPHUJHDVtODKHGHQRPLQDGRsentimienWRGHFRQ¿DQ]DEiVLFDHVODSULPHU\EiVLFDLQWHJULGDG\D
TXHSDUHFHLPSOLFDUTXHHOLQWHULRU\HOH[WHULRUSXHGHQVHU
H[SHULPHQWDGRVFRPR³EXHQRV´HLQWHUUHODFLRQDGRV
&RQVLGHUDUXQDVRFLHGDGGH³DOWRULHVJR´HTXLYDOHDUHIHULUVHDODLUUHOHYDQFLDFUHFLHQWHGHO³PXQGRFRPSDUWLGR´
\GHODVUXWLQDVGHODYLGDFRWLGLDQDTXHHQpOWLHQHQFDUWD
GHQDWXUDOH]D2H[SUHViQGRORGHRWUDPDQHUDXQDVRFLHGDGGH³DOWRULHVJR´HVDTXHOODHQODTXH³HOPXQGRGDGR
SRUJDUDQWL]DGR´KDOOHJDGRDVHUDOWDPHQWHSUREOHPiWLFR
RSDFRVLQ¿DELOLGDGLQFDSD]GHFRQYHUWLUVHHQXQDWHRGLFHDGHODYLGDFRWLGLDQD/DLUUHOHYDQFLDGHHVWHPXQGR
PX\DPHQXGRVHFRQYLHUWHHQXQDHTXLYDOHQFLDH[DFWDGHO
³FDRV´HVGHFLUGHODGHVFRORFDFLyQHIHFWLYD\DIHFWLYDGHO
LQGLYLGXR\GHORVJUXSRVKXPDQRVUHVSHFWRDVXRULJHQ
\DVXPHWD'HKHFKRHVRVLJQL¿FDYLYLUHQXQSUHVHQWH
GHO TXH VH LJQRUD SRU XQ LJXDO HO SXQWR GH SDUWLGD \ OD
PHWD¿QDO(QWRQFHVFLHUWDPHQWHQRKD\SUHVHQWHSRUTXH
QRKD\QLSDVDGRQLIXWXUReVWDSDUHFHVHUODVLWXDFLyQGH
OD KRUD SUHVHQWH XQD JUDYtVLPD UXSWXUD GH OD FRQ¿DQ]D
TXHVHH[SUHVDPX\HQSULPHUOXJDUHQHOKHFKRGHTXHORV
OtGHUHVWDQWRHQHOiPELWRUHOLJLRVRFRPRVRFLDO\SROtWLFR
VRQ MX]JDGRV FRQ XQD FUHFLHQWH GHVFRQ¿DQ]D D FDXVD GH
VXLQFDSDFLGDGVXPHGLRFULGDG\FRQIUHFXHQFLDLQFOXVR
VXPDODIH(QWRQFHV\DQRVHWUDWDSULQFLSDOPHQWHGHODV
SRVLELOLGDGHVDFWXDOHVGHORVVLVWHPDVVRFLDOHVSDUDFRQ¿JXUDU\HQFXDGUDUODH[LVWHQFLDGHORVLQGLYLGXRV\ODVFROHFWLYLGDGHVQLWDPSRFRGHODDSWLWXGLQWHOHFWXDO\WpFQLFD
GHORVOtGHUHVSDUDRUJDQL]DUODYLGDHQFRP~QVLQRGHDOJR
PXFKR PiV GHFLVLYR \ IXQGDPHQWDO HO FRQWUDWHVWLPRQLR
TXHDFRVWXPEUDQDRIUHFHUORVOtGHUHVUHOLJLRVRVSROtWLFRV
\VRFLDOHVGHQXHVWURVGtDVHVGHFLUODÀDJUDQWHFRQWUDGLFFLyQHQWUHORTXHGLFHQ²DPHQXGRFRQWRGRVORVDOWDYRFHVGHODVUHWyULFDVPiVSRSXOLVWDV²\ORTXHUHDOPHQWH
KDFHQHQHOHMHUFLFLRFRWLGLDQRGHVXVIXQFLRQHV
(Q HVWH FRQWH[WR WDPELpQ GHEHUtDPRV UHIHULUQRV D OD
FXHVWLyQGHOsentidoRGHODVLJQL¿FDFLyQFRQODVVLPERORJtDVTXHORVH[SUHVDQFRPRGDWRVTXHVHKDQGHGHVFXEULU
