1. Espiritual

INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL
ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE CÓMPUTO
Apuntes de
BASES DE DATOS I
Unidad Temática:
Introducción
Presenta:
M. en C. Euler Hernández Contreras
México, D.F.
Enero de 2009
!"#$#%&$%'"()#%*%
!
+,-&"&%*%
*,(.)&/00-1,%"%2"#%!"#$#%&$%&"()#%
!
!
"#"!$%&'()*%!+(!,-.(!+(!+-*%.#!
"#/!01.*(2-!+(!,-.(!+(!+-*%.#!
"#3!4)51'-'1%&(.!+(!5%.!01.*(2-.!+(!,6#!
!
789!:-;.#"<!/!
"#8!:=%)>.1*%!+(!5%.!.1.*(2-.!+(!,6#!
!
789!:-;.#!/?8#!
"#@!A.B-=1%.!+(!5-!,6#!
!
739!:-;.#!"3?"@!
!
"#C!$1'5%!+(!D1+-!+(!B&-!,6#!
!
7/9!:-;.#!8@?8E!
!
!
!*!3*4567897%
!
7"9!F&*=%+B''1>&!-!5%.!01.*(2-.!+(!,-.(.!+(!6-*%.!
0G)*12-!H+1'1%&!
$#I#!6-*(!!
:(-=.%&!H+B'-'1>&!+(!JGK1'%<!JGK1'%!/LL"#!
!
7/9!J%+(=&!6-*-M-.(!J-&-;(2(&*!
N1&*O!H+1*1%&!
I(PP=(Q!4#!R%PP(=<!J-=Q!,#!:=(.'%**<!R(1SS1!T%)1!
:(-=.%&U:=(&*1'(<!!H.*-+%.!A&1+%.!/LLE!
!
739!VB&+-2(&*%.!+(!01.*(2-.!+(!,-.(.!+(!6-*%.!
WB1&*-!H+1'1>&!
X-2(Y!H52-.=1<!0O-2S-&*!,#!N-D-*O(!
:(-=.%&U4++1.%&!Z(.5(Q!<!J-+=1+!H.)-[-!/LL\!
!
789!VB&+-2(&*%.!+(!61.([%!+(!,-.(.!+(!6-*%.!
WB1&*-!H+1'1>&!
4M=-O-2!015M(=.'O-*Y<!R(&=Q!V#!]%=*O<!0#!0B+-=.O-&!
J'^=-_?R155UF&*(=-2(=1'-&-!+(!H.)-[-<!J-+=1+!H.)-[-!/LL\!
!
!
7@9!01.*(2-.!+(!^(.*1>&!+(!,-.(.!+(!6-*%.!!
T(='(=-!!H+1'1>&!
X-;OB!X-2-S=1.O&-&<!I%O-&&(.!^(O=S(!
J'^=-_?R155UF&*(=-2(=1'-&-!+(!H.)-[-<!J-+=1+!H.)-[-!/LL\!
!
!
:;:%<),0$=()%&$%!"#$%&$%&"()#;%
!
A&-!!"#$%&$%&"'(#!.(!)B(+(&!+(P1&1=!+(!5-!.1;B1(&*(!2-&(=-`!
!
"#!A&-!(.*=B'*B=-!(&!B&-!'%2)B*-+%=(-!aB(!-5%b-!B&!'%&bB&*%!+(!+-*%.!=(5-'1%&-+%.#!A&-!M-.(!+(!
+-*%.!'%&*1(&(!+%.!*1)%.!+(!+-*%.`!+-*%.!)-=-!(5!B.B-=1%!P1&-5!cO('O%.!(&!M=B*%d!Q!2(*-+-*%.#!e%.!
2(*-+-*%.!.(!'%2)%&(&!+(!+-*%.!.%M=(!+-*%.<!(.*%!(.<!.B.!'-=-'*(=f.*1'-.!Q!=(5-'1%&(.#!
!
