1. No category

Performance comparison of photovoltaic
systems in Antofagasta
Dr. rer. Nat. Pablo Ferrada, CDEA-UA / SERC Chile
[email protected]
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
Tel. +56 55 2 513530
Ing. Francisco Araya
Ing. Tania Varas
Ing. Anuar González
Mg. Ing. Cristóbal Parrado
Santiago, 04-05-2015
Dr. Aitor Marzo
Dr. Carlos Portillo
Dr. Edward Fuentealba
Centro de Desarrollo Energético Antofagasta
Director CDEA
Dr. Edward Fuentealba
Co-Director
Marcos Crutchik N.
Administrativo
Lissette Sanginetti
Secretaria
Francisca Sanchez
Área termosolar
Área fotovoltaica
Área Redes Eléctricas
Soporte Técnico
Equipo Ingeniería
Dr. Ángel Fernández
Almacenamiento Térmico
Dr. Edward Fuentealba
Conversión Energía
Dr. Marcelo Cortés
Sistemas Eléctricos
Mg.(c) Tania Varas
Ing. Carlos Arenas
Dr. Elisa Alonso
Termoquímica
Dr. Carlos Portillo
Materiales
Ing. Mauricio Vallejos
Simulación SEP
Mg.(c) Mauricio Trigo
Ing. Mauricio Pereira
Mg. Diego Pulido
Baja y Media Temp.
Dr. Pablo Ferrada
Celdas Fotovoltaicas
Mg.(c) Jorge Vega
Transitorios SEP
Mg.(c) Francisco Araya
Mg. Alessandro Gallo
Dr. Aitor Marzo
Solarimetria
Mg.(c) Jorge Rabanal
Robótica y automatización
Mg.(c) Anuar González
Ing. Fernando Guerra
Ing.(c) Sebastian Delgado
Mg. Martín Guillaume
Ing.(c) Jose Rojas
Ing.(c) Nelson Cuello
2/25
Relevant projects involving PV
• “4th National Competition for Excellence Centers in Research on Priority Areas: “Solar Energy Research Center (SERC-Chile).”
• Performance Agreement for Higher Education "Strengthening the U. Antofagasta as Regional & National Reference in NonConventional Renewable Energy (ERNC)" 2012.
• “Implementation, development and diffusion of the Atacama Solar Platform (PSDA) within the system of regional
technological parks”, financed by Fondos para la Innovación y Competitividad (FIC-R, Antofagasta Region).
• “Photovoltaic Laboratory for Education and Demonstration”, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, GIZ.
• Ferrada, Cabrera: SERC Grant for the Internationalization of Solar Energy in Chile (bifiPV-PSDA workshop in January 2015”
about the Bifacial Photovoltaic Modules implemented for the Atacama Desert.
• Ferrada, Cabrera et al: SERC Grant for acquiring a h.a.l.m. IV tracer to characterize mini-modules & size-standard modules.
• Ferrada, Fuentealba, Schneider, Cabrera “Evaluation of defect patterns found in solar modules installed in Chile for
continuous improvement of solar materials and the generation of quality standards for the location of Chile”
• Ferrada, Araya et al: Call for a tender to install 12 PV plants at U. Antofagasta and PSDA (research, architecture, generation).
3/25
Atacama Desert Solar Platform
~80 ha
~85 km
~1100 over sea level
 Collaboration between research centers (CIEMAT, CTAER, ISC-Konstanz)
 Implementation and testing of solar technologies
 Testing of commercial equipment, in-situ conditions of the Atacama Desert
 Laboratory demonstrative of solar technologies for future researchers
4/25
PV plants for research purposes in Antofagasta
5/25
Solar Energy Research Center
Research lines
(IV)
Solar Energy
Storage
(Héctor Galleguillos)
(I)
(II)
(V)
Solar Energy
in Industry &
Mining
Solar Water
Treatment
(Lorena Cornejo)
(Samir Kouro)
Electric Power
Systems with High
Penetration of
Solar Energy
(Luis Morán)
(VI)
Economic/Social/Regulatory
Issues for
Solar Development
(Claudio Agostini)
(III)
Solar Energy
Coordination
Systems for
Urban and Rural
Communities
(Rodrigo Palma)
6/25
Work done: workshop, training, call for a tender
• P. Ferrada, Cabrera: SERC Grant for internationalization: bifiPV-PSDA workshop, January 2015 (Bifacial PV Modules
implemented for the Atacama Desert).
• Ferrada, Cabrera et al: SERC Grant for acquiring a h.a.l.m. IV tracer to characterize mini-modules & size-standard modules.
• Ferrada, Araya et al: Call for a tender to install 12 PV plants at U. Antofagasta and PSDA (research, architecture,
generation).