LQWHUSUHWDU \ YLYLU HQ HO PXQGR GH WRGRV ORV GtDV 1R HV
SUHFLVR LQVLVWLU HQ OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH ORV DQiOLVLV TXH VREUHHVWDFXHVWLyQKDUHDOL]DGR1LNODV/XKPDQQ$TXtQR
HQWUDUHPRVHQHVWDFRPSOLFDGDGLVFXVLyQVLQRTXHQRVOLPLWDUHPRVVLJXLHQGRODSDXWDPDUFDGDSRU$OIUHG6FKW]
TXHVLW~DODFXHVWLyQGHODVLJQL¿FDFLyQHQHOPXQGRLQWHUVXEMHWLYRGHODYLGDFRWLGLDQDDSRQHUGHPDQL¿HVWROD
LPSRUWDQFLDGHFLVLYDGHHVWDSUREOHPiWLFDSDUDSRGHUGLOXFLGDUDTXt\DKRUDHODOFDQFHGHODYLGDFRWLGLDQD(QUHODFLyQFRQVXVHQWLGRHVFULEH/DVLJQL¿FDFLyQmeaning
QRHVXQDFXDOLGDGLQKHUHQWHDGHWHUPLQDGDVH[SHULHQFLDV
HPHUJHQWHVFRQQXHVWUDFRUULHQWHGHFRQFLHQFLDVLQRTXH
HVHOUHVXOWDGRGHODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHXQDH[SHULHQFLDSDVDGDFRQVLGHUDGDGHVGHHOSUHVHQWH1RZFRQXQDDFWLWXG
UHÀH[LYD 0LHQWUDV YLYR HQ PLV DFWRV HQFDPLQDGR D ORV
BIOÉTICA / 19
REMHWRVGHHVWRVDFWRVORVDFWRVQRWLHQHQQLQJXQDVLJQL¿FDFLyQ/OHJDQDVHUVLJQL¿FDWLYRVVLORVFRPSUHQGRFRPR
H[SHULHQFLDV ELHQ FLUFXQVFULWDV well-circumscribed GHO
SDVDGR\SRUHVRPLVPRUHWURVSHFWLYDPHQWH6yORODVH[SHULHQFLDVTXHSXHGHQVHUUHFRUGDGDVPiVDOOiGHVXDFWXDOLGDG\TXHSXHGHQVHUFXHVWLRQDGDVVREUHVXFRQVWLWXFLyQ
VRQSRUFRQVLJXLHQWHVXEMHWLYDPHQWHVLJQL¿FDWLYDV
/D³LQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHXQDH[SHULHQFLDSDVDGD´VLQHPEDUJRVRODPHQWHSXHGHHIHFWXDUVHGHVGHXQSUHVHQWHTXH
HVQHFHVDULRKDFHUVLJQL¿FDWLYRGHVGHHOPLVPRSUHVHQWH
(VRWDQVyORHVSRVLEOHHQODPHGLGDHQTXHUHDOPHQWHVH
GDXQDFRQ¿DQ]DEiVLFDTXHRVDDOPLVPRWLHPSRFRQRFHU
\UHFRQRFHUHOSDVDGRFRPRWDOFRPRWUDGLFLyQ\también
SRQHUORcríticamenteHQFXHVWLyQ(OSDVDGRFRPSDUWLGR
VLQHPEDUJRMXVWDPHQWHSRUTXHFULWLFDHOVHQWLGRDGPLWLGR
KDVWDDTXHOPRPHQWRQRORDQXODVLQRTXHORWRPDFRPR
SXQWRGHSDUWLGD(OSRVLEOHVHQWLGRRVLJQL¿FDFLyQDFWXDOHVVLHPSUHVHGDQHQXQDUHODFLyQFUtWLFDFRQXQSDVDGRFRQRFLGR\UHFRQRFLGRHQVXVSRVLELOLGDGHV\HQVXVOtPLWHV
HQVXVLQYHQFLRQHV\HQVXVDEHUUDFLRQHVHQVXVSURWHVWDV