/#!H.!B&-!'%5(''1>&!+(!=(;1.*=%.!%!1&P%=2-'1>&!(5!'B-5!(.!-52-'(&-+%!(&!B&-!'%2)B*-+%=-!+(!B&-!
P%=2-! .1.*(2g*1'-! c(.*=B'*B=-+-d<! +(! *-5! P%=2-! aB(! B&-! )=%;=-2-! +(! '%2)B*-+%=-! )B(+-!
'%&.B5*-=5%!)-=-!=(.)%&+(=!'%&.B5*-.#!
!
A&! !"#$% &$% &"'(#! c%! !")*(% &$% &"'(#! '%2%! 1&'1-52(&*(! .(! 55-2-M-d<! )=(.(&*-! 5-.! .1;B1(&*(.!
)=%)1(+-+(.`!
!
-d!X()=(.(&*-!-5;h&!-.)('*%!+(5!2B&+%!=(-5!c21&1B&1D(=.%d#!
Md! H.! B&-! '%5(('1>&! 5>;1'-2(&*(! '%O(=(&*(! +(! +-*%.! '%&! .1;&1P1'-+%! 1&O(=(&*(! c+,$% -(.% #,%
)"',."/$0"%$#'1%&$%'"/%2")$."%,)3&(%"%"/4(5%6,$%)(%#$%-,$&$%#$-".".%&$%$//(d#!
'd!H.*g!+1.([-+-!<!'%&.*=B1+-!Q!)%M5-+-!'%&!+-*%.!)-=-!B&!Pf&!(.)('fP1'%#!
!
:;>%?-#($@"%&$%!"#$%&$%&"()#;%
!
A&!73#'$2"%&$%8"#$#%&$%9"'(#!c0,6d!(.!B&-!.(=1(!+(!=('B=.%.!)-=-!2-&(b-=!;=-&+(.!D%5h2(&(.!+(!
1&P%=2-'1>&<!.1&!(2M-=;%!&%!*%+%.!5%.!.1.*(2-.!aB(!2-&(b-&!1&P%=2-'1>&!.%&!M-.(.!+(!+-*%.#!
!
T-2M1G&! .(! )B(+(! +(P1&1=! B&! 73#'$2"% &$% 8"#$% &$% 9"'(#<! '%2%! -aB(5! .1.*(2-! '%2)B*-'1%&-5! aB(!
*1(&(! 5-! P1&-51+-+! +(! -52-'(&-=! Q! O-'(=! -''(.1M5(! 5-! 1&P%=2-'1>&! aB(! -52-'(&-! 'B-&+%! .(! 5(! (.!
.%51'1*-+-#!
!
A&!.1.*(2-!+(!M-.(!+(!+-*%.!*1(&(!5%.!.1;B1(&*(.!'%2)%&(&*(.`!
!
!
-d!:-/3*"*3()$#`!H.!5-!1&*(=P-Y!(&*=(!5-!M-.(!+(!+-*%.!Q!(5!B.B-=1%i!(.*-.!)B(+(&!.(=!+(.-==%55-+-.!
)%=!B&!5(&;B-b(!+(!-5*%!&1D(5!c-)51'-'1%&(.!+(.-==%55-.!(&!!jM-.1'<!I-D-<!$kk<!$ld!QU%!-)51'-'1%&(.!
+(.-==%55-+-.!(&!B&!5(&;B-b(!.(21(.*=B'*B=-+%!cb-D-.'=1)*<!)O)<!-.)d#!
!
Md!9.3;$#`!0%&!5%.!'%&('*%=(.!aB(!)(=21*(&!(5!(&5-'(!(&*=(!(5!0^,6!Q!5-.!1&*(=P-'(.!+(.-==%55-.!(&!
B&! 5(&;B-b(! +(! )=%;=-2-'1>&i! (.*-.! '%&*1(&(&! 5-.! '5-.(.! QU%! PB&'1%&(.! &('(.-=1-.! )-=-! 55(D-=! -!
-'-M%!5-!'%&('*1D1+-+!(&*=(!5-!-)51'-'1>&!'%&!(5!0^,6#!
!