C. Rice, F. Guerra, R. Guirriman, R. Einhaus, C. Rojas, P. Ferrada, C. Portillo, E. Cabrrera, E. Cabrera, R. Román, A. Schneider,
7/25
H. Nussmaumer, A. Häberle, M. Pereira, J. Rabanal, R. Kopecek, R. Vásquez
Work done: publications
• P. Ferrada*, F. Araya, A. Marzo, E. Fuentealba, “Performance analysis of photovoltaic systems of two different technologies
in a coastal desert climate zone of Chile”, Solar Energy 114 (2015) 356–363.
• E. Fuentealba, P. Ferrada*, F. Araya, A. Marzo, C. Parrado, C. Portillo, “Photovoltaic performance and LCoE comparison at
the coastal zone of the Atacama Desert, Chile”, Energy Conversion and Management 95 (2015) 181–186.
• P. Ferrada*, T. Varas, F. Araya, A. Marzo, E. Fuentealba, “Evaluation of solar resource and environmental conditions in the
coastal line of Atacama Desert (Chile) for the implementation of PV plants”, Oral presentation at the International
Conference on Environment & Renewable Energy, 21-22 May 2015, Vienna-Austria.
• P. Ferrada*, F. Araya, A. González, E. Fuentealba, “Performance comparison of PV Systems at Industrial Environment in the
Atacama Desert”, Accepted at the IEEE Energy Conversion Congress & Expo, 20-24 September, Montreal-Canada.
• P. Ferrada*, C. Portillo, E. Cabrera. M. Kogan, E. Fuentealba, “Selective Chemical Etching for Studying the Front Side
Contact in Thick Film Screen Printed Crystalline p-type Silicon Solar Cells”, J. of Ch. Chemical Society, (issue June 2015).
8/25
Contents
Characteristics of location
PV performance analysis
Coastal zone of Atacama Desert
Industrial environment
Future investigations
Photo: ALMA, Atacama Large Millimeter Array
9/25
Nº of large observatories > 12 in Chile
ALMA at 5058 m high: 0.3 to 9.6 mm
Scenario
Very Large Telescope (VTL) at 2630 m:
300 nm to 20 µm
• High solar radiation levels, natural resources, financial and political-social stability.
• Mining industrial environment with high energy consumption, carbon footprint.
• Possibility for becoming Solar Energy reference in Latin America.
1025
10/
Climates in the Antofagasta Region
*
Climate
Height
Annual T mean
Rainfall
d
min
max
13 °C
22 °C
±7 °C
1.7 mm
Normal Desert > 1000 m 8 °C
21 °C
±25 °C
3.1 mm
High Desert*
> 2000 m 5 °C
24 °C
±20 °C
5.6 mm
High Steppe *
> 3000 m 5 °C
24 °C
±20 °C
68 mm
Cloudy Desert
>0m
* South American Monsoon (Austral Summer)
11/25
Locations of study within city of Antofagasta
Late.
Long.
Sector
North:
Center:
Sub station Company building
23°32'11.37"S
23°34’37,91’’S
70°23'13.06"E
70°23’27,36’’E
North
Center
South:
University
23°41’39.23’’S
70° 2459,08’’E
South
12/25
Clearness index (Kt)
Ratio of the daily total irradiation (H, kWh/m2) to the extraterrestrial daily insolation
(H0, kWh/m2) on a horizontal surface.
H
Kt 
H0
H : integral of irradiance measured at ground for a day (D).
H 0   I C E0 cos SZA dt
D
Ic is the solar constant
E0 is the eccentricity correction factor
SZA is the solar zenith angle
D is the integral limit for the day period
Kind of day
Clear
Partly cloudy
Overcast
Kt Range
0.65 < Kt < 0.9
0.3 < Kt < 0.65
0 < Kt < 0.3
13/25
Distribution for Kt > 0.65
14/25
Solar resource, temperature and RH
15/25
Soiling
Process by which dust deposits on a surface during exposure to the environment
1.
2.
3.
4.
Due to gravity: sedimentation of the
particles on the surface.
Adhesion due to: humidity, Van der Waals
force and/or electrostatic.
Cementation with salt and other
substances.