\HQVXVGLPLVLRQHVHQHVRMXVWDPHQWHFRQVLVWHHOarte de
encontrar criterios &XDQGR VH IUDFWXUD R VH SHUYLHUWH OD
FRQ¿DQ]DEiVLFDDODTXHDOXGH*LGGHQVHQWRQFHVWDPELpQ
VHGLVXHOYHRVHWUXQFDHOVHQWLGRGHODH[LVWHQFLD
(QXQDVRFLHGDGGHDOWDSHOLJURVLGDGDOFRQWUDULRGHOR
TXHVXFHGtDHQODVVRFLHGDGHVSUHPRGHUQDVXQDGHODVFDXVDVGHOULHVJRVHHQFXHQWUDHQODSURYLVLRQDOLGDGGHFXDOTXLHUSURQyVWLFRGHIXWXURFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHODLPSDUDEOHDFHOHUDFLyQFRQTXHORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVLQWXLFLRQHV\
HVTXHPDWLVPRVGHDFFLyQHQYHMHFHQ\SLHUGHQVXH¿FDFLD
6HQFLOODPHQWHQRKD\IXWXURSRUTXHFXDOTXLHUIXWXURDKRUDPLVPR\DSXHGHVHUSUHVHQWH\DPHQXGRLQFOXVRREVROHWR$TXtVHUtDPX\RSRUWXQRLQWURGXFLUXQDUHÀH[LyQ
GHH[FHSFLRQDOLPSRUWDQFLDDQWURSROyJLFD0HHVWR\UH¿ULHQGRDODFRQVWLWXFLyQGHOVHUKXPDQRFRPRDOJXLHQTXH
VLQFHVDUSDUDYLYLUVDOXGDEOHPHQWHKDGHVLWXDUVHHQWHQVLyQGLDOpFWLFDPHQWHHQWUHODcontinuidad\HOcambioHQWUHODVVROLGL¿FDFLRQHVFXOWXUDOHVTXHKDQOOHYDGRDFDERODV
GLIHUHQWHVWUDGLFLRQHV\ORVUHWRV\QRYHGDGHVTXHSODQWHD
FDGD ic et nunc34
$TXtQRSRGUHPRVFRQVLGHUDUORVLPSRUWDQWtVLPRVFDPELRVTXHKDQLQFLGLGRHQODFRQ¿JXUDFLyQGHO³\RPRGHUQR´ GH XQ \R TXH HQ XQD VRFLHGDG SRVWUDGLFLRQDO FRPR
HV OD QXHVWUD VH KD FRQYHUWLGR HQ XQ SUR\HFWR UHÀH[LYR
HQPDUFDGRFRPRODPLVPDVRFLHGDGSRUXQDSOp\DGHGH
VLVWHPDVDEVWUDFWRV\DOPHQRVDSDUHQWHPHQWHVLQQLQJXQD
UHODFLyQFRQORVDVSHFWRVFRQFUHWRV\FRWLGLDQRVGHODYLGD
GH ORV LQGLYLGXRV \ GH ORV JUXSRV KXPDQRV (VWH FOLPD
GHDEVWUDFFLRQHVTXHFRQ¿JXUDHO\RPRGHUQRSURSLFLDOD
LUUXSFLyQGHDQJXVWLDVGHWUDXPDVSVtTXLFRVGHLQVHJXULGDGHVDIHFWLYDV\GHLUUHFRQFLOLDFLRQHVD³QLYHOSURIXQGR´
HQODYLGDSULYDGD\S~EOLFDGHOLQGLYLGXR(QUHDOLGDGOD
YLGDFRQFUHWDGHMDGH³SDOSDUVH´FRPRDOJRUHDO\SUy[LPRSRUTXHVHKDFRQYHUWLGRHQXQ³HQWUHGH¿FFLyQ´TXH
FRPRPi[LPRVRODPHQWHH[LVWHVREUHHOSDSHO(QWRQFHV
SDUD LQWHQWDU SRQHU FRWR D HVWDV SDWRORJtDV ³PRGHUQDV´