'd!7<89`!!H.!5-!-)51'-'1>&!aB(!)(=21*(!-!5%.!B.B-=1%.!!+(P1&1=<!'=(-=!Q!2-&*(&(=!5-!M-.(!+(!+-*%.!Q!
)=%)%='1%&-!-''(.%!'%&*=%5-+%!-!5-!21.2-#!
!
!!
:;A%7=2-0"0-),$#%&$%2)#%?-#($@"#%&$%!';%
!
e-.!M-.(.!+(!+-*%.!.(!B.-&!-2)51-2(&*(#!45;B&-.!+(!.B.!-)51'-'1%&(.!=()=(.(&*-*1D-.!.%&`!
!
"=8")*"`!:-=-!5-!1&P%=2-'1>&!+(!5%.!'51(&*(.<!'B(&*-.<!)=G.*-2%.!Q!*=-&.-''1%&(.!M-&'-=1-.#!
!
!=%>?)$"#%:@.$"#`!:-=-!=(.(=D-!(!1&P%=2-'1>&!+(!O%=-=1%.#!e-.!5f&(-.!-G=(-.!PB(=%&!+(!5-.!)=12(=-.!
(&!B.-=!5-.!M-.(.!+(!+-*%.!+(!P%=2-!+1.*=1MB1+-!;(%;=gP1'-2(&*(#!
!
*=%A)3;$.#3&"&$#`!:-=-!1&P%=2-'1>&!+(!(.*B+1-&*(.<!2-*=f'B5-.!(&!-.1;&-*B=-.!Q!'B=.%.#!
!
&=%B.")#"**3()$#%&$%'".C$'"#%&$%*.@&3'(`!:-=-!'%2)=-.!'%&!*-=b(*-!+(!'=G+1*%!Q!5-!;(&(=-'1>&!+(!5%.!
'%=*(.!2(&.B-5(.#!
!
$=% B$/$*(2,)3*"*3()$#`! :-=-! ;B-=+-=! B&! =(;1.*=%! +(! 5-.! 55-2-+-.! =(-51Y-+-.<! ;(&(=-=! P-'*B=-.!
2(&.B-5(.<! 2-&*(&(=! (5! .-5+%! +(! 5-.! *-=b(*-.! *(5(P>&1'-.! +(! )=()-;%! Q! )-=-! -52-'(&-=!
1&P%=2-'1>&!.%M=(!5-.!=(+(.!+(!'%2B&1'-'1%&(.#!
!
D=E3)")0"#`! :-=-! -52-'(&-=! 5-! 1&P%=2-'1>&! .%M=(! '%2)-[f-.! *(&+%=-.<! D(&*-.! Q! '%2)=-.! +(!
)=%+B'*%.! P1&-&'1(=%.<! '%2%! -''1%&(.! Q! M%&%.i! *-2M1G&! )-=-! -52-'(&-=! +-*%.! +(5! 2(='-+%! (&!
*1(2)%!=(-5!)-=-!)(=21*1=!-!5%.!'51(&*(.!5-!'%2)=-?D(&*-!(&!5f&(-!Q!-!5-!'%2)-[f-!5-!'%2)=-D(&*-!
-B*%2g*1'-#!
!
4=F$)'"#`!:-=-!1&P%=2-'1>&!+(!'51(&*(.<!)=%+B'*%.!Q!'%2)=-.#!
!
G=H(2$.*3(% $)% /?)$"`! ! :-=-! 5%.! +-*%.! +(! D(&*-.! Q-! 2(&'1%&-+%.! Q! )-=-! (5! .(;B121(&*%! +(! 5%.!
)(+1+%.! (&! _(M<! ;(&(=-'1>&! +(! 51.*-.! =('%2(&+-M5(.! Q! 2-*(&121(&*%! +(! (D-5B-'1%&(.! +(!
)=%+B'*%.!(&!5f&(-#!
!
3=I.(&,**3J)`! :-=-! 5-! ;(.*1>&! +(! 5-! '-+(&-! +(! )=%D((+%=(.! ! Q! ! )-=-! (5! .(;B121(&*%! +(! 5-!
