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MARTHA BÁTIZ ZUK
EDUCATION
ACADEMIC
PhD
MA
BA
University of Toronto, Department of Spanish and Portuguese, 2011.
Dissertation: Sonido y sentido en escena: El papel de la música en la comedia española del Siglo
de Oro y el teatro político latinoamericano de la segunda mitad del siglo XX.
Major Field: Latin American Political Theatre of the 20th Century.
Minor Field: Spanish and Spanish American Early Modern Theatre.
University of Toronto, Department of Spanish and Portuguese, 2005.
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 2003.
English Language and Literature.
ATA (American Translators Association) Certified Translator, English> Spanish (2011-14)
CREATIVE ARTS
The Writer's Quest: Breaking the Conventions, with writers Kim Echlin and Sandra Campbell. School of
Continuing Studies, University of Toronto, Nov. 2013.
Playwriting Master-Class with Guillermo Verdecchia. Alameda Theatre Company, Sept. 2013.
Certificate in Creative Writing. School of Continuing Studies, University of Toronto, 2003-2008.
Acting courses with theatre directors Ludwik Margules and Héctor Mendoza, movie director María
Novaro, and Oscar-nominated actress Adriana Barraza. Mexico City 1993-96.
Acting Degree. Núcleo de Estudios Teatrales (NET), Mexico City, 1991-93.
English Drama Summer Course. Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art, London, England, 1990.
OTHER
Engaging Adult Learners, Part 1 and 2. SCS Professional Development Workshop with Melanie
Novis, L.T.C.I., H.P.T.D. University of Toronto, August 2011.
HONOURS AND AWARDS
TOP 10 MOST SUCCESSFUL MEXICANS IN CANADA. Latinos Magazine and The Globe and Mail.
Toronto, Spring 2014.
CERTIFICATE OF RECOGNITION (“Certificado de Reconocimiento”) as an outstanding member of the
Mexican community in Toronto, for her contribution to the promotion of cultural activities and the
development of education. Given by the Asociación de Profesores Hispano-Canadienses (February 2012)
ACADEMIC FELLOWSHIPS
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Open Fellowship, University of Toronto (2004 – 2009)
Milton A. Buchanan Fellowship, University of Toronto (2008).
CONACYT Fellowship, the Government of Mexico (2005 – 2008).
Beca de Excelencia Académica, Secretaría de Educación Pública, Mexico (2004 – 2005)
CREATIVE WRITING SCHOLARSHIPS AND GRANTS
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Writer’s Reserve Grant. Ontario Council for the Arts, Toronto. (Feb – Aug 2010, and Dec. 2013-April
2014)
Young Creators Scholarship National Fund for the Culture and the Arts (Programa de becas a
Jóvenes Creadores del Fondo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, FONCA) Mexico City. (1995-96)
Mexican Writer’s Centre (Centro Mexicano de Escritores) Mexico City. (1994-95)
LITERARY AWARDS
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Finalist in the International Latino Book Award in the United States in the category of Best Popular
Fiction for her most recent short-story collection De tránsito. Awards will be given in June 2015 in
San Francisco, California. http://www.lbff.us/
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Finalist in the 2nd G. Vanderbilt-Exile Carter V. Cooper Short Fiction Competition, for "The Last
confession." Toronto, Canada (2012).
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Third place in the Hispanic-Canadian 5th short story contest: Nuestra Palabra 2008 for “Las mil
vidas del tío Co” (September 2008)
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First Honorary Mention (Second Place) in Casa de Teatro’s International Novel Contest in Santo
Domingo, Dominican Republic for Boca de lobo (Summer 2007)
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SOMOS Award for Literary Merit: this award given annually by the Hispanic-Canadian Community
in Toronto to Latino talents in all areas of expertise. (December 2005)
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First place in the first essay contest “Pride and Prejudice,” New Canadian Magazine, for “This
Country as a Gift,” (2003)
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Special recognition in Nuestra Palabra short-story contest, for “Día de plaza,” (2004)
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Second Place Accésit in the XXXII International Short Story Contest “Miguel de Unamuno” in
Salamanca, Spain, for “La primera taza de café.” NB:First Mexican writer to ever win a prize in this
contest. A total of 1,708 short stories from all Latin America and Europe were contending
pseudonymously for this award (1996).