LUUXPSHHQODHVFHQDGHODFRWLGLDQLGDGXQFRQWLQJHQWHPX\
20 / mayo-agosto / 2015
LPSRUWDQWHGHSVLFRWHUDSHXWDV\DVHVRUHVGHWRGRWLSRTXH
DFRVWXPEUDQDVHUGHKHFKRORVDGLHVWUDGRUHVHLQWpUSUHWHV
PRGHUQRVGHODVLPEROL]DFLyQKXPDQDGHVSXpVGHTXHVH
KDQIUDFWXUDGRORVPDUFRVWUDGLFLRQDOHV\FRPXQLWDULRVHQ
GRQGHVHHIHFWXDEDODWUDQVPLVLyQVLPEyOLFD³/DWHUDSLD
HVXQVLVWHPDH[SHUWRSURIXQGDPHQWHLPSOLFDGRHQHOSUR\HFWRUHÀHMRGHO\RXQIHQyPHQRGHODUHÀH[LYLGDGGHOD
PRGHUQLGDG/DSVLFRWHUDSLDHQIRUPDGHSVLFRDQiOLVLVVH
KDGHVDUUROODGRFRPRPHGLRSDUDFRPEDWLUSDWRORJtDVGHOD
SHUVRQDOLGDG´
(Q HVWD VLWXDFLyQ GH DOWR ULHVJR SURSLD GH OD VRFLHGDG
DFWXDOTXHGHEHUtDGHVFULELUVHFRQPD\RUGHWDOOH\SUHFLVLyQHO³WUDEDMRGHOVtPEROR´VREUHWRGRHQORTXHVHUHODFLRQD SULPDULDPHQWH FRQ OD VDOXG \ VHFXQGDULDPHQWH
FRQODHQIHUPHGDGSRVHHXQDHQRUPHLPSRUWDQFLD'HVGH
ODDQWLJHGDG\DSDUWLUGHSHUVSHFWLYDVEDVWDQWHGLIHUHQWHV
KDQVLGRQXPHURVRVORVTXHVHKDQPRVWUDGRFRQYHQFLGRV
GHTXHSDUDFRQ¿JXUDUXQDYLGDKXPDQDSOHQD\FRUGLDO
HUDSUHFLVRVHUYLUVHGHODFDSDFLGDGWHUDSpXWLFDGHORVVLPEROLVPRVKXPDQRV(VRUHVXOWDHVSHFLDOPHQWHHYLGHQWHHQ
XQDpSRFDFRPRODQXHVWUDHQODTXHVHGDXQDDFHOHUDFLyQ
\FRPSOH[L¿FDFLyQJHQHUDOL]DGDVGHORVVLVWHPDV\VXEVLVWHPDVVRFLDOHV6yORHVQHFHVDULRWHQHUHQFXHQWDODSUROLIHUDFLyQDFWXDOGHPHGLFLQDVDOWHUQDWLYDVGHGLHWpWLFDV³QDWXUDOHV´GHSUiFWLFDVPHGLWDFLRQDOHVGHHMHUFLFLRV\yJXLFRV
GHIRUPDVGHYLGD³RULHQWDOHV´GHgurus PiVRPHQRVH¿FLHQWHVWDPELpQGHPXFKRVYXOJDUHVHVWDIDGRUHVGHODPSOLRUHFXUVRRHFKDGRUHVGHFDUWDVDDGLYLQRV\FKDPDQHV
GHODVLQ¿QLWDVIRUPDVGHODnew ageHWFSDUDFRPSUHQGHU
TXHHQQXHVWUDVRFLHGDGGHDOWRULHVJRHOrecurso cordial
al símboloJR]DGHXQDDFHSWDFLyQ\H[WHQVLyQTXHQRSDUHFHHVWDUHQVLQWRQtDFRQODVXSXHVWDUDFLRQDOL]DFLyQJHQHUDO
GHWRGDVODVIRUPDVGHYLGDGHODVRFLHGDGRFFLGHQWDOTXH
DQXQFLDURQ\GHVFULELHURQORVJUDQGHVWHyULFRVVRFLDOHVGHO
~OWLPRWHUFLRGHOVLJOR;,;\GHFRPLHQ]RVGHOVLJOR;;
3DUHFHTXHVLHO³UHWRUQRGHORVGLRVHVRGHORVPDJRV´IXHUDODFRQWUDSDUWLGDLQHYLWDEOHGHORVULHVJRVDPHQXGRWDQ