)=%+B''1>&!+(!-=*f'B5%.!(&!5-.!P-'*%=f-.<!1&D(&*-=1%.!(&!5%.!-52-'(&(.!Q!)(+1+%.#!
!
C=K$*,.#(#%G,2")(#`!:-=-!1&P%=2-'1>&!.%M=(!5%.!(2)5(-+%.<!.-5-=1%.<!12)B(.*%.!.%M=(!5%.!.B(5+%.!
Q!)=(.*-'1%&(.!.%'1-5(.<!Q!)-=-!5-!;(&(=-'1>&!+(!5-.!&>21&-.#!
!
:;B%C.)=1#-()%&$%2)#%#-#($@"#%&$%!';%
e%.! .1.*(2-.! +(! M-.(.! +(! +-*%.! .B=;1(=%&! (&! =(.)B(.*-! +(! 5%.! )=12(=%.! 2G*%+%.! +(! ;(.*1>&!
1&P%=2-*1Y-+-!+(!5%.!+-*%.!'%2(='1-5(.#!
!
4&*(.! +(! 5-! -)-=1'1>&! +(! 5%.! 0^,6<! 5-.! %=;-&1Y-'1%&(.! &%=2-52(&*(! -52'(&-M-&! 5-! 1&P%=2-'1>&!
(&!#3#'$2"#%&$%-.(*$#"23$)'(%&$%".*G3;(#%'?-3*(#!c73#'$2"#%&$%:.*G3;(#d#!
!
A&!#3#'$2"%&$%".*G3;(#!(.!B&!'%&bB&*%!+(!)=%;=-2-.!aB(!)=(.*-&!.(=D1'1%!-!5%.!B.B-=1%.!m&-5(.#!
$-+-!)=%;=-2-!+(m&(!Q!2-&(b-!.B.!)=%)1%.!+-*%.#!
!
^B-=+-=!5-!1&P%=2-'1>&!+(!5-!%=;-&1Y-'1>&!(&!B&!.1.*(2-!+(!)=%'(.-21(&*%!+(!-='O1D%.!*1(&(!B&-!
.(=1(!+(!1&'%&D(&1(&*(.!12)%=*-&*(.`!
!
-d K$&,)&")*3"%$%3)*()#3#'$)*3"%&$%/(#%&"'(##!
6(M1+%! -! aB(! 5%.! -='O1D%.! Q! 5%.! )=%;=-2-.! +(! -)51'-'1>&! 5%.! '=(-&! +1P(=(&*(.!
)=%;=-2-+%=(.! (&! (5! *=-&.'B=.%+(! B&! 5-=;%! )(=1%+%! +(! *1(2)%<! (.! )=%M-M5(! aB(! 5%.!
+1D(=.%.! -='O1D%.! *(&;-&! (.*=B'*B=-.! +1P(=(&*(.! ! Q! aB(! 5%.! )=%;=-2-.! (.*(&! (.'=1*%.! (&!
D-=1%.! 5(&;B-b(.! +(! )=%;=-2-'1>&! +1P(=(&*(.#! 4+(2g.<! )B(+(! aB(! 5-! 1&P%=2-'1>&! (.*(!
+B)51'-+-! (&! D-=1%.! 5B;-=(.! c-='O1D%.di! (.*-! =(+B&+-&'1-! '%&+B'(! -! '%.*%.! +(!
-52-'(&-21(&*%!!Q!+(!-''(.%!2g.!(5(D-+%.#!4+(2g.<!)B(+(!+-=!5B;-=!-!5-!1&'%&.1.*(&'1-!
+(!5%.!+-*%.i!(.!+('1=!)B(+(!aB(!!5-.!+1P(=(&*(.!'%)1-.!+(!5%.!21.2%.!+-*%.!&%!'%1&'1+(&#!
!