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First place in the second short story contest of the Punto de Partida magazine, published by the
National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), for “El malentendido,” (1996)
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Special recognition (mención honorífica) in the 2nd international short story contest “La
Guadalupana” in Mexico City, for “Las siete Marías,” (1993)
CREATIVE FICTION
BOOKS
Boca de lobo (e-book). Mexico City: Editorial Ink, 2015. http://editorial-ink.com/libros/boca-de-lobo/
De tránsito. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Terranova Editores, Spring 2014. (Short story collection, 128 pp.)
The Wolf’s Mouth. (English Translation of Boca de Lobo). Trans. Gustavo Escobedo. Toronto: Exile
Editions, 2009. (Novella, 141 pp.)
Boca de Lobo. Toluca, Edo. De México: Instituto Mexiquense de Cultura, 2008. Second printing Fall
2010. (Novella, 129 pp.)
Boca de Lobo. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: León Jimenes, 2007 (Novella, 97 pp.)
La primera taza de café. (The First Cup of Coffee) Mexico City: Ariadna Press, 2007. (Compilation of
short stories, articles, chronicles, and reviews published originally in Uno Más Uno newspaper from
1993-99; 122 pp.)
A todos los voy a matar. (I’m Going to Kill Them All). Foreword by Daniel Sada. Monterrey, Mexico:
Castillo Press, 2000. (Short story collection, 111 pp.)
Intitulable (Unnamable). Plaquette. The José Antonio Alcaraz Collection. Mexico City: Mixcóatl, 1996.
(Short story collection, 30pp.)
AS EDITOR
The Apostles Review, English Edition. Montreal, May 2015. (Anthology of short-stories written by
Hispanic-Canadian authors and translated into English by Bátiz and her students at Glendon College/
York University).
Desde el norte: narrativa canadiense contemporánea. UAM, 2015. (Anthology of Canadian short-stories
translated into Spanish by Bátiz and her students at Glendon College/ York University).
Letras sonoras, antología de cuentos publicados en la revista musical L'Orfeo. Prologued and edited by
Martha Bátiz. L'Orfeo: Mexico City. Forthcoming Fall 2015
CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHOLOGIES (AS AUTHOR)
“Tragedia doméstica." ¡Basta! Cien mujeres contra la violencia de género. Mexico City: UAM, 2014.
"Pez alado." Bestiario para Mateo. Andrés Vázquez Gloria, artist. Mexico City: UAM, 2013.
"The Last Confession." Carter V Cooper Short Fiction Anthology Series Vol 2. Toronto: Exile Editions,
2012.
"El piano.” La música también es un cuento. Ed. Fernando Díez de Urdanivia. México City: LUZAM,
2011: 151-158.
“Brindis por la tecnología,” “Facebook Love.” Las imposturas de Eros. Eds. Luis Molina Lora, Julio
Torres-Recinos. Ottawa: Lugar Común, 2009: 60-72.
“Día de plaza,” “La estatua,” “Las mil vidas del tío Co.” Antología de cuentos Nuestra Palabra Primera
Hornada (Anthology of award-winning short-stories from the Hispanic-Canadian contest Nuestra
Palabra). Ed. Guillermo Rose. Toronto: Nuestra Palabra, 2009: 13-16; 165-169; 219-223.
“La dulce Valeria”, “La primera taza de café.” Retrato de una nube. Primera antología del cuento
hispano-candiense (Picture of a Cloud: The First Anthology of Hispanic-Canadian Short-Stories).
Eds. Luis Molina Lora, Julio Torres-Recinos. Ottawa: Lugar Común, 2008: 25-38.
“Noches de poesía.” Martirologios del siglo, Homenaje al Marqués de Sade. Ed. Carmen Nozal, Paco
Pacheco. Mexico City: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), 2001: 20.
“La primera taza de café.” Premio Internacional de Cuentos Miguel de Unamuno 1994-1996. Salamanca:
Caja Salamanca y Soria, 1997: 125-134.
“La primera taza de café.” Antología de letras y dramaturgia Jóvenes Creadores del FONCA 1995-1996.
Mexico City: Fondo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, 1996: 31-40.
