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Zona pelucida
397
ESTRUCTURA Y FUNCIÓN DE LA ZONA PELUCIDA
Fred Sinowatz
Sabine Kölle &
Gustavo A Palma
Introducción
La zona pelucida (ZP) es una matriz extracelular transparente, que rodea al ovocito y al
embrión mamífero en estadios tempranos de desarrollo. Constituye una capa homogénea que separa
el oolema de la región más interna de las células foliculares, la corona radiata. Prolongaciones
celulares de esas células atraviesan la ZP y forman, con la membrana plasmática del ovocito, los
puentes celulares (gap juctions), ver capítulo desarrollo folicular en este libro.
La ZP desempeña un rol de importancia en los diferentes pasos del proceso de la fecundación
(Cuadro 1). Establece el contacto especie-específico de las células espermáticas, la unión de los
espermatozoides capacitados y la inducción de la reacción acrosómica (Florman y Storey, 1982). En
la mayoría de las especies la adhesión de los espermatozoides tiene lugar por medio de
oligosacáridos de las glicoproteínas de la zona, que interaccionan con proteínas, que se unen a los
glúcidos, complementarias de los espermatozoides (Sinowatz y col., 1997, 2001a, 2001b). Después
del ingreso del primer espermatozoide, la ZP sufre grandes modificaciones y cumple la función de
protección del ovocito contra la polispermia (Yanagimachi, 1988, 1994) y protege al embrión de daños
físicos y ambientales.
Cuadro 1. Funciones de la zona pelucida
Protección del ovocito
Inicio de la reacción acrosómica
Interacción ovocito/espermatozoide
Previene la polispermia
Protección del embrión temprano
398
Sinowatz, Kölle & Palma
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