Md 93D3*,/'"&%$)%$/%"**$#(%&$%/(#%&"'(##!
e%.! (&*%=&%.! +(! )=%'(.-21(&*%! +(! -='O1D%.! '%&D(&'1%&-5(.! &%! )(=21*(&! =('B)(=-=! 5%.!
+-*%.!&('(.-=1%.!+(!B&-!P%=2-!)=g'*1'-!Q!(P1'1(&*(#!R-'(&!P-5*-!.1.*(2-.!+(!=('B)(=-'1>&!
+(!+-*%.!2g.!-+('B-+%.!)-=-!(5!B.%!;(&(=-5#!
!
'd :3#/"23$)'(%&$%&"'(##!
$%2%! 5%.! +-*%.! (.*g&! +1.)(=.%.! (&! D-=1%.! -='O1D%.! <! Q! 5%.! -='O1D%.! )B(+(&! (.*-=! (&!
+1P(=(&*(.! P%=2-*%.<! (.! +1Pf'15! (.'=1M1=! &B(D%.! )=%;=-2-.! +(! -)51'-'1>&! )-=-! =('B)(=-=!
5%.!+-*%.!'%==(.)%&+1(&*(.#!
!
+d I.(!/$2"#%&$%3)'$4.3&"&#!
e%.!D-5%=(.!+(!5%.!+-*%.!-52-'(&-+%.!(&!5-!M-.(!+(!+-*%.!+(M(&!.-*1.P-'(=!'1(=*%.!*1)%.!
+(! =(.*=1''1%&(.! +(! '%&.1.*(&'1-#! :%=! (b(2)5%<! (5! .-5+%! +(! '1(=*%! *1)%.! +(! 'B(&*-.!
M-&'-=1-.! &%! )B(+(! .(=! &B&'-! 1&P(=1%=! -! B&-! '-&*1+-+! )=(+(*(=21&-&+-! c)%=! (b(2)5%<!
n8<LLLd#!e%.!+(.-==%55-+%=(.!+(M(&!'B2)51=!(.-.!=(.*=1''1%&(.!(&!(5!.1.*(2-!-[-+1(&+%!(5!
'>+1;%!'%==(.)%&+1(&*(!(&!5%.!+1D(=.%.!)=%;=-2-.!+(!-)51'-'1>&#!01&!(2M-=;%<!'B-&+%!.(!
-[-+(&! &B(D-.! =(.*=1''1%&(.<! (.! +1Pf'15! '-2M1-=! 5%.! )=%;=-2-.! )-=-! O-'(=! aB(! .(!!
'B2)5-&#! H5! )=%M5(2-! .(! '%2)51'-! 'B-&+%! 5-.! =(.*=1''1%&(.! 12)51'-&! +1P(=(&*(.!
(5(2(&*%.!+(!+-*%.!+(!+1P(=(&*(.!-='O1D%.#!
!
(d I.(!/$2"#%&$%"'(23*3&"&#!
e%.! .1.*(2-.! '%2)B*-'1%&-5(.<! '%2%! 'B-5aB1(=! %*=%! +1.)%.1*1D%! 2('g&1'%! %! (5G'*=1'%<!
(.*g!.Bb(*%!-!P-55%.#!H&!2B'O-.!-)51'-'1%&(.!(.!'=B'1-5!-.(;B=-=!aB(<!.1!.(!)=%+B'(!-5;B&!
P-55%<!5%.!+-*%.!.(!=(.*-B=(&!-5!(.*-+%!'%&.1.*(&*(!aB(!(K1.*f-!-&*(.!+(5!P-55%<!)%=!5%!*-&*%!
=(.B5*-! +1P1'15! -.(;B=-=! 5-! -*%21'1+-+! (&! 5%.! .1.*(2-.! '%&D(&'1%&-5(.! +(! )=%'(.-21(&*%!
+(!-='O1D%.#!
Pd :)(2"/?"#%$)%$/%"**$#(%*()*,..$)'$#!
:-=-! -B2(&*-=! (5! =(&+121(&*%! ;5%M-5! +(5! .1.*(2-! Q! %M*(&(=! B&-! =(.)B(.*-! 2g.! =g)1+-<!