LPSUHFLVRV SHUR DO PLVPR WLHPSR WDQ GHYDVWDGRUHV TXH
LUUXPSHQHQODVRFLHGDGSRVWLQGXVWULDOGHQXHVWURWLHPSR
1RWDV
6DODPGHVLJQDODVDOYDFLyQVDOXGWHPSRUDO\WDPELpQ
ODVDOYDFLyQHWHUQD'HEHWHQHUVHSUHVHQWHTXHHOYRFDEOR
salam –GHDOJXQDPDQHUDFRQODPLVPDVLJQL¿FDFLyQTXH
HOKHEUHR xalom²KDVLGRXWLOL]DGRVREUHWRGRFRPR
VDOXWDFLyQ'DUDO6DODPOXJDUGHODVDOYDFLyQHVXQ
WpUPLQRSDUDLQGLFDUHOSDUDtVR
6REUHODHQIHUPHGDGYpDVH3/DtQ(QWUDOJR³/D
HQIHUPHGDGFRPRH[SHULHQFLD´HQ2FLR\WUDEDMR0DGULG
5HYLVWDGH2FFLGHQWHSS
9pDVHHOLQWHUHVDQWHHVWXGLRGH3/DtQ(QWUDOJR³(O
HVWDUVDQRHQHOFXUVRGHODKLVWRULDOOHYDDFDERXQ
SRUPHQRUL]DGRDQiOLVLVVRFLROyJLFRGHODSURIHVLyQPpGLFD
WDOFRPRVHHMHUFHHQORV(VWDGRV8QLGRVFRQVLGHUDQGRFRQ
PXFKDDWHQFLyQOD³FRQVWUXFFLyQVRFLDOGHODHQIHUPHGDG´
SS
51%HOODK+iELWRVGHOFRUD]yQ0DGULG$OLDQ]D
SSODFLWDDQWHULRUFRQWLQ~DDVt³3HURHOREMHWLYR
~OWLPRGHODDFHSWDFLyQGHOWHUDSHXWDOD³FRQVLGHUDFLyQ
SRVLWLYDHLQFRQGLFLRQDO´GHODWHUDSLDSRVWIUHXGLDQDHVODGH
HQVHxDUDOFOLHQWHWHUDSpXWLFRDLQGHSHQGL]DUVHGHODVQRUPDV
GHFXDOTXLHURWUDSHUVRQD´,ELGS&UHHPRVTXHHV
SUHFLVRFRPSOHPHQWDUODH[SRVLFLyQTXHVHKDFHHQHVWH
LQWHUHVDQWH\FDVLGLUtDPRVLPSUHVFLQGLEOHYROXPHQFRQ
HOWH[WRGH+%ORRPPresagios del milenio.HOFXDOVHJ~Q
QXHVWUDRSLQLyQFRQVWLWX\HXQSODQWHDPLHQWRPX\VXJHUHQWH
GHO³HQLJPD\DQTXL´7DPELpQGHEHUtDWHQHUVHHQFXHQWD
RWUROLEURGH+%ORRPPresagios del milenio. La gnosis
GHORViQJHOHVHOPLOHQLR\ODUHVXUUHFFLyQTXHDFDEDGH
SHU¿ODUDOJXQRVGHORVDVSHFWRVPiVGHFLVLYRVGHODFWXDO
FOLPDUHOLJLRVRSROtWLFR\FXOWXUDOGHORD(VWDGRV8QLGRV
6REUHODFDSDFLGDGWHUDSpXWLFDUHLYLQGLFDGDSRUXQDJUDQ
PD\RUtDGHPRYLPLHQWRVUHOLJLRVRVDFWXDOHVYpDVHHQ
UHODFLyQFRQDOJXQDVLJOHVLDVFULVWLDQDV
/XKPDQQ2EVHUYDFLyQGHODPRGHUQLGDG
$TXtGHEHUtDPRVUHIHULUQRVDOOLEURGH63+XQWLQJWRQ
(OFKRTXHGHFLYLOL]DFLRQHV\ODUHFRQ¿JXUDFLyQGHORUGHQ
mundial \DODDPSOLDGLVFXVLyQDTXHHVWiGDQGROXJDU
9pDVHORTXHH[SRQHPRVVREUHODDFWXDO³VRFLHGDGGH