“Las siete Marías.” II Premio Internacional de Literatura La Guadalupana. Mexico City: Grupo Editorial
Siete, 1994: 127-132.
SHORT FICTION
“Square Day," in Deep Water Literary Journal, Ireland. Autumn 2013.
http://www.deepwaterliterary.com/#/square-day/4579198190
"Las mil vidas del tío Co,” in The Apostles Review. Montreal, Quebec. Winter 2009: 9-10.
“Ants,” in Exile, the Literary Quarterly. Canada. Summer edition, 2006.
“Sweet Valeria,” in TransVerse. Department of Comparative Literature at the University of Toronto.
September 2005.
“Día de plaza” and “Mujer azteca,” in Letras: El Nuevo Día. Puerto Rico. July 2005.
“Día de plaza” and “Las siete Marías.” www.ficticia.com (a website for Spanish language short story
writers. Online since 2005.)
“Hormigas.” in Xinesquema. Dominican Republic. May 2005.
NON-FICTION
ESSAYS AND REVIEWS
Book Review: “Prisoner of Tehran, by Marina Nemat,” in Literal (Latin American Voices ) Magazine.
Houston, Texas.Fall edition, 2007.
Movie Review: “Borat, la madre del escándalo,” in El dominical (culture and entertainment supplement
of El Comercio). Lima, Peru. January 7, 2007.
Essays/ Articles:
"Sobre Marina Nemat, autora de La prisionera de Teherán: Escribir en otra lengua es un escudo."
Contratiempo Magazine, Chicago, Oct. 6, 2013.
http://contratiempo.net/2013/10/sobre-marina-nemat-autora-de-la-prisionera-de-teheran-escribir-enotra-lengua-es-un-escudo/
“Why is Literary Translation Relevant?” in Exile, the Literary Quarterly. August 2011.
“De mi vecino chilango y otros asuntos relevantes.” México visto desde lejos (Mexico Seen from
Afar). Ed. Samuel Schmidt. Mexico City: Taurus y El Colegio de Chihuahua, 2008: 225-235.
“This Country as a Gift,” in The New Canadian Magazine. January 2004.
JOURNALISM
Weekly Columns:
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(Thursday) in the Cultural section of Uno más Uno, (1993 – 1999). Published frequently in its
cultural supplement Sábado (1994 – 2000)
 (Friday) in El Correo Canadiense (July – October 2003)
Contributions:
 www.dialogos.ca, an online forum about translation, literature and culture (2011-12)
 www.canasanta.com, a website for the Hispanic community in Canada. (2005-2010)
 El Reto, weekly newspaper in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico. www.elreto.com.mx. (Summer
2000 – )
 El Búho, cultural supplement to Excelsior and also as a monthly magazine, Mexico City
http://www.reneavilesfabila.com.mx/universodeelbuho/ (1998 – )
 La Crónica, Mexico City (1996 – 1999)
 Nexos, Mexico City (1995 – 1997)
 Mexico City Time, Mexico City - “On A Modest Proposal: Remembering Jonathan Swift’s Call To
Consciousness.” 13 Nov. 1995: 18.
 Etcétera (http://www.etcetera.com.mx/) Mexico City (1993 – 2002).
TRANSLATIONS
SPANISH
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INTO ENGLISH
Hitchcock (book), by Mexican movie director Guillermo del Toro. San Francisco: Insight Editions,
forthcoming 2016.
Juggling Games (Malabares), novel by Mexican tenor Rolando Villazón. Forthcoming 2015.
Square Day, short-story published in Deep Water Literary Journal, Ireland. Autumn 2013.
The Wolf’s Mouth, novella by M. Bátiz. Close collaboration with Gustavo Escobedo’s official
translation of the book (Spring/Summer 2009).
El último patriarca, a screen play by Argentinean writer Tomás Stiegwart. Translated into English
(with fragments in German) as The Last Patriarch. (March 2009)
“Ants,” a short-story by M. Bátiz, published in Exile, the Literary Quarterly. Canada. Summer
edition, 2006.
“Sweet Valeria,” a short-story by M. Bátiz, published in TransVerse. Department of Comparative
Literature at the University of Toronto. September 2005.