2B'O%.!.1.*(2-.!)(=21*(&!aB(!D-=1%.!B.B-=1%.!-'*B-51'(&!5%.!+-*%.!.12B5*g&(-2(&*(#!H&!
=(-51+-+! O%Q! (&! +f-<! 5%.! )=1&'1)-5(.! .1*1%.! +(! '%2(='1%! (5('*=>&1'%! +(! 1&*(=&(*! )B(+(&!
*(&(=! 2155%&(.! +(! -''(.%.! +1-=1%.! +(! '%2)=-+%=(.! -! .B.! +-*%.#! H&! *-5(.! (&*%=&%.! (.!
)%.1M5(! 5-! 1&*(=-''1>&! +(! -'*B-51Y-'1%&(.! '%&'B==(&*(.! Q! )B(+(! +-=! 5B;-=! -! +-*%.!
1&'%&.1.*(&*(.#!!!
H&! 5%.! .1.*(2-.! +(! -='OD%.<! (.! +1P1'15! %P=('(=! .B)(=D1.1>&! Q-! aB(! 2B'O%.! )=%;=-2-.! +(!
-)51'-'1%&(.!+1P(=(&*(.!aB(!&%!.(!O-&!'%%=+1&-+%!'%&!-&*(=1%=1+-+!)B(+(&!*(&(=!-''(.%!
-!5%.!+-*%.#!
;d :=%M5(2-.!+(!.(;B=1+-+#!
N%!*%+%.!5%.!B.B-=1%.!+(!B&!.1.*(2-!+(!M-.(.!+(!+-*%.!+(M(&!)%+(=!-''(+(=!-!*%+%%.!5%.!
+-*%.#!:(=%<!'%2%!5%.!)=%;=-2-.!+(!-)51'-'1>&!.(!-[-+(&!-5!.1.*(2-!+(!)=%'(.-21(&*%!+(!
+-*%.!+(!B&-!P%=2-!-+O%'<!(.!+1P1'15!O-'(=!'B2)51=!*-5(.!=(.*=1''1%&(.!+(!.(;B=1+-+#!
!
H.*-.!+1'B5*-+(.<!(&*=(!%*=-.<!2%*1D-=%&!(5!+(.-==%55%!+(!5%.!.1.*(2-.!+(!M-.(.!+(!+-*%.#!
!
:;D%+#/".-)#%&$%2"%!';%
!
R-Q! 'B-*=%! ;=B)%.! +(! )(=.%&-.! aB(! 1&*(=D1(&(&! (&! (5! (&*%=&%! +(! B&-! M-.(! +(! +-*%.`! (5!
-+21&1.*=-+%=! +(! 5-! M-.(! +(! +-*%.<! 5%.! +1.([-+%=(.! +(! 5-! M-.(! +(! +-*%.<! 5%.! )=%;=-2-+%=(.! +(!
-)51'-'1%&(.!Q!5%.!B.B-=1%.#!!
!
H5!:&23)3#'."&(.%&$%/"%8"#$%&$%&"'(#!c98:5%&"'"!"#$%"&23)3#'."'(.d!.(!(&'-=;-!+(`!
-d 6(5!-''(.%!-B*%=1Y-+%!-!5-!M-.(!+(!+-*%.<!'%%=+1&-!Q!D1;15-!.B!(2)5(%#!
Md 4+aB1=1=!=('B=.%.!&('(.-=1%.!+(!R-=+_-=(!Q!.%P*_-=(#!
'd X(.)%&.-M5(! -&*(! .1*B-'1%&(.! '%2%! D1%5-'1>&! -! 5-! .(;B=1+-+! %! +(! B&-! ! =(.)B(.*-! 5(&*-!
c)(=P%=2-&'(d!+(5!.1.*(2-#!
+d 61.([%!Vf.1'%!+(!5-!M-.(!+(!+-*%.!Q!+(!.B!12)5(2(&*-'1>&#!
(d 6(5!'%&*=%5!+(!'%&'B==(&'1-#!