ULHVJR´HQHVWDWHVLV
³/DHVWUXFWXUDSXUDPHQWHFRQWUDFWXDOGHOPXQGRHFRQyPLFR
\EXURFUiWLFRVHHVWiFRQYLUWLHQGRHQXQPRGHORLGHROyJLFR
SDUDODYLGDSHUVRQDO«HOSUHGRPLQLRGHODLQWLPLGDG
FRQWUDFWXDO\GHODFRRSHUDFLyQSURFHVDOWUDQVIHULGDVGHOD
VDODGHMXQWDVDOGRUPLWRULR\YLFHYHUVDHVORTXHUHDOPHQWH
DPHQD]DFRQRVFXUHFHUORVLGHDOHVWDQWRGHODYLUWXG
SHUVRQDOFRPRGHOELHQS~EOLFR´
9pDVH%HUJHU3/ SSHQGRQGHVHOOHYDDFDER
XQDQiOLVLVH[FHOHQWHGHODVGLIHUHQWHVDFHSFLRQHVGHO
WpUPLQR³LQGLYLGXDOLVPR´VREUHWRGRGHOLQGLYLGXDOLVPR
³XWLOLWDULVWD´\GHOLQGLYLGXDOLVPR³DIHFWLYR´
³(OSVLFRDQiOLVLV\ODSVLTXLDWUtDHVOD~QLFDIRUPDGH
FXUDFLyQSVtTXLFDTXHLQWHQWDVDQDUDODVSHUVRQDVPHGLDQWH
VXDOHMDPLHQWRGHODVRFLHGDG\ODVUHODFLRQHV7RGDVODV
GHPiVIRUPDV±HOFKDPDQLVPRODFXUDFLyQSRUODIHOD
RUDFLyQOOHYDQDODFRPXQLGDGHOSURFHVRGHFXUDFLyQ\
HIHFWLYDPHQWHXWLOL]DQODLQWHUGHSHQGHQFLDGHOSDFLHQWH
\GHORVRWURVFRPRHOPHFDQLVPRFHQWUDOGHOSURFHVRGH
FXUDFLyQ´
5HVXOWDEDVWDQWHHYLGHQWHTXHXQQ~PHURFRQVLGHUDEOH
GHODVDFWXDOHV³FXUDVWHUDSpXWLFDV´VRQHQHOVHQWLGRPiV
IXHUWHGHOYRFDEORVLPSOHVWRPDGXUDVGHSHOR(VRUHVXOWD
FRPSUHQVLEOHVLVHWLHQHHQFXHQWDTXHHQXQDpSRFD
³FUpGXOD´FRPRHVODQXHVWUD%HUJHUODSUHGLVSRVLFLyQGH
ODJHQWHDDFHSWDUORWRGRVLQHVStULWXFUtWLFRHVPX\LQWHQVD
6LQHPEDUJRQRGHEHROYLGDUVHTXHODVpSRFDV³FUpGXODV´OR
VRQMXVWDPHQWHSRUTXHGHIRUPDH[SOtFLWDRLPSOtFLWDVHGD
DQLYHOLQGLYLGXDO\FROHFWLYRXQDGRVLVPX\LPSRUWDQWHGH
DQJXVWLDIUXVWUDFLyQ\GHVHQFDQWR
/DtQ(QWUDOJR2FLR\7UDEDMRFLWSDSXQWDTXH³
ODLGHDGHVDOXGSRVHHXQDHVWUXFWXUDFRPSOHMDODLGHDGH
VDOXGSRVHHXQDHVWUXFWXUDYDULDEOH´
3/DtQ(QWUDOJR2FLR\WUDEDMRFLWS
)U\H1.SSKDGH¿QLGRODHQIHUPHGDGFRPR
³GHVYLDFLyQVRFLDO´UHVSHFWRDXQFRQMXQWRGHQRUPDVTXH
UHSUHVHQWDQODVDOXGRODQRUPDOLGDG(VWHDXWRUUHFRQRFH
VLQHPEDUJRTXHODHYDOXDFLyQGHORTXHUHDOPHQWHHVXQD
HQIHUPHGDG²RWDOYH]PHMRUHO³HQFRQWUDUVHHQIHUPR´
GHXQVHUKXPDQRFRQFUHWR²QRHVHQWHUDPHQWHXQDFWR
³REMHWLYR´³SOHQDPHQWHFLHQWt¿FR´VLQRTXHLQWHUYLHQHQ