ENGLISH INTO SPANISH
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Tony Ryan, Ireland's Aviator, by Richard Aldous. To be published as Tony Ryan, el aviador de
Irlanda. Forthcoming, Fall 2015.
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The following short-stories for Desde el norte: narrativa canadiense contemporánea (please see
"Publications, as Editor" above):
"Leila," by Marina Nemat
"Cultura," by Martin Boyd
"Archibaldo el ártico," by Michael Winter
"Pabellón 24,", by Gilbert Reid
Press Kit, LEO. Award-winning Show created by Y2D Productions, Montréal (Aug. 2014).
Press release and artist's statement for Patricia Espinosa's Popping Into Abstraction art exhibit at
SOHO20 Chelsea Gallery in Manhattan, NY (Feb. 2013).
The Scavenger Queen, by Branko Gorjup, translated as La pepenadora reina. Short text to be
published to accompany Claire Weissman Wilks’ art exhibit in Mexico. (March 2011)
Mexican Tenor Rolando Villazon’s biography, as it appears on his official website at
www.rolandovillazon.com (November 2010)
TEACHING EXPERIENCE
YORK UNIVERSITY
LANGUAGE AND TRANSLATION COURSES:
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GL/SP 4915 Advanced Literary and Cultural Translation (Fall 2009/ 2010/ 2011/2012/ 2013/ 2014)
Course Director. Department of Hispanic Studies, Glendon Campus.
GL/SP 3550 Studies in Stylistics and Translation (Winter 2008/ 2009 / 2011/ 2012/2013/ 2014/ 2015)
Course Director. Department of Hispanic Studies, Glendon Campus.
GL/SP 3545 Specialized studies in language, composition and translation (Fall 2012/ 2013)
Course Director. Department of Hispanic Studies, Glendon Campus.
GL/SP 4925 Translation Practicum (Winter 2012)
Course Director. Department of Hispanic Studies, Glendon Campus.
SP 1000 Spanish Language: Introductory Level (Full course 2011-12).
Course Director. DLLL, Keele Campus.
SP 3000 Advanced Spanish Language and Grammar (Winter 2012).
Course Director. DLLL, Keele Campus.
SP 2000 Spanish Language: Second Level (Winter 2009/ Winter 2014).
Course Director. DLLL, Keele Campus.
LITERATURE COURSES:
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SP 2200 Introduction to Spanish Literature, Full course 2012-13 (Section A/ Winter 2013 for Section
B)
Course Director, DLLL, Keele campus.
ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES AT YORK U:
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Faculty Advisor for ENTRE VOC/ZES (the students’ Creative Writing Magazine, which is published
in three languages every year, and was created by the students in the Spanish and Portuguese sections
of York University). School-year 2013-14.
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
LANGUAGE COURSES:
 SPA 100 F Spanish for Beginners (Full course, 2004-2010)
Teaching Assistant and Course Instructor. Department of Spanish and Portuguese.
LITERATURE COURSES:
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SPA 258 H Introduction to Hispanic Literary Studies (Winter 2008).
Course Instructor. Department of Spanish and Portuguese.
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SPA 259 H Introduction to Hispanic Cultural Studies (Winter 2014)
Course Instructor. Dept. of Spanish and Portuguese.
CREATIVE WRITING COURSES:
 SCS 2285 Creative Writing in Spanish I (Fall 2009/ 2011/ 2012)
Course Creator and Instructor. School of Continuing Studies.
 SCS 2389 Creative Writing in Spanish II (Spring 2010/ 2011/ 2012)
Course Creator and Instructor. School of Continuing Studies.
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SCS 2848 - 003 Creative Writing in Spanish III (Spring 2013)
Course Creator and Instructor. School of Continuing Studies.
OTHER TEACHING EXPERIENCE
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¡A crear escribiendo!: técnicas para estimular la redacción de textos creativos (Creative writing
lectures and workshops). Teaching material especially designed for Santillana Press in Puerto Rico
for intensive workshops in San Juan. June 2014.
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Creative writing workshops at the Carlos Montemayor Congress Week (Jornadas Carlos
Montemayor). Benjamín Franklin Library, Parral, Chihuahua (Mexico), June 11th and 12th, 2013.
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Spanish language courses ranging from beginner to advanced levels, Toronto Spanish Centre
(July 2003 – May 2004.)