Pd e5(D-=!-!'-M%!5%.!=(.)-5+%.!+(!5-!,6#!
!
!
e%.!&3#$L"&(.$#%&$%/"%!"#$%&$%&"'(#!=(-51Y-&`!
-d H5!+1.([%!5>;1'%!+(!5-!M-.(!+(!+-*%.<!+(M1(&+%!1+(&*1m'-=!5%.!+-*%.<!5-.!=(5-'1%&(.!(&*=(!
+-*%.!Q!5-.!=(.*=1''1%&(.!.%M=(!5%.!+-*%.!Q!.B.!=(5-'1%&(.#!!
Md 6(M(! *(&(=! B&! )=%PB&+%! '%&%'121(&*%! +(! 5%.! +-*%.! +(! 5-! (2)=(.-! Q! +(! .B.! =(;5-.! +(!
&(;%'1%#!e-.!=(;5-.!+(!&(;%'1%!+(.'=1M(&!5-.!'-=-'*(=f.*1'-.!)=1&'1)-5(.!+(!5%.!+-*%.!*-5!Q!
'%2%!5-.!D(!5-!(2)=(.-#!!
!
e%.!-.(4."2"&(.$#%&$%"-/3*"*3()$#!.(!(&'-=;-&!+(`!
-d F2)5(2(&*-=!5%.!)=%;=-2-.!+(!-)51'-'1>&!aB(!.(=D1=g&!-!5%.!B.B-=1%.!m&-5(.#!H.*%.!
)=%;=-2-.!+(!-)51'-'1>&!.%&!5%.!aB(!)(=21*(&!'%&.B5*-=!+-*%.<!1&.(=*-=5%.<!-'*B-51Y-=5%.!
Q!(5121&-=5%.#!!
!
e%.!,#,".3(#%D3)"/$#!.%&!5%.!'51(&*(.!+(!5-!M-.(!!+(!+-*%.<!.%&!5-.!)(=.%&-.!aB(!=(aB1(=(&!!-''(.%!-!
5-! M-.(! +(! +-*%.! )-=-! =(-51Y-=! '%&.B5*-.<! -'*B-51Y-'1%&(.! (! 1&P%=2(.#! e%.! B.B-=1%.! .(! )B(+(&!
'5-.1P1'-=!(&!D-=1-.!'-*(;%=f-.`!
!
-d A#,".3(#%E3)"/$#%H"#,"/$##!H.*%.!-''(+(&!%'-.1%&-52(&*(!-!5-!M-.(!+(!+-*%.<!)(=%!)B(+(&!
&('(.1*-=! B&-! 1&P%=2-'1>&! +1P(=(&*(! (&! '-+-! 2%2(&*%#! A*151Y-&! B&! .%P1.*1'-+%! 5(&;B-b(!
+(! '%&.B5*-! +(! M-.(.! +(! +-*%.! )-=-! (.)('1P1'-=! .B.! )(*1'1%&(.! Q! &%=2-52(&*(! .%&!
-+21&1.*=-+%=(.!+(!&1D(5!2(+1%!%!-5*%!B!%*=%.!B.-=1%.!1&*(=.-+%.#!
Md A#,".3(#%E3)"/$#%I.3)*3-3")'$#%(%I"."2@'.3*(##!$%&.*1*BQ(&!B&-!)-=*(!'%&.1+(=-M5(!+(!5%.!
B.B-=1%.! P1&-5(.! +(! 5-.! M-.(.! +(! +-*%.#! 0B! 5-M%=! )=1&'1)-5! ;1=-! (&*%=&%! -! 5-! '%&.B5*-! Q!
-'*B-51Y-'1>&! '%&.*-&*(.! +(! 5-! ,6<! B*151Y-&+%! *1)%.! +(! '%&.B5*-.! Q! -'*B-51Y-'1%&(.!
(.*g&+-=#!
'd A#,".3(#%E3)"/$#%7(D3#'3*"&(##!H&!(.*%.!.(!(&'B(&*=-&!5%.!1&;(&1(=%.<!'1(&*fP1'%.<!-&-51.*-.!