Others: e. g. bird dropping
16/25
Chemical composition and particle size
PV plants at the coast of the Atacama desert: µc-Si/a-Si tandem thin films, mc-Si and mono-Si
17/25
PV plants at coastal zone of Atacama Desert
E
PR  DC
PSTC
Y f kWh /kWp
H POA

GSTC
 kWh   kW 
Yr  2   2 
 m  m 
HPOA: 2600 kWh/m2*year
Yf: nº of hours that the PV array would need to operate at its rated power to
provide the measured (DC) energy
Yr: Avg nº of peak sun hours defining solar resource available for PV plant
Yf,mono-Si: 1760 kWh/kWp*year
Yf,a-Si/µc-Si: 1690 kWh/kWp*year
Yf,mc-Si:
1590 kWh/kWp*year
PRslopemono-Si: -1.7, -3.7, -1.8 %/month
PRslopea-Si/µc-Si: -4.2, -4.4, -3.7 %/month
PRslopemc-Si:
-1.8, -3.8, -3.1 %/month
Daily performance ratio and temperature
19/25
Levelized Cost of Energy (LCoE)
LCoE represents the generated electricity cost including the initial capital, the return of investment and variable cost
𝐴𝑇𝐶
𝐿𝐶𝑜𝐸 = 𝑇𝐸𝑃
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝐴𝑇𝐶 = 𝑇𝐶 · 𝑓
ATC is the annualized total costs and TEP is the total energy produced.
The ATC depends on total investment and variable costs (𝑇𝐶) and annualized factor (𝑓):
(1+𝑟)𝑛 𝑟
f=(1+𝑟)𝑛 −1
Where r is the discount rate and n is the lifetime of the plant in years.
Full Load Hours
20/25
Levelized Cost of Energy (LCoE)
Item
Modules
Inverters
Dataloggers
Sensors
Structure
O&M 1
O&M 2
Others
Total 1
Total 2
Value
132.8
1000
329
223
320
48.15
48.15
209.18
Thin film
Quantity
24
1
0,5
1
10
3
12
1
Total
Value
3187.2 231.5
1000
900
164.5
329
223
223
3200
320
48.11 48.15
192.46 48.15
209.18 209.18
8031.99
8176.34
mono-Si
Quantity
18
1
0,5
1
6
3
12
1
Total
4167
900
164.5
223
1920
48.11
192.46
209.18
7631.79
7776.14
mc-Si
Value Quantity
240
14
900
1
329
1
346
1
320
8
48.15
3
48.15
12
209.18
1
Total
3360
900
329
346
2560
48.11
192.46
209.18
7752.29
7896.64
LCoE
Thin film mono-Si mc-Si
Clean (cEURO/kWh) 14.49
13.37 15.65
Dirty (cEURO/kWh) 15.56
14.33 16.71
21/25
PV plants at industrial environment in Atacama
GHI: 2540 ± 60 kWh/m2*year
GTI: 2850 ± 10 kWh/m2*year
GTI: 2640 ± 10 kWh/m2*year
TGI: 3500 ± 20 kWh/m2*year
GHI: Global Horizontal Irradiation
GTI: Global Tilted Irradiation
TGI: 1-axis Sun-Tracking Global Irradiation
Yf,CdTe:
1590 ± 80 kWh/kWp*year
Yf,mc-Si:
1790 ± 50 kWh/kWp*year
Yf,mc-Si-track :2320 ± 60 kWh/kWp*year
LCoE Clean (c€/kWh)
LCoE Dirty (c€/kWh)
$ 21,86
$ 28,49
PRslope,CdTe:
PRslope,mc-Si:
PRslope,mc-Si-track :
$ 18,92
$ 23,79
-4.3 ± 0.2 %/month
-4.0 ± 0.2 %/month
-4.4 ± 0.4 %/month
$ 14,67
$ 18,36
22/25
Ongoing & future investigations
Main content of the samples
Main content of the samples
Compound
Composition
Alpha quarz
SiO2
Albite
NaAlSi3O8
Halite
NaCl
Hematite
Fe2O3
Calcite
CaCO3
2
J  q  SR ( )I 0 ( )T ( )d [mA/cm2 ]
1
23/25
Research on module materials
 Investigation of different materials
(glass, backsheet, encapsulation, etc).
 1 year of installation an the Atacama
Desert Solar Platform (PSDA)
EVA: ethylene vinyl acetate
POE: polyolefin elastomer
Characterization
Peeling test, IV, EL, reflectivity,
Cell to Module (CTM) analysis,
etc.
h.a.l.m IV curve tracer
24/25
Conclusions
Location
• High solar radiation levels, moderate temperatures and clear sky in northern Chile
• Different environmental conditions and energy needs in Chile (mining industry)
Performance
• Behavior of PV technologies not well known in Chile  catalog of typical failures and defects is required
• Soiling and interaction of materials with the environment  catalog of typical failures and defects is required
Costs of electricity
• Determination of LCoE for PV plants considering actual performance, and prediction for new PV projects
Platform
• Possibility to test PV devices in Atacama (performance and material degradation, electricity costs)
25/25
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