INVITED LECTURES
“An Introduction into the Creative Writing Process." Carlos Montemayor Congress Week (Jornadas
Carlos Montemayor). Teatro de la Cámara del Centro de Documentación, Parral, Chihuahua
(México). June 11th, 2013.
"Paz, Rulfo and Fuentes: Main Figures of Modern Mexico's Literary Splendour.” Esplendor Mexicano: a
night of art, literature, music and flavours of Mexico. Halton Peel Hispanic Association (May 17th,
2013)
“From horses and bullets to cars, drugs and more bullets. Corrido and narcocorrido: Unique Mexican
musical styles." Spanish Lecture Series, York University, Toronto (Feb 12th, 2013)
"The Language I Write In." Poets in Exile. The Road Less Travelled: An international Conference
on Heritage Languages and Heritage Language Acquisition. Victoria College, University of
Toronto (Oct. 26, 2012)
"History of the corrido and the narco-corrido in Mexico.” Introduction to Latin American Culture. Ryerson
University, Toronto. (March 9th 2011)
“Mexican Theater in the second half of the 20th Century.” Introduction to Latin American Culture.
Ryerson University, Toronto. (March 24th 2009)
RESEARCH AND TEACHING INTERESTS
LITERARY STUDIES
 Contemporary Latin American and Peninsular theatre, literature, and culture
 Spanish and Spanish American Early Modern (Golden Age) comedias
 Latin American and Peninsular literature and cultural studies
LANGUAGE TEACHING
 Advanced Composition and Style
 Spanish as a Second Language at all levels
 Literary Translation
 Creative Writing
CONFERENCE PAPERS
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“Crítica social tras la reformulación del mito: Antígona Humor, de Franklin Domínguez." XLVIII
Congress of the Canadian Association of Hispanists, Waterloo, ON. May 29th, 2012.
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"Discursos de amistad y traición en Corazón demediado, de Héctor Mendoza." XVI Congress of
Mexican Literature at the University of Texas in El Paso (UTEP), March 2011.
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“El extensionista, by Felipe Santander: the Revolution that couldn’t be.” Colloquium México en sus
Revoluciones. York University, Toronto. October 2010.
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“Paulina Salas: la reapropiación de su identidad a través de la música en La muerte y la doncella de
Ariel Dorfman”. Congress Economías de la imaginación americana. Colegio de México and
Iberoamerican University, México City. August 2010.
“Structural and Political Affinities in Gambaro’s Information for Foreigners and Brecht’s Fear and
Misery in the Third Reich.” ACLA, Harvard University, Cambridge Mass., March 2009.
“Celos y envidia como detonadores de violencia en el teatro de Carmina Narro.” Binational
Celebration of Mexican Contemporary Theatre. University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP). November
2008.
“Funciones discursivas de la música, el lenguaje y el silencio en El alcalde de Zalamea, de Calderón
de la Barca.” XLIV Congress of the Canadian Association of Hispanists. University of British
Columbia, Vancouver. May 2008.
“The re-appropriation of identity through music in Ariel Dorfman’s Death and the Maiden.” Latin
American Studies Association (LASA). Montreal, Quebec. September 2007.
“The statute of truth and discourse variations within a state of exception in La pasión según Antígona
Pérez (The Passion according to Antigone Perez), by Luis Rafael Sanchez.” XLIII Congress of the
Canadian Association of Hispanists. University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon. May 2007.
“The social conflicts denounced in La Fundación (The Foundation), by Antonio Buero Vallejo.” XLII
Congress of the Canadian Association of Hispanists. York University, Toronto. May 2006.
“Carmina Narro’s Theatre.” XI Congress of Contemporary Mexican Literature. University of Texas
at El Paso, March 2006.
ACADEMIC PUBLICATIONS
PEER REVIEWED ARTICLES
IN PRINT
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“El estatuto de la verdad y las variaciones discursivas dentro del estado de excepción en La pasión
según Antígona Pérez de Luis Rafael Sánchez.” Corrientes, Revista noruega de estudios hispánicos
(edited by the University of Bergen in Norway). Vol. 1, Núm 2, 2010; 3-12.