IDFWRUHVGHRUGHQPX\GLVWLQWRHQWUHORVTXHORVGHWLSR
HPRFLRQDOQRVRQORVPHQRVLPSRUWDQWHV
$JRVWLQR)'S
%HFN8S
$*LGGHQVSS
8%HFNSS
$*LGGHQV³5LHVJRFRQ¿DQ]DUHÀH[LYLGDG´HQ8%HFN
$*LGGHQV\6/DVK0RGHUQL]DFLyQUHÀH[LYD3ROtWLFD
WUDGLFLyQ\HVWpWLFDHQHORUGHQVRFLDOPRGHUQR0DGULG
$OLDQ]DSS1/XKPDQQSS
WDPELpQRIUHFHXQDVLQWHUHVDQWHVUHÀH[LRQHVVREUHHOULHVJR
FRPRDVSHFWRGHFLVLYRGHODVRFLHGDGPRGHUQD/XKPDQQ
KDHVFULWRXQOLEURSoziologie des RisikosTXH
QRKHPRVSRGLGRFRQVXOWDUGHGLFDGRHQWHUDPHQWHDHVWD
SUREOHPiWLFD
8%HFNS
Ibid. SSODVRFLHGDGGHULHVJRQRHVXQDVRFLHGDG
UHYROXFLRQDULDVLQRPiVELHQXQDVRFLHGDGGHODV
FDWiVWURIHVHQODTXH³HOHVWDGRGHH[FHSFLyQDPHQD]DFRQ
FRQYHUWLUVHHQHOHVWDGRQRUPDO´IbidS
/DJUDQQRYHODGH5REHUW0XVLO(OKRPEUHVLQ
DWULEXWRVFRQVWLWX\HXQDGHODVPHMRUHV\PiVDJXGDV
LQWHUSUHWDFLRQHVGHO³\RPRGHUQR´±XQ\RTXHVHJ~QOD
RSLQLyQGHOQRYHOLVWDQRHVVXVFHSWLEOHGHVHUVDOYDGRHLQ
unrettbares Ich9pDQVHORVLQWHUHVDQWHVDQiOLVLVGH3/
%HUJHU8QDJORULDOHMDQD/DE~VTXHGDGHODIHHQpSRFD
de credulidad, %DUFHORQD+HUGHUSSVREUH
ODQRYHODGH0XVLO
&RQVXKDELWXDOFRQFLVLyQ*LGGHQVKDHVFULWRTXH³ODV
FRQGLFLRQHVGHYLGDDFWXDOHVQRVRQPHQRVSUHYLVLEOHV
TXHDQWDxRVLQRTXHODLPSUHYLVLELOLGDGWLHQHRWUDV
FDXVDV0XFKDVGHODVLQVHJXULGDGHVTXHDKRUDPLVPRVH
LPSRQHQKDQVLGRSURGXFLGDVSRUHOPLVPRDXPHQWRGHO
FRQRFLPLHQWRKXPDQR
1/XKPDQQ SS
8%HFNSS
WDPELpQQRVUHIHULPRVDODSpUGLGDGHODFRQ¿DQ]DFRPRHO
IDFWRUGHFLVLYRGHODFULVLVGHODVRFLHGDGPRGHUQD
$*LGGHQVS,SS
/RUHQ].S
(OSUREOHPDSROtWLFRGHOPXQGRPRGHUQRUHVLGHHQTXH
WRGRVORVVLVWHPDVRUGHQDGRVVHSRQHQHQWHODGHMXLFLR
'RXJODV0SSS
ODFRQFLHQFLDODTXHHVODFDXVD\ODFRQGLFLyQGHODIXQFLyQ
VLPEyOLFDGHOOHQJXDMH
2EYLDPHQWHDTXtGHEHUtDPRVUHIHULUQRVDODFXHVWLyQGHOD
FUtWLFDFRPRDUWHGHHQFRQWUDUFULWHULRV
6REUHODSUREOHPiWLFDHQWRUQRDODWHQVLyQDQWURSROyJLFD
HQWUHFRQWLQXLGDG\FDPELR
$*LGGHQVS
/DSVLFRWHUDSLDQRHVVLPSOHPHQWHXQPHGLRGHKDFHU
IUHQWHDQXHYDVDQJXVWLDVVLQRXQDH[SUHVLyQGHOD
UHÀH[LYLGDGGHO\R
$*LGGHQVS
BIOÉTICA / 21