'%2(='1-5(.! Q! %*=%.! 2B'O%.! aB(! (.*g&! '%2)5(*-2(&*(! P-2151-=1Y-+%.! '%&! (5! 0^,6! -! P1&!
+(!12)5(2(&*-=!.B.!-)51'-'1%&(.!Q!.-*1.P-'(=!.B.!'%2)5(b%.!=(aB1.1*%.#!
+d A#,".3(#% E3)"/$#% M)&$-$)&3$)'$##! J-&*1(&(&! M-.(.! +(! +-*%.! )(=.%&-5(.! B*151Y-&+%!
)-aB(*(.!+(!)=%;=-2-.!'%&P(''1%&-+%.!aB(!)=%)%='1%&-&!B&-.!1&*(=P-'(.!Pg'15(.!+(!B.-=!
Q!M-.-+-.!(&!2(&h.!%!;=gP1'%.#!
!
!
:;E%<-02)%&$%F-&"%&$%/,"%!';%
!
"#!I/")3N*"*3J)#!0(5(''1%&-=!5-!*('&%5%;f-!(D-5B-&+%!5%.!)%.1M5(.!)=%+B'*%.!)-=-!(5!+(.-==%55%!+(!
5-! M-.(! +(! +-*%.#! H.*-=! .(;B=%! -5! '%&.1+(=-=! aB(! '-+-! *('&%5%;f-! '%&'B(=+(! '%&! (5! 2%+(5%! +(!
+-*%.!+(!5-!(2)=(.-!)-=-!(&'%&*=-=!5-!2-&(=-!+(!=(+B'1=!*1(2)%!=(aB(=1+%!(&!5-.!h5*12-.!P-.(.!
'%2%! B&! =(.B5*-+%! +(! 5-! .(5(''1>&! 'B1+-+%.-! +(! 5-! *('&%5%;f-! (&! 5-! P-.(! +(! )5-&1m'-'1>&#!
6(.-==%55-=! B&-! (.*=-*(;1-! +(! M-.(! +(! +-*%.! '%=)%=-*1D-<! +(.-==%55-=! B&! 2%+(5%! +(! 5-! (2)=(.-<!
+(.-==%55-=!2%+(5%.!+(!'%.*%?M(&(m'1%<!+(.-==%55%!(5!-2M1(&*(!+(!M-.(!+(!+-*%.!Q!+(.-==%55-=!B&!
)5-&!+(!-+21&1.*=-'1>&!+(!+-*%.#!!
!
/#!:)1/3#3#%O%D(.2,/"*3J)%&$%.$6,$.323$)'(##!6(m&1=!Q!2%+(5-=!5%.!=(aB(=121(&*%.!+(!+-*%.#!!
!
3#!93#$L(#!61.([-=!(5!2%+(5%!5>;1'%!Q!Pf.1'%!+(!5-!M-.(!+(!+-*%.#!!
!
8#!M2-/$2$)'"*3J)#!F2)5(2(&*-=!5-!,6!(&!(5!O-=+_-=(!Q!'-=;-=!5%.!+-*%.<!(.*-M5('(=!'%&*=%5(.!+(!
.(;B=1+-+<!(.)('1m'-=!)=B(M-.!+(!)=%'(+121(&*%.#!!
!
@#! P-$."*3J)% O% 2")'$)323$)'(#! J%&1*%=(-=! 5-! (b('B'1>&! +(! 5-! ,6<! =(%=;-&1Y-=! 5-! ,6<! (.*-M5('(=!
)=%'(+121(&*%.<!+-=!.%)%=*(!-!B.B-=1%.#!
!
C#! H.$*323$)'(% O% *"2!3(#! F2)5(2(&*-=! )=%'(+121(&*%.! +(! '-2M1%! Q! '%&*=%5<! O-'(=! B&! )5-&! +(!
'=('121(&*%!Q!'-2M1%.<!Q!(D-5B-=!5-!&B(D-!*('&%5%;f-#!