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“El extensionista, la revolución que no fue.” México en sus revoluciones: historia, crítica y poéticas
de la emancipación y la resistencia en México. Eds. Alejandro Zamora, Esther Raventós-Pons and
Berenice Villagómez. Cuernavaca: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 2013: 116-132.
“Social and Politica Criticism: The Reformulation of the Myth of Antigone in Franklin Domínguez'
Antígona-humor,” Whose Voice Is This? Iberian and Latin American Antigones. Hispanic Issues On
Line, Ed. Jennifer Duprey. Hispanic Issues On Line (Fall 2013): 114-129. Web.
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CURRENTLY UNDER REVIEW
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“Paulina Salas: la reapropiación de su identidad a través de la música, el silencio y el
lenguaje en La muerte y la doncella, de Ariel Dorfman” (22 pp. in ms)
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“Afinidades estructurales y políticas entre Información para extranjeros de Griselda Gambaro y
Terror y miseria del Tercer Reich de Bertolt Brecht.” (21 pp. in ms.)
OPEN PUBLICATIONS
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“Abindarráez y Otelo: dos moros cara a cara.” Apuntes Hispánicos (University of Toronto),
December 2006: 33-42.
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“La reinvención en torno a la nostalgia”, article on SEVA by Luis López Nieves. Diario Claridad, in
its section En Rojo: April 26, 2006 (www.ciudadseva.com). (2 pp. in ms.)
IN PROGRESS
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“El Neptuno alegórico: La contraconquista de Sor Juana.” Academic paper to be submitted to a peerreviewed journal.
LITERARY (SHORT STORY) CONTESTS/ EXPERIENCE AS JUDGE
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X y XI Nuestra Palabra (10th and 11th edition of Nuestra Palabra Hispanic-Canadian Short Story
Contest).
Toronto, ON, 2013.
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Rainbow Caterpillar Kids Lit Award (Spanish language entries). Toronto, ON, 2011
Hart House Contest. University of Toronto, 2011.
Glendon College/ Dept. of Hispanic Studies, Contest for Undergraduate Students
(Spring 2009-2012)
Punto de Partida Short Story Contest. UNAM, Mexico City, 1995.
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PROFESSIONAL THEATRE EXPERIENCE
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Leading roles and producer: Ellas solas, a show based on two plays by Lanford Wilson (The Great
Nebula in Orion and Ludlow Fair). Foro Teatro Contemporáneo, Teatro El Granero, Teatro Xola
and a tour in Guadalajara, from October 1998 until July 1999.
“Celia” in Ben Jonson’s Volpone, touring Mexico City and region. Summer 1999.
Narrator in Ludwig van Beethoven’s Egmont, with performances in Guadalajara, Valle de Bravo,
Toluca and Mexico City, with the State of Mexico Symphony Orchestra. Summer 1998.
Supporting roles in Fear and Misery of the Third Reich, by Bertolt Brecht. German School Theatre,
Mexico City. Fall 1993.
“Julia” in Corazón Demediado, by Héctor Mendoza. Foro La Gabarra, Mexico City. Fall 1992.
“Hazel” in Time and the Conways, by JB Priestley, Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art,
London, England. Summer 1990.
Actress in various movie short-cuts and Mexican soap operas (1994-1998).
ACADEMIC THESES AND PAPERS ON M. BATIZ’ CREATIVE WORK
Rosino, Olga: A todos los voy a matar, de Martha Bátiz Zuk: Estudio crítico y traducción comentada al
inglés del cuento “Malentendido.” Thesis for the Degree of Master of Arts. Department of
Languages and Linguistics, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), July 2002 (85 pp.)
Molina Lora, Luis: “Resemantizaciones de las revoluciones mexicanas en la literatura migrante
mexicano-canadiense.” Critical approach to “El Grito,” a short story by M. Bátiz to appear in a
forthcoming anthology on Mexico’s Independence. Presented at the Colloquium Mexico in its
Revolutions, Glendon College. Oct. 2nd, 2010.
PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS:
Canadian Association of Hispanists (ACH)
American Translators Association (ATA)
American Literary Translators Association (ALTA)
LANGUAGES
Spanish: native speaker
English: native fluency
German: near native fluency
French: speaking and reading knowledge
Portuguese: reading knowledge
Italian: reading knowledge